Filed 1/15/21
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A154936
v.
EDUARDO DELAVEGA, (Contra Costa County
Super. Ct. No. 5-170874-2)
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Eduardo Delavega was charged with murder and various
enhancements, including three firearm enhancements under Penal Code
section 12022.53, subdivisions (b), (c), and (d).1 The subdivision (d)
enhancement applies when a defendant is found to have personally and
intentionally discharged a firearm causing death, while the subdivision (b)
enhancement applies when a defendant is found to have personally used a
firearm and the subdivision (c) enhancement applies when a defendant is
found to have intentionally discharged a firearm. The enhancements under
subdivisions (b) and (c) are lesser included enhancements of the enhancement
under subdivision (d), in that a defendant who violates subdivision (d)
necessarily also violates subdivisions (b) and (c).
1All further statutory references are to the Penal Code. In this
opinion, we sometimes refer to these three firearm enhancements under
section 12022.53 by their respective subdivisions only.
1
Although Delavega was charged with all three enhancements, the
verdict forms did not reference the subdivision (b) and (c) enhancements, and
the jury made no finding as to either of them. The jury did, however, convict
Delavega of second degree murder and find true the subdivision (d)
enhancement. At sentencing, Delavega asked the trial court to exercise its
discretion under Senate Bill No. 620 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill
No. 620) to strike the subdivision (d) enhancement, which carries a term of 25
years to life. The trial court declined to do so, and it sentenced Delavega to a
total term of 40 years to life in prison.
On appeal, Delavega argues that the trial court erred because it
refused to strike the subdivision (d) enhancement on the premise that it could
only impose or strike that enhancement, not strike that enhancement and
impose a lesser enhancement under subdivision (b) or (c).2 The Courts of
Appeal disagree about the circumstances under which a trial court has the
discretion to impose a lesser enhancement when it strikes a greater
enhancement under section 12022.53. The first published decision to address
the issue held that courts have such discretion even when the lesser
enhancement was not charged separately. (People v. Morrison (2019)
34 Cal.App.5th 217, 222 (Morrison).) Subsequent cases have disagreed,
holding that courts have such discretion only when a lesser enhancement was
charged and found to be true. (See, e.g., People v. Tirado (2019)
38 Cal.App.5th 637, 644 (Tirado), review granted Nov. 13, 2019, S257658.)
We hold that when, as in this case, a lesser enhancement was separately
2 Delavega also argues in both this appeal and a related petition for a
writ of habeas corpus that his trial counsel was ineffective for telling the trial
court that it did not have the option to impose a lesser enhancement under
section 12022.53. We conclude that Delavega did not thereby forfeit his claim
of error, and by separate order we accordingly deny the habeas petition. (In
re Eduardo Delavega, A157982.)
2
charged under section 12022.53 but was not determined to be true, the trial
court lacks discretion to impose it upon striking a greater enhancement
under the statute. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
BACKGROUND
A detailed discussion of the facts is unnecessary to our resolution of
the appeal. Briefly, however, Delavega got into a fist fight with Justin Kroh
in August 2014. Later that month, Delavega, who was then 18 years old, and
a friend were driving in Antioch when they spotted Kroh riding a bicycle on
the opposite side of the road. Delavega, who testified in his own defense,
heard Kroh ask if he was ready for another fight, and Delavega instructed his
friend to make a U-turn.
Delavega’s friend parked, and Delavega got out of the vehicle and
approached Kroh. After a brief confrontation during which Delavega claimed
Kroh pulled a knife, Delavega shot at Kroh, striking him in the head.
Delavega and his friend fled the scene, and Kroh later died of his injuries.
Delavega was charged with murder and various enhancements. One
alleged a gang special circumstance, and another alleged that Delavega
committed the offense for the benefit of a street gang.3 In addition, under the
heading “Enhancement 2 [¶] PC12022.53(d): Special Allegation-Principal’s
Intentional Discharge of A firearm, GBI – Gang Case,” Delavega was charged
as follows:
“It is further alleged as to defendant, EDUARDO
DELAVEGA, that as to Count 1 that a principal personally and
intentionally discharged a firearm, a handgun, which
3 Murder was charged under section 187, subdivision (a), and the gang
special circumstance was alleged under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(22).
The other gang allegation was under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(C).
3
proximately caused great bodily injury and death to Justin Kroh
within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.53(d) and (e)(1).
It is further alleged that a principal personally and intentionally
discharged a firearm, within the meaning of Penal Code
section 12022.53(c) and (e)(1). It is further alleged that a
principal personally used a firearm, within the meaning of Penal
Code section[] 12022.53(b) and (e).”
The jury acquitted Delavega of first degree murder, rendering a finding
on the gang special circumstance unnecessary (see § 190.2, subd. (a)), but it
found him guilty of second degree murder. It also found the remaining
separate gang allegation untrue, rendering unnecessary a finding under the
heading “Charge Enhancement 2a” on the verdict form, which addressed the
portion of the gun enhancement under section 12022.53, subdivision (e) (see
§§ 186.22, subd. (b), 12022.53, subd. (e)(1)(A)).
