N.M. v. J.N.M.

J-A04021-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

N.M. AND M.M : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
v. :
:
J.N.M., J.W., AND R.M. :
:
:
APPEAL OF: J.W., FATHER : No. 1823 EDA 2020

Appeal from the Order Entered August 28, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Carbon County
Civil Division at No(s): No. 14-1196

BEFORE: STABILE, J., KING, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED: FEBRUARY 19, 2021

Appellant, J.W. (“Father”), appeals from the order entered in the Carbon

County Court of Common Pleas, which denied his Petition to Modify Existing

Custody Order, as it relates to his minor child (“Child”) (born December 2008).

We affirm.

In its opinion, the trial court accurately set forth the relevant facts and

procedural history of this case as follows:

This case dates back to June 20, 2014, when the [p]laintiffs,
[N.M. and M.M. (collectively, “Grandparents”)], who at all
relevant times resided [in]…Summit Hill, Carbon County,
Pennsylvania, filed a custody complaint requesting that the
[c]ourt award them sole legal and physical custody of their
grandchild J.M, and his half-brother, [Child]. The
[d]efendant in this case is [(“Mother”)], who is the mother
of J.M. and…Child. Though [Grandparents] have no
____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A04021-21

biological relation to…Child, both children have resided with
them for a majority of their lives.[1] The Grandparents
further disclosed that…Child’s father was not known to them
and that he had not been in…Child’s life to that point.

After proceedings had begun, but before the [c]ourt had
issued a final custody order concerning…Child and J.M.,
[Father] filed a Petition to Intervene. Father asserted his
belief that he was the biological father of…Child and sought
primary physical custody of…Child through his intervention
in this matter. At all times relevant, Father has resided [in]
Columbus, Ohio, with his wife, [L.T.], and step-child, [D.]

Father averred through his Petition to Intervene that Mother
had concealed herself and [C]hild from Father since…Child’s
birth and that he had been unable to locate Mother or…Child
until discovering a docket listing for this case. Father
therefore asserted that his petition should be granted so
that he could “finally enjoy his right as a parent to have a
relationship with his son, and be part of the child’s life[.]”

In the Grandparents’ pre-trial memorandum of September
29, 2014, they argued that they should be awarded primary
physical custody of…Child and J.M. because the children had
resided with Grandparents since September 2010. Mother
resided with Grandparents and the children from September
2010 to September 2013. However, Grandparents asserted
that they have been the primary caretakers of the children
since September 2010. …

On October 2, 2014, Father’s Petition to Intervene was
granted. Father was confirmed to be the biological father
of…Child on December 3, 2014.

Through his pre-trial memorandum, Father argued that
Mother had concealed…Child from him until 2014. However,
since locating…Child, Father had maintained constant phone
contact with him and had one visit with…Child in Ohio.
Father argued that the above actions had demonstrated “a
strong desire and dedication to be part of his son’s life[.]”
____________________________________________

1 Grandparents are the biological paternal grandparents of Child’s half-
brother.

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A custody hearing was held on March 13, 2015 before this
[c]ourt. On March 25, 2015, [the court] entered an order
awarding joint legal custody of…Child to Grandparents and
Father. However, Grandparents were awarded primary
physical custody, while Father was awarded partial physical
custody. Father’s periods of custody were set for the
summer recess [of the school year] and the Christmas
holiday in odd numbered years with the precise exchange
times to be mutually agreed upon by Grandparents and
Father. The [c]ourt further ordered that telephone contact
be permitted between…Child and the non-custodial party.

On January 29, 2018, Father filed a petition to modify the
custody order of March 25, 2015, in which he again
requested that the [c]ourt award him primary physical
custody of…Child. Through his petition, Father asserted that
he is “better-suited at this time to care for the emotional,
mental, physical and educational needs of the minor
child[.]”

In their pre-trial memorandum relative to Father’s petition
to modify the custody order, Grandparents argued that
primary physical custody of…Child should remain with them,
as “a transfer of custody would be particularly inappropriate
in light of the fact that, were Father to obtain custody, the
same would, necessarily, necessitate a relocation of the
minor child from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the
State of Ohio[,] thus taking him away not only from the
home, extended family, friends, school, community, etc.
which he has known for the past ten (10) years, but, also,
from his sibling of whom the Grandparents continue to
maintain primary physical custody[.]”

