NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 121,878
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
TARON ALONZO HUGGINS,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Shawnee District Court; CHERYL A. RIOS, judge. Opinion filed January 8, 2021.
Affirmed.
Nicholas David, of The David Law Office LLC, of Lawrence, for appellant.
Natalie Chalmers, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., POWELL and GARDNER, JJ.
PER CURIAM: A jury convicted Taron Alonzo Huggins of two counts of
aggravated robbery and one count of conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery. Huggins
appeals his convictions, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and alleging that the
district court committed clear error when instructing the jury. Huggins also appeals his
sentence, contending the district court failed to make a finding needed to trigger his duty
to register as a violent offender. Finding no reversible error, we affirm Huggins'
convictions and sentence.
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Factual and Procedural Background
Two men robbed Ismael Garcia and Lena Foster in February 2017. Deontra Cay—
Huggins' cousin—admitted his involvement in that robbery while testifying at Huggins'
trial. Cay also testified that Huggins was also involved in the robbery. Huggins did not
testify. We summarize below the facts proved at trial.
The Robbery
In February 2017, Garcia lived in a halfway house with his roommate Charles
Harris. On February 5, Harris walked into their room shortly after Garcia finished
counting $6,200 cash and saw the cash laid out on Garcia's bed. On February 6, Garcia
took that cash to his bank to deposit it onto prepaid cards. On February 7, Garcia left the
halfway house. Before leaving, Garcia signed out, noting that he was going to the
Hillcrest Community Center, and got a pass to leave, as the rules required.
After Garcia left, Harris contacted Huggins and told him that Garcia would be at
the community center and carrying $5,000 cash. Shortly after speaking to Harris,
Huggins contacted his cousin, Cay. When Huggins picked Cay up, Huggins asked Cay if
he had a gun on him. Cay replied that he did and asked why he needed it. Huggins
responded that they were going to "rob somebody"—a "Mexican dude"—at the
community center. Huggins then drove them there.
When Huggins and Cay entered the community center, they signed in. Huggins
gave the receptionist his identification card and used his real name. Cay pretended not to
have an identification card and signed in under a fake name—"John Smith." They then
began searching for Garcia. When they had trouble finding him, Huggins called Harris—
whom Cay described as Huggins' "friend" "at the halfway house." Harris assured Huggins
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that Garcia was at the community center because he had "signed a pass at the halfway
house saying that he was going [there]."
Shortly after that call, Huggins and Cay found Garcia and Foster in a gazebo near
the community center. Huggins approached Garcia and asked for a lighter. Cay drew his
gun and pointed it at Garcia, commanding him to empty his pockets and Foster to hand
over her purse. Garcia and Foster complied by putting his wallet and her purse on the
table. Huggins and Cay then demanded that Garcia give them his pants and jacket. When
Garcia refused, Huggins commanded Cay to shoot him. Garcia then complied. After
Garcia put his clothes on the table, Cay and Huggins grabbed them and ran to Huggins'
car.
Huggins then drove away. The men checked the items for cash, found none, and
threw the stolen property out of the car window. Later that evening, Huggins and Cay
met with Harris, and Huggins told Harris that he owed them for sending them on a
"bogus mission."
Police Report, Investigation, and Arrest
After Huggins and Cay left the community center, Garcia and Foster called the
police. Officer Michael Cope, Chief of Police for Shawnee County Parks and Recreation,
responded. Garcia told Cope that he recognized Huggins but could not remember his
name. Garcia later remembered Huggins' nickname—"Popper."
Using that nickname, Garcia told his roommate, Harris, that he thought Huggins
was involved in the robbery. Harris replied that he knew Huggins and would call him to
see what was going on. Harris then left to call Huggins. When Harris returned, he told
Garcia that Huggins had not been involved in the robbery because he had been at work all
day. Garcia disbelieved the alibi because he was certain Huggins was involved.