The jury found true that Delavega “personally and intentionally
discharged a firearm, . . . which proximately caused great bodily injury and
death to Justin Kroh, a violation of Penal Code Section 12022.53(d).” The
verdict form did not include separate spaces for findings under subdivision (b)
or (c) of that statute or reference either subdivision, and there was no
discussion on the record about how the section 12022.53 allegations should
appear on the form. At the prosecution’s request, the jury was instructed
under CALCRIM No. 3150, which is given “when the defendant is charged
with an enhancement both for intentional discharge and for intentional
discharge causing great bodily injury or death”—i.e., when enhancements are
charged under both subdivisions (c) and (d). (Judicial Council of Cal., Crim.
Jury Instns. (2020 ed.) Bench Notes to CALCRIM No. 3150, p. 856.)4
4The jury was not instructed under CALCRIM No. 3146, the form
instruction pertaining to personal use of a firearm under subdivision (b),
CALCRIM No. 3148, the form instruction pertaining only to intentional
4
At the May 2018 sentencing hearing, Delavega asked the trial court to
exercise its discretion under section 12022.53, subdivision (h)
(section 12022.53(h)) to strike the enhancement of 25 years to life under
subdivision (d) and impose a total term of 15 years to life for the murder. In
addressing the request, the court agreed with Delavega’s trial counsel that it
had only “two choices, the 15 to life . . . or the 40 to life, and that’s it. There’s
no in between. There’s no splitting the difference. Those are the options that
face the Court.” Concluding that it was not “justifiable” to strike the
enhancement, the court imposed a total term of 40 years to life.
II.
DISCUSSION
A. Legal Background
As we have said, section 12022.53 establishes three sentencing
enhancements of varying lengths for the personal use of a firearm during the
commission of certain felonies. Specifically, subdivision (b) requires a 10-year
enhancement for the personal use of a firearm during a qualifying offense,
subdivision (c) requires a 20-year enhancement if the firearm is personally
and intentionally discharged, and subdivision (d) requires a 25-years-to-life
enhancement if the firearm is personally and intentionally discharged and
proximately causes great bodily injury or death.
“[A] sentencing enhancement . . . is not a complete offense in itself” but
instead “prescribes additional punishment for the crime.” (People v.
Anderson (2009) 47 Cal.4th 92, 115.) As a result, sentencing enhancements
are not analogous to substantive offenses in many respects, including in the
functioning of “greater and lesser included offenses and greater and lesser
discharge under subdivision (c), or CALCRIM No. 3149, the form instruction
pertaining only to intentional discharge causing death under subdivision (d).
5
degrees of the same offense.” (Ibid.; see, e.g., People v. Majors (1998)
18 Cal.4th 385, 410 [sua sponte duty to instruct on lesser included offenses
does not extend to “so-called ‘lesser included enhancements’ ”].) Nonetheless,
we use the term “lesser enhancement” to refer to an enhancement whose
factual predicates are necessarily found true when a factfinder finds true the
greater enhancement. (See, e.g., People v. Fialho (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th
1389, 1398 (Fialho).) In this sense, subdivisions (b) and (c) of
section 12022.53 are lesser enhancements of subdivision (d), meaning that a
true finding under subdivision (d) amounts to a true finding under the other
two subdivisions. (Morrison, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 222.)
For any of these enhancements to be imposed, the requisite facts must
“be alleged in the accusatory pleading and either admitted by the defendant
in open court or found to be true by the trier of fact.” (§ 12022.53, subd. (j);
People v. Gonzalez (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1118, 1124–1125.) In addition, an
enhancement must “be pleaded in connection with every count as to which it
is imposed.” (People v. Anderson (2020) 9 Cal.5th 946, 956–957 (Anderson).)
“If more than one enhancement per person is found true under
[section 12022.53], the court shall impose upon that person the enhancement
that provides the longest term of imprisonment.” (§ 12022.53, subd. (f).) In
such a situation, the proper course is to sentence the defendant on the
greater enhancement and stay any lesser enhancements. (Gonzalez, at
pp. 1122–1123.)
Senate Bill No. 620 took effect on January 1, 2018. (People v.
McDaniels (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 420, 424.) The legislation amended
section 12022.53(h), which previously prohibited sentencing courts from
striking a firearm enhancement found true under the statute. (Former
§ 12022.53(h); McDaniels, at p. 424.) Now, subdivision (h) provides that a
6
sentencing court “may, in the interest of justice pursuant to Section 1385 and
at the time of sentencing, strike or dismiss an enhancement otherwise
required to be imposed by this section.” (§ 12022.53(h).)
It is undisputed that if all three enhancements are charged and
separately found true, a trial court can strike the greater enhancement under
subdivision (d), reducing the firearm-related term to 20 years under
subdivision (c), or also strike the subdivision (c) enhancement, reducing the
term to 10 years under subdivision (b). (See People v. Wang (2020)
46 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1090–1091; Morrison, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 222.)