Father filed a pre-trial memorandum on November 27,
2018, in which he asserted that Grandparents [had] failed
to encourage frequent and continuing contact
between…Child and Father. In support of that position,
Father alleged that he was often denied telephone contact
with…Child, and that Grandparents [had] cancelled or failed
to appear for reunification therapy sessions (Father
and…Child began participating in the sessions after the
initial custody order was entered) on several occasions[.]

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At the hearing on Father’s modification petition, …Child was
interviewed in camera. [C]hild expressed a desire to remain
with Grandparents, as he misses his half-brother while he is
in Ohio. Grandfather testified that…Child and J.M. “spend
almost every waking moment together.”

[The court] denied Father’s petition to modify the custody
order on January 11, 2019. “Based upon their role as
primary custodians and caregivers for the last eight and one
half (8½) years, [the court found] that Grandparents are
more likely to attend to the daily physical, emotional,
developmental and educational needs of…Child. While [the
court] believe[s] that Father is sincere in his desire to be
more actively involved in…Child’s life, the fact remains that
he has not fully exercised the partial physical custody rights
vested in him by this [c]ourt in our Order of March 25, 2015,
spending one (1) month with…Child in Ohio during the
summer of 2015 and two (2) months during the summer of
2018 rather than two and a half (2½) months each summer
and one (1) week between Christmas Eve and New Years
Eve in alternating years previously awarded by the
[c]ourt[.]”

On March 6, 2019, Father filed a petition for contempt
alleging that Grandparents had failed to produce…Child for
reunification therapy sessions as well as scheduled phone
calls. Further, Father alleged that Grandparents had failed
to allow…Child the privacy to speak openly with Father
during therapy and phone calls, and threatened to
send…Child to therapy wearing a concealed recording
device[.]

Pursuant to this [c]ourt’s order of April 24, 2019, Father’s
petition for contempt was denied following an evidentiary
hearing. However, by agreement of the parties, Father was
granted telephone contact with…Child every Monday,
Wednesday, and Friday, between 7:00 p.m. and 7:15 p.m.

On July 30, 2019, Father filed a petition for special relief
alleging that…Child had confided in him instances of sexual
abuse by members of Grandparents’ household, one of
whom continued to reside at Grandparents’ house. The two
individuals alleged to have been involved were [E.A.] and a
minor child (J.P.) who had only resided with Grandparents

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for two months, and [were] not currently residing with
Grandparents. Father requested through his petition that
he be awarded primary physical custody and that
Grandparents’ periods of custody be suspended pending the
outcome of the investigations[.]

The allegations raised by…Child were investigated by the
Carbon County Office of Children and Youth Services and
the Lehigh Valley Children’s Advocacy Center. [C]hild’s
report was validated and the allegations were referred to
the Summit Hill Police Department. Additionally, Father’s
period of custody was extended pending the results of the
investigation.

On September 9, 2019, Father filed a petition to modify the
custody order…in light of the sexual abuse investigation
concerning…Child[.] However, …Child later recanted the
allegations on October 9, 2019[.] After an interview
of…Child by Emily Greenwald of Carbon County Children and
Youth Services, …Child was deemed safe in Grandparents’
home[.]

After a hearing on Father’s petition for special relief, the
[c]ourt issued an order on September 13, 2019 allowing
Grandparents to resume primary physical custody on
September 14, 2019 provided that Grandparents
“immediately evict and exclude [E.A.] (one of the
perpetrators alleged by…Child) from their residence[.]
[Grandparents] shall ensure that [E.A.] has no contact with
[Child.]” Other than the aforementioned conditions, the
March 25, 2015 order was to remain in effect[.]

Thereafter, Grandparents filed a petition to modify the
custody order on December 18, 2019. Through their
petition, they claimed that…Child has recanted his
allegations against [E.A.], and that the restrictions
concerning [E.A.] should be removed[.]

On January 17, 2020, Father filed a petition for contempt
alleging that Grandparents had failed to produce…Child for
Father’s one-week period of custody during the Christmas
holiday, as directed by the March 25, 2015 order.
Additionally, Father alleged that Grandparents (and the rest
of their household) continue[d] to interfere with Father’s

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scheduled telephone calls with…Child[.]