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Two days later, Cope recovered Garcia's wallet and met Garcia for another
interview. After getting more information, Cope drove to Huggins' home to look for his
car, which Garcia had described as a black Chevy Cobalt. Cope found the car, got the
surveillance video from the community center, and retrieved the log of its sign-in sheet
for the day of the robbery. That sign-in sheet showed Huggins' name with the name "John
Smith" written under it. The video showed Huggins and "another unnamed individual"
roaming the Hillcrest area—"the park, the hallways, the weight room"—on the day
Garcia and Foster were robbed at gunpoint. Police eventually arrested Cay, Harris, and
Huggins.
Pretrial Proceedings
The State charged Huggins with one count of aggravated robbery for taking Garcia
and Huggins' property. The grand jury later indicted Huggins for two counts of
aggravated robbery, alleging taking from Garcia and Foster respectively, and one count
of conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery. Although a robbery may be committed
through a taking "by force" or by "threat of bodily harm," K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5420(a),
the indictment alleged only that Huggins took Garcia and Foster's property "by force."
The conspiracy charge alleged that Huggins conspired with Harris to rob Garcia and did
not name Cay as a coconspirator.
Jury Trial
At the jury trial the State presented testimony from several people, including
Garcia and Foster. Both testified that Huggins and Cay robbed them at gunpoint. Neither
testified that they were physically harmed during the robbery.
In exchange for a plea deal, Cay testified against Huggins. He gave a detailed
account of his and Huggins' involvement in the robbery. Cay admitted that he used the
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gun and demanded Garcia and Foster hand over their property. Cay also testified that
Huggins planned the robbery and yelled at him to shoot Garcia when Garcia refused to
take his clothes off. Cay explained that Huggins formed the plan to rob Garcia after
someone from Garcia's halfway house had told Huggins that Garcia would be at the
community center with $5,000 cash. Cay did not name that person but testified that he
and Huggins had met him after the robbery. Although Cay did not identify Harris by
name, circumstantial evidence shows that this person was Harris; Garcia testified that
although he did not know the person's last name, his roommate's name was Charles. Cope
testified that a "Charles Harris" was a resident at the halfway house when Garcia was
robbed, and the State admitted Huggins' phone records which established that he
conspired with Harris to rob Garcia.
Despite the narrower terms in the indictment, the district court instructed the jury
to consider both "by force" and "threat of bodily harm" in deciding whether Huggins had
committed aggravated robbery against Garcia and Foster. It also instructed the jury to
consider whether Huggins conspired with Cay and Harris to commit aggravated robbery.
The jury ultimately found Huggins guilty of both counts of aggravated robbery and one
count of conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery.
Sentencing
Before sentencing, Huggins moved for a durational departure. The district court
partially granted that motion, imposing a durational departure sentence of 180 months
imprisonment and running each count concurrently. After the district court announced its
sentence, the State noted Huggins' duty to register as a violent offender under the Kansas
Offender Registration Act (KORA). The district court directed Huggins to complete the
necessary paperwork but did not say that Huggins had used a deadly weapon in
committing his felonies. Later, though, the district court approved a journal entry stating
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Huggins had to register because he had committed a felony offense with a deadly
weapon. Huggins appeals.
Does Sufficient Evidence Support the Verdicts?
Huggins first asserts that his convictions for aggravated robbery and conspiracy to
commit aggravated robbery are not supported by sufficient evidence. But at the heart of
this argument is Huggins' contention that the district court erroneously instructed the jury.
As for his aggravated robbery convictions, Huggins maintains that the State did not prove
a taking "by force" as the indictment alleged. Huggins concedes that the State proved he
committed aggravated robbery by "threat of bodily harm," but argues this fails to prove a
taking by force.
Huggins similarly challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conspiracy conviction. Huggins contends that the State failed to present evidence that he
conspired with Harris—the only coconspirator named in the indictment. Instead, Huggins
argues that the facts show only that he conspired with Cay, who was not an alleged
coconspirator.