But if lesser enhancements are not charged and found true, Courts of Appeal
are split as to whether a trial court may strike a greater enhancement under
amended section 12022.53(h) and impose one of the lesser enhancements
instead, and the issue is currently on review in the Supreme Court. (People
v. Valles (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 156, 166–167 (Valles), review granted July 22,
2020, S262757; People v. Garcia (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 786, 788–789 (Garcia),
review granted Jun. 10, 2020, S261772; People v. Yanez (2020)
44 Cal.App.5th 452, 459–460 (Yanez), review granted Apr. 22, 2020, S260819;
Tirado, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at p. 644; Morrison, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at
p. 222−223.) No published decision has analyzed the situation presented
here, where the lesser enhancements were charged but the jury did not
separately find them true because the verdict form did not include them.5
5 In Garcia, all three enhancements were charged but the trial court
“with the concurrence of the parties did not instruct on either of the lesser . . .
enhancements.” (Garcia, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 789.) Although Garcia
thus presented similar circumstances to ours, the opinion did not address
whether the fact the lesser enhancements were charged was a meaningful
distinction. Rather, in repeatedly referring to a “prosecutor’s charging
authority” and “charging decision” not to pursue lesser enhancements, Garcia
reads as if the lesser enhancements were not charged. (Id. at pp. 791–793.)
7
Delavega’s claim that the trial court declined to strike the
subdivision (d) enhancement under the mistaken belief that it lacked the
authority to impose one of the lesser enhancements presents issues of
statutory interpretation that we review de novo. (John v. Superior Court
(2016) 63 Cal.4th 91, 95; Tirado, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at p. 642.) “ ‘Our
primary task in interpreting a statute is to determine the Legislature’s
intent, giving effect to the law’s purpose. [Citation.] We consider first the
words of [the] statute, as the most reliable indicator of legislative intent.
[Citation.]’ [Citation.] We construe the statute’s words in context, and . . . [i]f
we find the statutory language ambiguous or subject to more than one
interpretation, we may look to extrinsic aids, including legislative history or
purpose to inform our views.” (John, at pp. 95–96.)
B. We Will Consider Delavega’s Claim on the Merits.
As a preliminary matter, the Attorney General argues Delavega
forfeited his claim about the trial court’s application of section 12022.53(h)
because no objection was made below. Generally, “[a] party in a criminal case
may not, on appeal, raise ‘claims involving the trial court’s failure to properly
make or articulate its discretionary sentencing choices’ if the party did not
object to the sentence at trial.” (People v. Gonzalez (2003) 31 Cal.4th 745,
751.) In Yanez, Division Two of the Fourth District Court of Appeal indicated
that defendants, like Delavega, who do not “request to modify or reduce” an
enhancement under subdivision (d) in the trial court forfeit their appellate
claim that the court erred by not imposing a lesser enhancement. (Yanez,
supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at p. 460.)
Yanez’s treatment of the forfeiture issue was dicta, however, and we
conclude that under the circumstances in this case Delavega did not forfeit
his appellate claim by failing to ask the trial court to impose a lesser
8
enhancement under section 12022.53.6 An exception to the forfeiture rule
exists “ ‘ “ ‘where to require defense counsel to raise an objection “would place
an unreasonable burden on defendants to anticipate unforeseen changes in
the law and encourage fruitless objections in other situations where
defendants might hope that an established rule . . . would be changed on
appeal.” ’ ” ’ [Citation.] ‘In determining whether the significance of a change
in the law excuses counsel’s failure to object at trial, we consider the “state of
the law as it would have appeared to competent and knowledgeable counsel
at the time of the trial.” ’ ” (People v. Perez (2020) 9 Cal.5th 1, 8.)
At the time of Delavega’s sentencing, Senate Bill No. 620 had been in
effect for a few months, but the contours of a trial court’s authority under
amended section 12022.53(h) were unsettled. Morrison, the first case to
address the possibility of imposing a lesser enhancement that was not
separately found true, was not decided until April 2019, nearly a year after
Delavega was sentenced. And it is hardly obvious from subdivision (h)’s text
that the authority to “strike or dismiss an enhancement otherwise required to
be imposed” might include the ability to strike a greater enhancement and
impose a lesser one that was not presented to the jury. Thus, we would not
expect knowledgeable and competent counsel to anticipate Morrison’s
holding. Indeed, Delavega’s trial counsel, the prosecutor, and the trial court
all thought the only options were either to impose the subdivision (d)
enhancement or to strike it altogether. We therefore conclude that trial
counsel’s failure to object below is excused.
6 Delavega asserts that his trial counsel’s statement about sentencing
options under section 12022.53 was not invited error, and the Attorney
General does not argue otherwise. We agree the statement was not invited
error. (See People v. Coffman and Marlow (2004) 34 Cal.4th 1, 49 [invited
error occurs only if it is “ ‘clear that counsel acted for tactical reasons and not
out of ignorance or mistake’ ”].)
9
Moreover, even if Delavega had forfeited the claim, we would exercise
our discretion to decide it. “It is well settled that an appellate court may
decide an otherwise forfeited claim where the trial court has made an error
affecting ‘an important issue of constitutional law or a substantial right.’ ”
(Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 963.) Delavega’s claim presents “an
important issue of law” whose resolution has significant consequences for the
length of many defendants’ sentences, including his. (In re S.B. (2004)
32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293–1294.) Thus, we will consider his claim on the merits.
C. Trial Courts Lack Discretion to Impose Lesser Enhancements
Under Section 12022.53 Unless They Are Separately Found True
by the Jury.