Grandparents explained that they had attempted to comply
with the order to produce…Child for the visit with Father
over the Christmas holiday. However, …Child refused to go,
and had threatened to jump out of the car if Grandparents
forced him to go. Therefore, Grandparents made the
decision that…Child should not attend the visit with Father[.]

On February 5, 2020, Father filed a pre-trial memorandum
in support of his petition to modify the custody order. …

Hearings began on February 12, 2020 relative to the
outstanding petitions. Susan [Barradale2], who is the
reunification counselor for…Child and Father, testified that
she became involved in this case on March 24, 2018. [C]hild
had been having difficulty connecting with Father, and
Father wanted…Child’s next visit to be more comfortable.
Ms. [Barradale] testified that one of the issues disclosed to
her by…Child is that he “doesn’t like places with a lot of
people.” [C]hild has also maintained that he misses his
brother while he is away, even after he became more
comfortable in Father’s household.

On June 9, 2020, Grandparents filed a petition to modify
custody and for an expedited hearing asking that the [c]ourt
suspend Father’s period of custody during the summer
recess until after the completion of the hearing on all
outstanding petitions. In support of their position, they
alleged that…Child was unwilling to attend the summer 2020
visit with Father and was threatening to run away or take
other extreme measures if forced to attend[.]

Father filed an answer to Grandparents’ special relief
petition on June 22, 2020. Father asserted that he was
opposed to the suspension of his period of custody over the
summer, and asked the [c]ourt to order that…Child be
evaluated by a mental health provider if he was threatening
any form of self-harm[.]
____________________________________________

2 Ms. Barradale’s name is spelled several different ways in the trial court
opinion. We use the spelling of “Barradale” as set forth in the notes of
testimony. (N.T. Hearing, 2/12/20, at 2, 4).

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On that same day, Father filed an emergency petition for
special relief asking that the [c]ourt hold Grandparents in
contempt. Father alleged through his petition that
Grandparents failed to produce…Child for Father’s period of
custody beginning on June 12, 2020, [and] that
Grandparents [continued to act in contempt of the court’s
prior custody order].

A hearing was held before this [c]ourt on Grandparents’
petition to modify custody and for an expedited hearing and
Father’s emergency petition for special relief on July 17,
2020. [C]hild was interviewed in camera during the
hearing, where he expressed that he had no desire to see
Father at all. According to...Child, Father spends most of
his time with…Child disparaging Grandparents and has “an
attitude.” Additionally, …Child feared that if he was forced
to go back to Father’s house for the summer, he would not
be brought back to Pennsylvania.

[C]hild elaborated that Father has told him that
Grandparents don’t love him and that they are only keeping
him for money. Further, …Child mentioned an occasion
where Father took him to GameStop where he refused to
purchase a video game for…Child, saying[,] “They
[Grandparents] get enough money for you.” [C]hild also
brought up that Father’s wife had told him that [E.A.] would
shoot him if he returned to Pennsylvania during his visit in
the summer of 2019.

On that same day, [this court] found Grandfather in
contempt of [c]ourt, and ordered that he immediately
transfer custody of…Child to Father as well as comply with
other purge conditions as a result of the contempt[.]

This [c]ourt held a hearing on the remaining outstanding
petitions on August 13, 2020. Father, Grandfather, and
Grandmother testified at the hearing, and the [c]ourt
conducted an in camera interview of…Child.

[C]hild testified on August 13, 2020 that although he was
enjoying his time in Ohio with Father, he desired to continue
living in Carbon County with Grandparents. [C]hild
expressed that he misses his brother and Grandparents

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during periods of separation. He further expressed
displeasure with the tension between Grandparents
(particularly Grandfather) and Father. [C]hild found
Father’s comments about his grandparents “not really loving
him” or “only using him as a paycheck” to be particularly
upsetting.

[C]hild elaborated that even when in Ohio, he is not able to
spend much time with Father. He explained that Father is
often working and that most of his time this past summer
has been spent with his step-brother, [D.] [C]hild expressed
that he still does not know how to feel towards his father.
The best thing that…Child was able to say about Father is
that he is a good cook. In fact, when asked, …Child stated
that Father would be in last place on the list of things that
he liked about Ohio.

