IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
NO. 20-0819
IN RE STEVEN HOTZE, M.D., HARRIS COUNTY REPUBLICAN PARTY,
HON. KEITH NIELSEN, AND SHARON HEMPHILL, RELATORS
ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS
JUSTICE DEVINE dissenting from the Court’s order denying the petition for writ of
mandamus and motion for stay.
“It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.”
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803). This Court has stated in no uncertain terms that
county election officials possess only those powers “granted in express words” or “necessarily or
fairly implied in an express grant.” State v. Hollins, No. 20-0729, 2020 WL 5919729, at *4 (Tex.
Oct. 7, 2020) (per curiam) (internal quotations omitted). These implied powers are themselves
narrow—they must be “indispensable,” “not simply convenient.” Id. The powers are governed by
a “lengthy, detailed, and comprehensive Election Code.” Id. at *2. Acts by election officials that
are outside the scope of the Election Code constitute ultra vires conduct that undermine the
integrity of the election process. See Richardson v. Hughs, No. 20-50774, 2020 WL 6127721, at
*1–2 (5th Cir. Oct. 19, 2020). Though certain enumerated powers may create a narrow range of
implied powers, the Legislature’s silence on an issue raises the presumption that it has not granted
that power. Guynes v. Galveston Cnty., 861 S.W.2d 861, 868 (Tex. 1993) (Gammage, J.,
dissenting) (“The Legislature’s omission of special express authority . . . indicates it intended
none.”); Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex. 1981) (“[W]e believe
every word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to have been excluded for a purpose.”).
Not granting today’s stay gives Harris County Election Clerk Chris Hollins the benefit of
the doubt and suggests that a state official’s blessing can otherwise cure an ultra vires act. 1 As
such, I would grant Relators’ motion to stay to ensure compliance with the Code and to give this
Court the opportunity to consider whether the novel drive-thru voting measure qualifies as a
“polling place” under section 64.009(a) or whether it is a grave departure from the express
language of the statute.
The Election Code mandates that a registered voter cast a ballot in a “voting station” at a
“polling place.” See TEX. ELEC. CODE §§ 64.001, .009(a). Certain individuals may request their
ballot curbside in a vehicle on election day and throughout the early voting period. Id. § 64.009(a).
This exception applies only to those physically unable to enter the polling place without assistance
or for whom a likelihood of injury exists. Id.; see also In re State, 602 S.W.3d 549, 550 (Tex.
2020) (a voter’s general fear or lack of immunity from COVID-19 is not a “disability” as defined
by the Election Code). Otherwise, voting is to take place in a “polling place.” TEX. ELEC. CODE
§ 64.009(a). Hollins contends that rows of semi-permanent tents where election officers stand
awaiting dozens of cars, inside of which any voter may cast a ballot, qualify as a “polling place.”
I struggle to see how the Election Code contemplates such a novel concoction.
Hollins stretches the text of the Code beyond its historical and common-sense
understanding. The Texas Election Code states that polling locations “may be located in any
stationary structure,” including a “movable structure.” Id. § 85.062(b). Hollins argues that these
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Hollins argues that the Secretary of State acquiesced to drive-thru voting in litigation earlier this summer. But a
recent guidance letter from the Attorney General supports Relators’ position that drive-thru voting may not be a
permissible form of voting under the Code. Guidance Letter from Ken Paxton, Tex, Att’y Gen., to Tex. Elections Offs.
(Oct. 16, 2020),
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/images/admin/2020/Press/Elections%20Guidance%20Letter
%20-%20Drive-Thru.pdf (“[T]he Code makes no provision for ‘drive-thru’ voting centers at which any voter may
cast a ballot from his or her vehicle regardless of physical condition.”).
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“tents” satisfy the requirements of movable structure. But that interpretation goes beyond the plain
language of the statute and cannot be harmonized with other demands of the Code.
First, the Code likely contemplates that “structure” is a place one enters to get to the polling
place; the structure itself is not the polling place. For instance, the Code prohibits electioneering
“within 100 feet of an outside door through which a voter may enter the building or structure in
which the early voting polling place is located.” Id. § 85.036(a) (emphasis added). The
prepositional phrase “in which” indicates that the polling place is to be inside of a building or
structure. The structure itself cannot be the polling place and the voting station rolled into one.
Even harder to understand is how one’s vehicle could qualify as a “polling place,” as it is
not a “structure” as commonly understood. Nor can one’s vehicle be a “voting station,” which is a
specific location designated for voters to cast a ballot. Station, WEBSTER’S NEW COLLEGIATE
DICTIONARY (1975) (“[A] place established to provide a public service.” (emphasis added)).
Hollins’ expansion of the statute manifests itself in the absurd result that every voter’s vehicle is a
“polling place” or “voting station.”
Second, voting stations must always be in view of the election officer, TEX. ELEC. CODE
§ 62.004(1), and voting station occupancy is limited to the voter, children under 18 accompanying
the voter, and permissible interpreters, id. §§ 64.002, 61.031. However, an affidavit submitted by
one election officer raises serious doubts as to whether Harris County is enforcing these
requirements at their drive-thru voting locations.
Moreover, though the Election Code may afford a county clerk some discretionary power
to manage elections, that discretion is limited to “indispensable” implied powers. See Hollins, 2020
WL 5919729, at *4 (sending out mass applications was not indispensable even against arguments
that the COVID pandemic would prevent a number of persons from voting in person). As I have
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discussed, it is hard to decipher how an election officer can conclude that the Election Code
expressly allows drive-thru voting. Denying review of whether a clerk’s implied managerial power
allows him to create a new method of voting is striking, especially given that we have not seen
mass drive-thru voting in elections before this year. Though there may be “countervailing
concerns” that drive-thru voting will make voting unsafe, we, the Court, should take no sides to
this policy debate. Id. at *1.
Hollins does not make a clear case that granting a stay will prevent voters from exercising
their right to vote. Curbside voting and other legislative accommodations are still available to those
who need assistance. See TEX. ELEC. CODE §§ 64.009(a); 82.001–.004. In fact, Harris County has
an unprecedented 112 early voting locations and 798 election day locations where curbside voting
is available. And only 9.8% of in-person voters have used drive-thru voting thus far. Staying drive-
thru voting to determine whether these rows of semi-permanent tents qualify as “polling places”
would only aid in the voters’ confidence in the outcome of our election.
It is hard to see how creating a drive-thru voting process is not simply a way to side-step
the Legislature’s narrow allowance of curbside voting. The Legislature has already spoken on
when a person may vote in a vehicle. In fact, the Legislature chose not to expand the groups of
persons eligible to vote curbside. Most recently, House Bill 2898 was intended to allow voters
accompanied by a child five years of age or younger to be eligible to vote curbside. Tex. H.B.
2898, 86th Leg., R.S. (2019). House Bill 2898 made its way through the House but was stopped
in its tracks at the Senate. Today, Hollins asks this Court to not only revive a dead bill, but to
legislate from the bench by acquiescing to a broad expansion of his powers.
Simply put, by creating drive-thru voting locations, Hollins acts beyond his discretion. I
would grant the stay until this Court can determine whether this novel procedure of drive-thru
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voting is in fact permitted under the Texas Election Code. By denying relief, Relators—one of
whom is on the ballot in the general election—are left with no remedy. Without such relief,
thousands of ballots continue to be cast through what is likely an unauthorized voting procedure.
________________________________________
John P. Devine
Justice
OPINION DELIVERED: October 22, 2020
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