We begin with an overview of the relevant case law interpreting
amended section 12022.53(h). In an early case discussing trial courts’
discretion under the amended statute, Morrison, Division Five of this court
held that even if the subdivision (b) and (c) enhancements were not alleged
and submitted to the jury, a trial court “[m]ay . . . impose one of those lesser
enhancements in lieu of the greater enhancement under [subdivision (d)] if
the court finds it is in the interests of justice to do so.” (Morrison, supra,
34 Cal.App.5th at pp. 222–223.) Morrison reviewed case law establishing
that a court “may impose a ‘lesser included’ enhancement that was not
charged in the information when a greater enhancement found true by the
trier of fact is either legally inapplicable”—such as where it does not apply to
the crime of which the defendant was convicted—“or unsupported by
sufficient evidence.” (Id. at p. 222.) The decision then concluded that there
was “no reason a court could not also impose one of these [lesser]
enhancements after striking an enhancement under [subdivision (d)], under
section 1385.” (Id. at pp. 222–223.)
10
Tirado disagreed with Morrison, concluding that section 12022.53(h)
does not “authorize[] a trial court to substitute one enhancement for another.”
(Tirado, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at pp. 643–644.) Tirado provided two bases
for its decision. First, it determined that “the plain language of sections 1385
and 12022.53[(h)]” reveals that a “court’s power pursuant to these sections is
binary: The court can choose to dismiss a charge or enhancement in the
interest of justice, or it can choose to take no action. There is nothing in
either statute that conveys the power to change, modify, or substitute a
charge or enhancement.” (Id. at p. 643.) Although recognizing that the case
law Morrison discussed authorizes a court to “impose a ‘ “ ‘lesser included
enhancement[]’ ” ’ following trial ‘when the charged enhancement is either
factually unsupported or inapplicable to the offense of conviction,’ ” Tirado
concluded this principle is inapplicable where “the enhancement at issue . . .
[is] neither unsupported by the law nor unsupported by the evidence.”
(Tirado, at p. 644.)
Second, Tirado determined that its “conclusion [was] consistent with
the well settled principle that ‘prosecuting authorities, exercising executive
functions, ordinarily have the sole discretion to determine . . . what charges
to bring,’ ” which “ ‘is founded, among others, on the principle of separation of
powers.’ ” (Tirado, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at p. 644.) Tirado explained, “[T]he
prosecution could have alleged all three section 12022.53 enhancements, and
if it had done so, the jury would presumably have found all three true. In
that circumstance, the [trial] court would have had the discretion to strike
the [subdivision (d)] enhancement and then either impose one of the other
two enhancements or strike them as well. However, because the People
exercised their charging discretion to allege only one enhancement, the trial
court was limited to either imposing or striking that enhancement.” (Ibid.)
11
To date, Division Two of the Second District and two panels in Division
Two of the Fourth District have agreed with the Fifth District in Tirado that
section 12022.53(h) “does not grant a trial court the discretion to substitute
lesser included enhancements, at least where the greater enhancement is
legally and factually valid.” (Garcia, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 790–791;
Valles, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th at pp. 165–167; Yanez, supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 458–459.) Garcia and Yanez also agreed with Tirado’s separation of
powers point, and Garcia provided a third basis for its holding: “the rules
governing when to instruct the jury on lesser offenses and enhancements.”
(Garcia, at pp. 791–792; Yanez, at pp. 459–460.)
We agree with the Tirado line of cases that the plain language of
section 12022.53(h) authorizes a sentencing court only to “strike or dismiss
an enhancement,” not substitute a lesser enhancement for one found true.
Delavega does not argue otherwise. Instead, he argues that case law
establishes a court’s broad authority “to impose what [it] might deem to be an
appropriate sentence.” We therefore turn to consider whether courts are
independently empowered to substitute a lesser enhancement that was not
separately found true for a greater one that was found true. (See Valles,
supra, 49 Cal.App.5th at p. 171 [conc. opn. of Menetrez, J.].) We conclude
they are not.
In claiming that trial courts are so empowered, Delavega relies
primarily on People v. Marsh (1984) 36 Cal.3d 134 (Marsh), which Morrison
characterized as “further buttress[ing]” its holding. (Morrison, supra,
34 Cal.App.5th at p. 223.) The Marsh defendant was convicted of numerous
crimes committed when he was 16 years old, including kidnapping for
ransom with bodily harm under section 209, which then as now carries a
sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. (Marsh, at
12
pp. 137–138; § 209, subd. (a).) The Supreme Court held that section 1385
authorized the sentencing court “to strike the ransom and bodily harm
allegations to reduce the required sentence for the kidnap[p]ing charge to
allow [California Youth Authority] eligibility.” (Marsh, at pp. 137, 143.) In
doing so, the Court noted that on remand the lower court would have “a
broad range of sentencing options between [the two] extremes” of either
striking both allegations or striking neither, since it could choose to strike
one but not the other, which it turn might have ramifications for the
defendant’s sentence on his other convictions. (Id. at p. 144.)