Huggins thus contends that the evidence admitted at trial relates to a different
theory of the crime than the indictment alleged. He contends that how he took the
victims' property and the coconspirators named in the jury instructions do not match
those alleged in the indictment. Because Huggins' insufficient evidence arguments
depend on his claims of instructional error, we first address Huggins' claims of
instructional error.
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Did the District Court Err When Instructing the Jury?
Huggins argues, as an alternative to his claim of insufficient evidence, that the
district court erred by instructing the jury on theories of aggravated robbery and
conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery not charged in the indictment. It is a general
rule in Kansas that jury instructions must follow the charges in the charging document.
See State v. Richardson, 290 Kan. 176, 181-82, 224 P.3d 553 (2010) (A trial judge has a
duty to inform the jury of every essential element of a crime charged. Omission of an
essential element in jury instructions is clearly erroneous and requires reversal of the
conviction.) Moreover, "[a] jury instruction on the elements of a crime that is broader
than the complaint charging the crime is erroneous." State v. Trautloff, 289 Kan. 793,
802, 217 P.3d 15 (2009).
The State acknowledges this general rule but responds that the only reason the jury
instructions differed from the indictment is because Huggins requested the instructions
before trial, approved them during the instruction conference, and did not object to them
before the court instructed the jury. In other words, because Huggins invited the
erroneous instructions, he cannot complain about them on appeal. We agree.
Preservation and Standard of Review
Appellate courts analyze each jury instruction claim under a three-step process: (1)
whether the court can or should review the issue, that is, whether there is a lack of
appellate jurisdiction or whether there was a failure to preserve the issue; (2) the merits of
the claim; and (3) whether any error found was harmless. State v. McLinn, 307 Kan. 307,
317, 409 P.3d 1 (2018). If the defendant did not make a contemporaneous objection to a
jury instruction, appellate courts will review the claim of error for clear error. K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 22-3414(3); McLinn, 307 Kan. at 318. The appellate court also reviews for
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clear error if the defendant objected at trial but on a different basis than he or she later
argues on appeal. State v. Johnson, 304 Kan. 924, 931, 376 P.3d 70 (2016).
When we apply the first of these steps—whether we should review the issue—we
consider the rule that a defendant may not invite error and then complain of the error on
appeal. See State v. Bello, 289 Kan. 191, 193, 211 P.3d 139 (2009).
Our Supreme Court recently reaffirmed the invited error doctrine in the context of
jury instructions in State v. Pattillo, 311 Kan. 995, 1014, 469 P.3d 1250 (2020):
"Generally, under the invited error doctrine, '"a litigant who invites and leads a
trial court into error will not be heard on appeal to complain of that action."' State v.
Fleming, 308 Kan. 689, 696, 706, 423 P.3d 506 (2018). In the context of jury
instructions, we do not apply the rule in a formalistic or bright-line way, however. 308
Kan. at 701-02. But we have applied the doctrine when a party requests the instruction
before trial, the error was as obvious before trial as when the judge gave the instruction,
and the party did not object to the instruction before the judge read it to the jury. 308
Kan. at 703."
Using this three-part analysis as guidance, we find that Huggins invited the
instructional errors he raises on appeal. First, before trial, Huggins requested the broader
language in each of the three instructions he challenges on appeal. As to the two
aggravated robbery counts, Huggins proposed the elements instructions saying that he
took Garcia and Foster's property by "threat of bodily harm," although the indictment
alleged only a taking "by force." The district court included both in its instructions. As to
the conspiracy elements instruction, Huggins proposed an instruction including both
Harris and Cay's names: "The defendant agreed with Michael [sic] Harris and Deontra
Cay to commit Aggravated Robbery." The district court used that instruction, although
the indictment alleged only that Huggins agreed with Harris.
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Second, the error of deviating from the language in the indictment was as obvious
before trial as it was when the court instructed the jury. Huggins proposed the
instructions before trial and nothing at trial changed the legal argument he now makes. In
other words, his counsel could have assessed and determined before trial that the judge
should conform the language in the instructions to the language in the indictment in the
manner he now suggests. These circumstances support the State's position that Huggins
invited the error.