[C]hild stated that he was nervous about what was going to
happen (as a result of these proceedings). He elaborated
that he was reluctant to go to Ohio that summer because he
was afraid that he would not be returned to Carbon County.

In addition to stating his feelings on the custody matter,
…Child testified that he enjoys attending school in the
Panther Valley School District and has made numerous
friends through school. [C]hild performs well in school
despite his I.E.P. for a reading comprehension disability.

Grandfather testified about the issues that he has had in
communicating with Father. According to Grandfather,
Father has blocked his phone number. Additionally,
Grandfather testified that he will continue to send…Child to
reunification counseling if ordered by the [c]ourt, but that
he was under the impression that the counseling had
already served its purpose.

Grandfather further raised concerns about forcing…Child to
spend more time with Father when he clearly does not wish
to do so. Grandfather explained that…Child’s half-brother,
J.M., and everything that…Child knows are in Carbon
County. In addition to J.M., three of the Child’s cousins
reside at Grandparents’ house with…Child.

Grandmother testified that although…Child is not always

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available for the scheduled phone calls with Father, and he
does not always wish to speak with Father, she continues to
encourage him to do so. Additionally, she asserts that
neither she, nor anyone in her household, has ever
disparaged Father during the scheduled phone calls.

Grandmother admitted that she suffers from diabetes and
respiratory problems for which she sometimes uses “a
breathing machine.” However, Grandmother asserts that
she is still able to perform parental duties, such as
helping…Child with his school work.

Father testified that despite Grandparents’ claims
that…Child did not want to visit with Father, …Child calmed
down upon leaving Pennsylvania shortly after the July 17,
2020 hearing. Additionally, Father learned during the
summer 2020 visit that…Child has pre-diabetes and high
cholesterol levels and has since been monitoring…Child’s
food intake and medication.

Father also testified that he has had difficulty
reaching…Child for scheduled phone calls. He stated that
he has been referred to as a “sperm donor” by members of
Grandparents’ household during scheduled calls.

Father further testified that his household does everything
together as a family and that if awarded primary custody,
he could structure his work schedule to maximize time spent
with…Child. In addition to Father’s immediate family, Father
testified that…Child has extended family in Columbus, Ohio.
However, there was no testimony that…Child has met all of
the extended family members or established close familial
bonds with any of them.

Lastly, Father stated that he intended to enroll…Child in a
Catholic school should he gain custody of him during the
school year. However, Father did not testify as to the
reputation of the schools that he was considering, how those
schools would accommodate…Child’s I.E.P., or how they
compare with the educational program at Panther Valley.

[C]hild’s [c]ourt-appointed guardian ad litem [(“GAL”)]
argued at the hearing that the custody arrangement should
be modified, giving Father primary physical custody. As per

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his report, his recommendation is primarily based on the
presumption of custody in a child’s natural parent. [The
GAL] had previously testified that despite his
recommendation, he believed that Grandparents
loved…Child and that…Child loved Grandparents and his
half-brother as if they were his biological family[.] [The
GAL] also stressed the importance of stability in…Child’s
schooling considering his I.E.P., and recommended that the
[c]ourt be sure that an appropriate arrangement is made to
accommodate…Child in school should custody be transferred
to Father[.]

On August 28, 2020, [the court] denied Grandparents’
petition to modify custody and for [expedited] hearing
concerning [E.A.] This [c]ourt also held Grandfather in
contempt of [c]ourt as per the allegations made by Father
in his [January 2020 petition for civil contempt and June
2020 emergency petition for special relief]. [The court]
ordered additional periods of custody for Father as well as
other purge conditions as a result of Grandfather’s
contempt.

Lastly, on that same date, the [c]ourt denied Father’s
“Petition to Modify Existing Custody Order,” which is the
subject of this appeal. [The court] stated in the order that
the third-party Grandparents had met their burden of
overcoming the presumption that custody should be
awarded to a child’s natural parent by presenting clear and
convincing evidence that it is in…Child’s best interest to
remain with Grandparents[.]

(Trial Court Opinion, filed October 23, 2020, at 2-18) (internal citations to

record and footnotes omitted). On September 25, 2020, Father timely filed a

notice of appeal and a contemporaneous concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i).

Father raises the following issues for our review:

Whether the trial court abused its discretion by failing to
properly apply the presumption of custody in favor of
[Father] by failing to consider [Father’s] evidence in its

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opinion[?]

Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion by
improperly relying on overturned legal doctrine in its
analysis[?]

Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion by
misapplying the legal standard used when considering a
child’s preferences in cases involving a third party[?]

(Father’s Brief at 2).

Our standard and scope of review in this case are as follows:

In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest
type and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must
accept findings of the trial court that are supported by
competent evidence of record, as our role does not include
making independent factual determinations. In addition,
with regard to issues of credibility and weight of the
evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial judge who
viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand. However, we
are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or inferences
from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether the
trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the
evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the
trial court only if they involve an error of law, or are
unreasonable in light of the sustainable findings of the trial
court.

C.R.F. v. S.E.F., 45 A.3d 441, 443 (Pa.Super. 2012) (internal citation

omitted). This Court has consistently held:

[T]he discretion that a trial court employs in custody
matters should be accorded the utmost respect, given the
special nature of the proceeding and the lasting impact the
result will have on the lives of the parties concerned.
Indeed, the knowledge gained by a trial court in observing
witnesses in a custody proceeding cannot adequately be
imparted to an appellate court by a printed record.

Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 540 (Pa.Super. 2006) (internal citation

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omitted). In addition:

Although we are given a broad power of review, we are
constrained by an abuse of discretion standard when
evaluating the court’s order. An abuse of discretion is not
merely an error of judgment, but if the court’s judgment is
manifestly unreasonable as shown by the evidence of
record, discretion is abused. An abuse of discretion is also
made out where it appears from a review of the record that
there is no evidence to support the court’s findings or that
there is a capricious disbelief of evidence.

M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d 11, 18-19 (Pa.Super. 2010) (en banc) (internal

citations omitted).

The paramount concern in any custody case under the Child Custody

Act is the best interests of the child. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328 (stating: “In

ordering any form of custody, the court shall determine the best interest of

the child by considering all relevant factors…”); 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5338 (stating:

“Upon petition, a court may modify a custody order to serve the best interest

of the child”). Section 5328(a) sets forth the best interest factors that the

trial court must consider in awarding custody:

§ 5328. Factors to consider when awarding custody

(a) Factors.—In ordering any form of custody, the
court shall determine the best interest of the child by
considering all relevant factors, giving weighted
consideration to those factors which affect the safety of the
child, including the following:

(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
frequent and continuing contact between the child and
another party.

(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party
or member of the party’s household, whether there is a

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continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party and
which party can better provide adequate physical
safeguards and supervision of the child.

(2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a)(1)
and (2) (relating to consideration of child abuse and
involvement with protective services).

(3) The parental duties performed by each party on
behalf of the child.

(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
education, family life and community life.

(5) The availability of extended family.

(6) The child’s sibling relationships.

(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based
on the child’s maturity and judgment.

(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against
the other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the
child from harm.

(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving,
stable, consistent and nurturing relationship with the child
adequate for the child’s emotional needs.

(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special
needs of the child.

(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

(12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or
ability to make appropriate child-care arrangements.

(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by
another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to
cooperate with that party.

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(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
member of a party’s household.

(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
member of a party’s household.

(16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(1)-(16).

In custody disputes between natural parents and a third party, “there

shall be a presumption that custody shall be awarded to the parent. The

presumption in favor of the parent may be rebutted by clear and convincing

evidence.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5327(b). Accordingly:

[W]here the custody dispute is between a biological parent
and a third party, the burden of proof is not evenly balanced.
In such instances, the parents have a prima facie right to
custody, which will be forfeited only if convincing reasons
appear that the child’s best interest will be served by an
award to the third party. Thus, even before the proceedings
start, the evidentiary scale is tipped, and tipped hard, to the
biological parents’ side.

V.B. v. J.E.B., 55 A.3d 1193, 1199 (Pa.Super. 2012) (quoting Charles v.

Stehlik, 560 Pa. 334, 340, 744 A.2d 1255, 1258 (2000)).

What the [trial court] must do, therefore, is first, hear
all evidence relevant to the child’s best interest, and
then, decide whether the evidence on behalf of the
third party is weighty enough to bring the scale up to
even, and down on the third party’s side.