Delavega asserts that “under Marsh, since the sentencing court has the
power to strike conduct allegations when imposing a sentence for a
substantive offense, it has the power to strike similar allegations in a[]
sentencing enhancement.” Thus, he appears to suggest that a court could
strike the element of “proximately caus[ing] great bodily injury” from a
subdivision (d) enhancement to reduce it to a subdivision (c) enhancement.7
We agree with Garcia, however, that “Marsh simply recognized that the trial
court had the discretion under section 1385 to strike both of the kidnapping
sentencing enhancements at play in that case, to strike only one of them, or
to strike neither,” and that Marsh “says nothing about whether the court also
has the power to substitute lesser included enhancements for a valid greater
enhancement.” (Garcia, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 793–794.) Although it
is true that the kidnapping enhancements at issue in Marsh were alleged
under the same statute as the kidnapping charge itself (see § 209, subd. (a)),
7Since a person can “use” a firearm without “discharging” it, we do not
see how any allegation could be “stricken” from the enhancement for
“personally and intentionally discharg[ing] a firearm” under subdivision (c) to
reduce it to an enhancement for “personally us[ing] a firearm” under
subdivision (b).
13
Marsh concluded they could be stricken in the same manner as other
enhancements “stated separately from the substantive charge” because “[i]t
would be anomalous if this variation called for a different result since all that
is missing is the placement of the enhancing allegations in a separate
paragraph rather than in the one which describes the basic kidnap[p]ing
offense.” (Marsh, supra, 36 Cal.3d at p. 143.) Thus, Marsh does not provide
authority for the proposition that a court can strike portions of a single
enhancement to reduce it to a lesser enhancement.
Having concluded that Marsh does not aid Delavega, we next turn to
the case law discussing courts’ power to impose a lesser enhancement in
other contexts. In People v. Strickland (1974) 11 Cal.3d 946 (Strickland), the
Supreme Court determined that an enhancement under former
section 12022.5 for use of a firearm was improperly applied to the defendant
because he was not convicted of one of the six felonies that the statute then
covered. (Strickland, at p. 959.) The Court held that the defendant was
nevertheless “subject to additional punishment under [former] section 12022”
for being armed with a deadly weapon, even though an enhancement under
that statute was not charged, because “ ‘the jury did find that he used and
thus was armed with a firearm’ ” in returning a finding under former
section 12022.5. (Strickland, at p. 961.) And since the defendant was
charged under section 12022.5, he “ ‘had notice that his conduct [could] also
be in violation of [former] section 12022.’ ” (Strickland, at p. 961.)
Similarly, Courts of Appeal have permitted the imposition of a lesser
uncharged enhancement when substantial evidence did not support the
greater enhancement but did support the lesser enhancement. In People v.
Allen (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 616 (Allen), the Second District Court of Appeal
held that where a finding of personal firearm use under former
14
section 12022.5 had to be reversed for insufficient evidence, an uncharged
enhancement for a principal being armed under former section 12022 could
be imposed because “[e]very gun use within the meaning of [the first
provision] necessarily include[d] a violation of [the second provision].” (Allen,
at pp. 626–627.) Drawing an analogy to a reviewing court’s power to reduce a
conviction to a lesser included offense if insufficient evidence supports the
greater (see § 1260), Allen perceived “no reason why the same rationale
should not apply to” lesser enhancements. (Allen, at p. 627.) Other cases
have applied similar reasoning in affirming the imposition of a lesser
uncharged enhancement based on a trial court’s determination that the
evidence did not support the greater enhancement. (People v. Dixon (2007)
153 Cal.App.4th 985, 1001–1002; People v. Lucas (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 721,
742–743.)
More recently, in Fialho, the Sixth District Court of Appeal held that
where the defendant was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and attempted
voluntary manslaughter, the trial court properly struck enhancements found
true under subdivision (d) of section 12022.53 and substituted enhancements
for personal use of a firearm under section 12022.5, subdivision (a). (Fialho,
supra, 229 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1392, 1398–1399.) In so holding, Fialho
rejected the defendant’s claim that “Strickland was, in effect, legislatively
overruled by the enactment of the current version of section 1170.1,
subdivision (e)” (id. at p. 1397), which then as now provides that “[a]ll
enhancements shall be alleged in the accusatory pleading and either
admitted by the defendant in open court or found to be true by the trier of
fact.”8 (§ 1170.1, subd. (e).) Rather, Fialho concluded that under Strickland,
8Section 12022.53, subdivision (j), “restates [section 1170.1,
subdivision (e)’s] same basic point” specifically for firearm enhancements.
(Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 953.) Subdivision (j) of the version of
15
“imposition of the uncharged enhancement is permitted” when “the charged
enhancement is either factually unsupported or inapplicable to the offense of
conviction,” since the charged enhancement provides notice to defendants
“ ‘that [their] conduct [could] also be in violation of’ an uncharged
enhancement that ‘would be applicable in any case’ in which the charged
enhancement applies.” (Fialho, at p. 1397, quoting Strickland, supra,
11 Cal.3d at p. 961.)
After surveying Strickland and other decisions approving the
imposition of an uncharged lesser enhancement if the charged greater
enhancement “was unsupported by substantial evidence or was defective or
legally inapplicable in some other respect,” Morrison perceived “no reason a
court could not also impose . . . [an enhancement under subdivision (b) or (c)
of section 12022.53] after striking an enhancement under [subdivision (d)]
under section 1385.” (Morrison, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 222−223.)