Third, Huggins did not object to the instructions before the judge read them to the
jury. Instead, at the instruction conference, Huggins agreed to the instructions he now
challenges and did not object to broadening the instructions by including "threat of bodily
harm," or adding Cay's name as a coconspirator.
Under these circumstances, the invited error doctrine squarely applies and
precludes appellate review of Huggins' instructional error claim. See State v. Cottrell, 310
Kan. 150, 162, 445 P.3d 1132 (2019) (applying invited error rule where defendant
actively pursued the instruction). Because we cannot find error in the district court's
instruction to the jury, we cannot reach Huggins' claim of insufficient evidence.
Did the District Court Make the Necessary Findings to Require Huggins to Register as a
Violent Offender?
In his final argument on appeal, Huggins asks this court to vacate the district
court's order requiring him to register as a violent offender under KORA because the
district court failed to find on the record that he used a deadly weapon. Huggins argues
that the court thus failed to comply with K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-4902(e)(2). This statute
defines a "violent offender" as one who "is convicted of any person felony and the court
makes a finding on the record that a deadly weapon was used in the commission of such
person felony." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-4902(e)(2).
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Huggins was convicted of aggravated robbery, a person felony. But his crimes of
conviction did not automatically qualify him as a violent offender. Huggins is correct that
given his convictions, he has no obligation to register under KORA unless "some
statutorily permitted judicial fact-finding classifies the defendant as an 'offender.'" State
v. Thomas, 307 Kan. 733, 748, 415 P.3d 430 (2018). To be deemed a violent offender
under the facts here, KORA required the court to make a finding on the record that a
deadly weapon was used when Huggins committed his crime of aggravated robbery.
The parties agree, and the record confirms, that the district court did not state at
the time of Huggins' conviction or sentencing that anyone had used a deadly weapon.
(Huggins does not contend that the district court's notice was untimely, as in State v.
Juarez, 312 Kan. __, 470 P.3d 1271, 1273 [2020]). The district court merely stated at his
sentencing that Huggins was required to register based on "the offense and [his]
convictions."
But the "deadly weapon" finding is in the district court's journal entry, which
states that Huggins' committed his felony with a deadly weapon. Thus, the question here
is solely whether the journal entry's finding is "on the record," as K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-
4902(e)(2) requires.
Huggins argues that our Supreme Court's decision in Thomas, resolves this issue.
Thomas held:
"when the classification of a defendant as an 'offender' requires district court fact-finding,
as here, that fact-finding is itself one of the statutorily defined conditions precedent.
Without such a fact-finding, the defendant cannot be an offender under KORA, and the
obligation to register never springs into existence." Thomas, 307 Kan. at 749.
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But in Thomas, the journal entry did not mention Thomas' duty to register. So Thomas
does not address the issue here, where the journal entry of sentencing includes the
"deadly weapon" finding.
This case is more like State v. Marinelli, 307 Kan. 768, 415 P.3d 405 (2018).
There, the Kansas Supreme Court found that the journal entry "contains the requisite
finding and is in the case's record." 307 Kan. at 788. Similarly, in State v. Carter, 311
Kan. 206, 211, 459 P.3d 186 (2020), that court found "the journal entry included in the
record of this case shows the district judge made the necessary finding under K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 22-4902(e)(2)." Huggins might have asserted that a sentence pronounced from the
bench typically controls over a differing journal entry, see Abasolo v. State, 284 Kan.
299, Syl. ¶ 3, 160 P.3d 471 (2007), but "that rule is not applicable here because of the
majority holding in Thomas that registration is not part of a defendant's sentence." Carter,
311 Kan. at 210. Huggins' arguments on appeal disregard the journal entry and do not
explain why it should not qualify as an adequate KORA finding on the record.
Because the journal entry here includes the required "deadly weapon" finding, the
district court adequately complied with K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-4902(e)(2). We affirm
Huggins' registration requirement.
Affirmed.
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