McDonel v. Sohn, 762 A.2d 1101, 1107 (Pa.Super. 2000)
(quoting Ellerbe v. Hooks, 490 Pa. 363, 367-68, 416 A.2d
512, 513-14 (1980)). In [Ellerbe,] our Supreme Court
noted that “these principles do not preclude an award of
custody to the non-parent. Rather they simply instruct the
hearing judge that the non-parent bears the burden of

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production and the burden of persuasion and that the non-
parent’s burden is heavy.” Essentially, the Supreme Court
determined, “where circumstances do not clearly indicate
the appropriateness of awarding custody to a non-parent,
we believe the less intrusive and hence the proper course is
to award custody to the parent or parents.” [Id. at 369,
416 A.2d at 514].

V.B., supra at 1199.

After a thorough review of the certified record, the parties’ briefs, and

the relevant law, we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s

determination. See C.R.F., supra. Consequently, we affirm the order

denying Father’s petition to modify custody for the reasons stated in the trial

court’s October 23, 2020 opinion.

Specifically, in evaluating the relevant custody factors, the trial court

noted that the first factor favored Father, as Grandfather had not permitted

contact with Child absent the court’s intervention. (See Trial Court Opinion

at 23-24). The court found that the second factor favored neither party, as

there was no current risk of abuse in Grandparents’ household and there had

been no allegations of abuse in Father’s household. (Id. at 24). Regarding

the third factor, the court indicated that both parties were able to perform

parental duties on behalf of Child, but emphasized that Grandparents have

been providing for Child’s daily needs for over ten years. (Id. at 25). The

court found that the fourth factor favored Grandparents as they have raised

Child with his half-brother since infancy, and Child has attended the same

school district his entire life where Child performs exceptionally well

academically. (Id.) The court found that the fifth factor favored neither party,

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as Child has family members in both Carbon County and the Columbus area.

(Id. at 26). The court found that the sixth factor favored Grandparents, as

Child and his half-brother are very close and have been raised together since

infancy. (Id.) The court found that the seventh factor favored Grandparents,

as Child’s preference was to remain with Grandparents in Pennsylvania. (Id.)

The court found that the eighth factor favored neither party, as both

parties had made disparaging comments about each other to Child. (Id.) The

court found that the ninth factor and tenth factors favored Grandparents as

Child had lived his whole life with them. (Id. at 26-27). The court found that

the eleventh factor favored neither party, and noted that the distance between

the parties rendered a standard custody schedule unworkable. (Id. at 27).

Similarly, the court found that the twelfth factor favored neither party, as both

parties could care for Child or make appropriate childcare arrangements. (Id.)

The court found that the thirteenth factor favored neither party, due to the

high level of animosity between both parties. (Id. at 28). The court found

that the fourteenth factor was not applicable. (Id.) The court noted that with

regard to the fifteenth factor, Grandmother has diabetes and respiratory

issues. (Id.)

Finally, as to the sixteenth factor, the court found that Child’s bonds

with members of Father’s household, Child’s physical and mental health, and

the GAL’s recommendation were additional relevant factors in this case. (Id.

at 29). The court noted that Child testified regarding his good relationship

with his stepmother and step-brother; that Child was recently diagnosed with

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pre-diabetes and that Father carefully monitors Child’s diet; that Grandfather

did not believe Child would benefit from further therapy, but would comply

with court orders directing participation; and that the GAL recommended

transferring primary custody to Father. (Id. at 29-30).

Further, in applying the law concerning third parties versus natural

parents in custody cases, the court acknowledged that Grandparents are not

Child’s biological grandparents. Nevertheless, the court emphasized that

Grandparents have raised Child and his half-brother together for the past ten

years, during which they have lived as an intact family unit that has been a

stabilizing force for Child after Mother abandoned him. (Id. at 30-31). Thus,

although the court acknowledged the statutory presumption in favor of Father,

it determined that clear and convincing evidence in this case rebutted that

presumption and it was in Child’s best interests to remain with Grandparents.

(Id.)