Justice Menetrez agreed in his concurring opinion in Valles, stating, “I am
aware of no reason why the judicial power to impose an uncharged lesser
included enhancement would exist in the one context but not in the other. If
a sentencing court has a long-established power to impose an uncharged
lesser included enhancement after striking a greater enhancement that is
legally inapplicable, why would that power disappear when the greater
enhancement is stricken in the interest of justice under amended
section 12022.53?” (Valles, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th at p. 171 [conc. opn. of
Menetrez, J.].)
In our view, there is a reason why the power to impose an uncharged
lesser enhancement exists when a greater enhancement is contrary to the
section 12022.53 at issue in Fialho is identical to subdivision (j) of the current
statute, but Fialho did not address the provision.
16
law or evidence but not in other contexts. The reason is that a court’s power
to modify a verdict or judgment emanates from legislation, not from any
inherent authority. Two statutes—sections 1181 and 1260—confer on courts
the power to modify a greater enhancement to an uncharged lesser
enhancement when the greater enhancement is not supported by law or
evidence, but no statute confers a similar power when the greater
enhancement is supported by the law and evidence but is stricken in the
interest of justice.
For the most part, Tirado and the decisions following it did not attempt
to explain why the power to impose an uncharged lesser enhancement is
limited to cases where a greater enhancement is legally or factually invalid.
Tirado merely indicated that “the [subdivision (d)] enhancement at issue
[there] was neither unsupported by the law nor unsupported by the
evidence,” distinguishing it from the enhancements at issue in Strickland
and its progeny. (Tirado, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at p. 644.) Valles and Yanez
provided little additional analysis. (See Valles, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 165–166 [Morrison’s holding “does not logically flow from a body of
authority holding that a lesser enhancement may be imposed where there is
a legal impediment to the imposition of a greater enhancement”]; Yanez,
supra, 44 Cal.App.5th at p. 460 [“no suggestion that the jury’s verdict was
unsupported by the law or the evidence as would justify the imposition of a
lesser offense”].)
Only Garcia addressed the issue in some detail. While the Court of
Appeal recognized the “line of authority—tracing all the way back to
[Strickland]—acknowledging the power of a trial court to ‘substitut[e] . . . a
charged enhancement with an uncharged “ ‘lesser included enhancement,’ ” ’ ”
it determined that “this power is limited to situations where the greater
17
enhancement is [legally or factually] defective. That is because this inherent
power of courts serves a very specific purpose—that is, to enable courts to
salvage as much of the prosecutor’s charging decision and the jury’s verdict
as possible by allowing them to substitute a lesser included enhancement also
found by the jury rather than to impose no enhancement at all. (E.g.,
People v. Crooks (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 797, 811 [noting courts’ [‘]inherent
authority to correct an unauthorized sentence[’]]; People v. Relkin (2016)
6 Cal.App.5th 1188, 1198 [same].)” (Garcia, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 793.)
Garcia did not explain its statement that courts have an “inherent”
power to reduce a charged enhancement to a lesser enhancement. The two
opinions Garcia cited to support the proposition, Crooks and Relkin (Garcia,
supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 793), recognize a reviewing court’s authority to
correct an “unauthorized sentence” (People v. Relkin, supra, 6 Cal.App.5th at
p. 1198; People v. Crooks, supra, 55 Cal.App.4th at p. 811)—that is, a
sentence that “ ‘could not lawfully be imposed under any circumstance in the
particular case.’ ” (People v. Smith (2001) 24 Cal.4th 849, 852.) That power
allows a court to strike a legally invalid offense or enhancement, which is
different from the power to then impose an uncharged lesser offense or
enhancement in place of the greater. And as for Strickland and subsequent
decisions recognizing the power to impose an uncharged lesser enhancement,
they say little about the source of that power and nothing about the
justification for it.9
9
To explain its conclusion that the defendant was “subject to additional
punishment under [former] section 12022” even though the greater
enhancement under former section 12022.5 “was improperly implied to
[him],” Strickland merely quoted a statement it found “apropos” from an
earlier decision, People v. Provencher (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 546. (Strickland,
supra, 11 Cal.3d at p. 961.) In the statement Strickland quoted, Provencher
explained that even though an enhancement under former section 12022 was
18
Allen hinted at the idea that courts’ power to impose an uncharged
lesser enhancement is statutory, not “inherent,” by likening that power to a
reviewing court’s power under section 1260 to reduce a conviction to a lesser
offense when the greater offense is legally or factually unsupported. (Allen,
supra, 165 Cal.App.3d at p. 627; see § 1260.) In fact, both section 1260 and
section 1181, the statute specifying the circumstances in which a new trial
may be ordered, expressly convey the power to modify a verdict or judgment
to impose a lesser “punishment,” not just a lesser included offense. (§§ 1181,
subds. (6) & (7), 1260.) Garcia cited these statutes in explaining that
section 12022.53(h)’s plain language does not include the power to modify an
enhancement (Garcia, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 791), but the decision did
not relate them to the power recognized in the Strickland line of cases.
(Garcia, at p. 793.) The case law discussing sections 1181 and 1260 reveals,
however, that the statutory power and the power discussed in Strickland are
one and the same.
Under section 1181, subdivision (7), a court may grant a new trial
“[w]hen the verdict or finding is contrary to law or evidence, but in any case
not technically a “ ‘lesser included offense’ ” of former section 12022.5 because
both sections establish punishment, “ ‘section 12022 would be applicable in
any case in which [section] 12022.5 applies. Basically [section] 12022.5 is a
limited application of section 12022 with a heavier penalty. In the present
case appellant did not come within the provisions of section 12022.5, as the
crime of which he was convicted was not specified in that section, but the jury
did find that he used and thus was armed with a firearm, a shotgun, at the
time the offense was committed. Appellant was charged in the commission
with the use of a firearm under section 12022.5, thus had notice that his
conduct [could] also be in violation of section 12022.’ ” (Strickland, at p. 961,
quoting Provencher, at pp. 549–550.) Provencher did not cite any authority
for its determination that it could therefore modify the judgment to impose
the lesser uncharged enhancement instead of the greater. (Provencher, at
pp. 548, 551.)
19
wherein authority is vested by statute in the trial court or jury to recommend
or determine as a part of its verdict or finding the punishment to be imposed,
the court may modify such verdict or finding by imposing the lesser
punishment without granting or ordering a new trial, and this power shall
extend to any court to which the case may be appealed.” Similarly, under
subdivision (6) of the statute, a court may grant a new trial “when the verdict
or finding is contrary to law or evidence, but if the evidence shows the
defendant to be not guilty of the degree of the crime of which he [or she] was
convicted, but guilty of a lesser degree thereof, or of a lesser crime included
therein, the court may modify the verdict, finding or judgment accordingly
without granting or ordering a new trial, and this power shall extend to any
court to which the cause may be appealed.” And finally, under section 1260,
an appellate court “may reverse, affirm, or modify a judgment or order
appealed from, or reduce the degree of the offense or attempted offense or the
punishment imposed.” In short, if a greater offense or enhancement is
factually or legally unsupported, appellate and trial courts have the option to
reduce it to a lesser offense or enhancement instead of ordering a new trial.
As our state Supreme Court has explained, the power to modify a
verdict or judgment is “purely statutory” and did not always exist. (People v.
Navarro (2007) 40 Cal.4th 668, 678–679 (Navarro); People v. Lagunas (1994)
8 Cal.4th 1030, 1038.) Subdivision (6) was added to section 1181 in 1927, in
response to a decision in which the Supreme Court concluded that it did not
have the power to modify a verdict of first degree arson to second degree
arson upon holding that insufficient evidence supported the greater crime.
(Navarro, at p. 676.) In 1949, a special commission recommended a further
amendment to section 1181 by which courts would be given new “ ‘authority
to change or modify the punishment in those cases in which the fixing of the
20
punishment is part of the verdict.’ ” (People v. Odle (1951) 37 Cal.2d 52, 56.)
The commission also proposed an accompanying “amendment to section 1260
providing that [an] appellate court might reduce the degree of the offense or
the punishment imposed.” (Id. at p. 57.) The amendment to section 1181 did
not pass, but the amendment to section 1260 did, adding the language
permitting a reviewing court to “ ‘reduce the degree of the offense or
attempted offense or the punishment imposed.’ ” (Navarro, at p. 677, italics
omitted; § 1260.) And within a few years, the failed amendment was
incorporated into section 1181 as subdivision (7). (Stats. 1951, ch. 1674,
§ 117.)
Although section 1260 does not by its terms limit the circumstances in
which a reviewing court may reduce the offense or punishment, and therefore
“ ‘seems to confer plenary power of modification on a reviewing court[,] it was
not so intended.’ ” (People v. Romo (1967) 256 Cal.App.2d 589, 596.) Rather,
the 1949 amendment of section 1260 was intended to “ ‘bring [the statute]
into accord with section 1181(6) with respect to reduction of the degree of an
offense and make clear that the court may reduce punishment in lieu of
ordering a new trial, when there is error relating to the punishment
imposed.’ ” (Navarro, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 678, quoting People v. Odle,
supra, 37 Cal.2d at p. 58, italics added; see Romo, at p. 596.) In other words,
because section 1181 explicitly limits a court’s power to reduce a conviction or
punishment to instances when the verdict is contrary to law or evidence,
section 1260 has been interpreted to implicitly limit a court’s power to reduce
a conviction or punishment to instances when the judgment is legally or
factually unsupported. (Navarro, at pp. 678–679; see, e.g., People v. Eid
(2014) 59 Cal.4th 650, 659 [neither section 1181, subdivision (6), nor
section 1260 gives courts “a general license to modify verdicts in accordance
21
with the evidence”]; People v. Hines (1997) 15 Cal.4th 997, 1080 [section 1260
does not empower Supreme Court “to overturn a judgment of death simply
because [it] disagree[s] with the jury’s penalty determination”].)
Given the development of sections 1181 and 1260 and the case law
discussing them, we are left agreeing with the Tirado line of cases that a trial
court does not have authority, under section 12022.53(h) or otherwise, to
strike a greater firearm enhancement that is legally and factually sound and
impose a lesser one that was neither charged nor found by the jury. Rather,
a trial court’s general power to reduce an enhancement is statutorily limited
to instances when the enhancement “is contrary to law or evidence” under
section 1181, subdivision (7), and section 12022.53(h) does not expand that
power. Thus, if a trial court strikes an otherwise legally and factually
supported enhancement “in the interest of justice pursuant to Section 1385”
(§ 12022.53(h)), it lacks the power to impose a lesser enhancement that was
not charged or found by the jury.10
Having so concluded based on the plain text of sections 12022.53(h) and
1181, we need spend little time discussing the two other justifications for this
conclusion offered by the Tirado line of cases. The separation-of-powers point
does not apply here, because the prosecution did allege the lesser
enhancements. (Cf. Tirado, supra, 38 Cal.App.5th at p. 644; but see Garcia,
supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 791–792 [relying on separation of powers to
justify holding where lesser enhancements were charged but not submitted to
jury by parties’ mutual assent].) Our record is silent as to why the lesser
10 The power to dismiss under section 1385 “is quite broad,” and it may
also be exercised when a charge is legally insufficient. (People v. Hatch
(2000) 22 Cal.4th 260, 268, 273.) Thus, if a trial court dismissed a firearm
enhancement under section 12022.53(h) for this reason, section 1181 would
presumably authorize the court to impose an uncharged lesser enhancement
instead.
22
enhancements were not included on the verdict forms, and we cannot
conclude that their omission represents an exercise of prosecutorial
discretion.
Similarly, Garcia’s discussion of “the rules governing when to instruct
the jury on lesser offenses and enhancements” has no application here.
(Garcia, supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 792.) Garcia reasoned that if there is not
substantial evidence from which a “rational jury could find that [the]
defendant engaged in conduct warranting the lesser included enhancements
. . . but not the greater enhancement,” a trial court must deny a request to
instruct on the lesser enhancements. (Ibid.) Thus, the decision concluded
that interpreting section 12022.53(h) “to allow a court to substitute a lesser
included firearm enhancement would empower a court to do on the back end
what a court is prohibited from allowing a jury to do on the front end.”
(Garcia, at pp. 792–793.) Here, it is likewise true that no rational jury could
have found that Delgado personally used or intentionally discharged the gun
but that his use of the gun did not cause death. But we are aware of no
authority suggesting that in such circumstances a trial court is barred from
instructing on the lesser enhancements if they were actually charged. To the
contrary, juries routinely return separate findings on lesser enhancements
under section 12022.53 even when it is clear that defendants are liable under
subdivision (d) if they are liable at all.
Finally, because the enhancements under subdivisions (b) and (c) were
absent from the verdict form, we are unable to conclude that the jury
effectively found them true such that the trial court could impose one of them
if it struck the subdivision (d) enhancement.11 In certain contexts, reviewing
11 We requested and received supplemental briefing from the parties on
this issue.
23
courts have recognized that “the form of the verdict is to be regarded as
immaterial, provided the intention to convict of the crime charged be
unmistakably expressed.” (People v. Tilley (1901) 135 Cal. 61, 62; People v.
Webster (1991) 54 Cal.3d 411, 447.) Rather, “[a] verdict is to be given a
reasonable intendment and be construed in light of the issues submitted to
the jury and the instructions of the court.” (People v. Radil (1977)
76 Cal.App.3d 702, 710; accord People v. Chevalier (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 507,
514; People v. Jones (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 693, 710; People v. Mackabee
(1989) 214 Cal.App.3d 1250, 1256.)
In isolation, these statements could be read to suggest that the jury
here did make a separate finding under at least subdivision (c) of
section 12022.53. Even though subdivision (c) was not specified on the
verdict form, the jury found the subdivision (d) allegation true after being
instructed under CALCRIM No. 3150 pertaining to both subdivisions (c) and
(d). We agree with the Attorney General, however, that the decisions cited
above establish that “courts may excuse missing findings in an appropriate
harmless error context,” and that verdict forms need not be overly detailed,
not that “the finding of a greater crime or enhancement is . . . generally the
equivalent of a freestanding lesser finding.” (See, e.g., People v. Webster,
supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 447 [defects in verdict form excused if defendant’s
substantial rights not prejudiced]; People v. Chevalier, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th
at p. 514 [properly instructed jury made one of sentencing enhancement’s
required factual findings even though finding not expressly included on
verdict form].) Since Delavega’s claim of error does not involve the omission
of subdivisions (b) and (c) from the verdict form, these decisions do not assist
him.
24
We recognize that there are compelling policy arguments in favor of
increasing courts’ sentencing discretion under section 12022.53, and we
assume the Legislature is aware of them. But without express statutory
authorization, courts lack the power to strike a greater enhancement found
true by the jury and supported by the law and evidence and impose a lesser
enhancement that the jury did not find true. When the verdict forms omit
charged lesser enhancements, as they did here, a sentencing court is left
under current law with the all-or-nothing choice of imposing or striking the
greater enhancement.
III.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
25
_________________________
Humes, P.J.
WE CONCUR:
_________________________
Banke, J.
_________________________
Sanchez, J.
People v. Delavega A154936
26
Trial Court:
Superior Court of the County of Contra Costa
Trial Judge:
Hon. Anita L. Santos
Counsel for Defendant and Appellant:
Law Offices of Beles & Beles, Robert J. Beles, Paul McCarthy, Manisha
Daryani
Counsel for Plaintiff and Respondent:
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General
Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General
Jeffrey M. Laurence, Senior Assistant Attorney General
Donna M. Provenzano, Supervising Deputy Attorney General
David H. Rose, Deputy Attorney General
People v. Delavega A154936
27