On appeal, Father essentially asks this Court to reweigh the Section

5328(a) factors in his favor. We have carefully reviewed the record in this

case, and because the record supports the trial court’s reasonable findings

and those findings were not the result of an error of law, we accept the trial

court’s findings and decline to reweigh the evidence. 3 See C.R.F., supra

____________________________________________

3 We reject Father’s argument presented in his second issue regarding the
court’s alleged improper reliance on the primary caretaker doctrine in its
analysis of the third and fourth custody factors. (See Father’s Brief at 18-
19). This Court has observed:

- 17 -
J-A04021-21

(reiterating that where trial court’s conclusions are reasonable as shown by

record evidence and those conclusions are not result of error of law, appellate

court is bound by those conclusions). Accordingly, we affirm based on the

reasons stated in the trial court’s thorough October 23, 2020 opinion.

Order affirmed.

____________________________________________

The “primary caretaker doctrine,” as it has come to be known, had
its genesis in Commonwealth ex rel. Jordan v. Jordan, [448
A.2d 1113 (Pa.Super. 1982)]. In that case, this Court held that
in cases involving an award of primary custody “where two
natural parents are both fit, and the child is of tender years,
the trial court must give positive consideration to the parent who
has been the primary caretaker.” Id. at 1115 (emphasis
added)[.] … Thus, this doctrine was intended to be an additional
consideration that would tip the scales in favor of the primary
caretaker in a situation where the trial court deemed both parents
to be fit to act as a primary custodian.

M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 337-39 (Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied, 620
Pa. 710, 68 A.3d 909 (2013). Initially, we note that the primary caretaker
doctrine is not directly applicable in this case because Grandparents are not
Child’s natural parents. In any event, following revisions to the Child Custody
Act, “[t]he considerations embraced by the primary caretaker doctrine have
been woven into the statutory factors, such that they have become part and
parcel of the mandatory inquiry.” Id. at 339. These factors are: “[t]he
parental duties performed by each party on behalf of the child,” and “[t]he
need for stability and continuity in the child’s education, family life and
community life.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)(3), (4). Further, the court did not
invoke the primary caretaker doctrine; instead, the court appropriately
considered each custody factor. (See Trial Court Opinion at 23-31). The fact
that Grandparents have been the primary caretakers performing parental
duties and providing stability to Child throughout his life is a fact supported
by the record and not a misapplication of law. See C.R.F., supra.

- 18 -
J-A04021-21

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/19/21

- 19 -
 Circulated 02/11/2021 02:43 PM

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
CIVIL ACTION - LAW

Kgrn,

Plaintiffs

v- NO. 141.196

1,NeAT),
Defendant

and
5 33q 54
Intervenor

and

Indispensable Party :

Nicholas J. Masington, III, Esq. Counsel for Plaintiffs

-5, 13 (7 ry) Pro Se Defendant

Arley L. Kemmerer, Esquire Counsel for Intervenor

Pro Se Indispensable Party

Adam R. Weaver, Esquire Guardian Ad Litem for cillod
a minor

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Serfass, J. - October 23, 2020

Here before the Court is Intervenor ;.-5,VV,(dmcrd

Appeal of this Court's Order dated August 28, 2020. We file the

following Memorandum Opinion pursuant to Pa. R.A,P. 19.25(a) and

respectfully recommend that our Order of August 28, 2020 be

affirmed for the reasons set forth hereinafter.

FS -34-20,20
1
 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This case dates back to June 20, 2014, when the

Plaintiffs, Ninn-strna-M Cweirand$90"1410 at all relevant times

resided tn Summit Hill, Carbon County,

Pennsylvania, filed a custody complaint requesting that the

Court award them sole legal and physical custody of their

grandchild J.M. and his half-brother,

(hereinafter "the Child")'. The Defendant in this case is

n() (hereinafter "Mother"), who is the mother of

J.M. and the Child. Though the Plaintiffs (hereinafter

collectively referred to as "Grandparents" or "Grandmother" and

"Grandfather") have no biological relation to the Child, both

,children have resided with them for a majority of their lives.

The Grandparents further disclosed that the Child's father was

not known to them and that he had not been in the Child's life

to that point.'

After proceedings had begun, but before the Court had

issued a final custody order _concerning the Child and J.M.,

3T Y\7.(hereinafter "Father") filed a Petition to

Intervene. Father asserted his belief that he was the

biological father of the Child and sought primary physical

1 Though the original action in this case concerned both 3.M, and the Child,
only the Child is the subject of the order from which Intervenor appeals.
2 The Child was born in 2008, and was five years old at the time of the
initial custody action.

FS -34-2020
2
custody of the Child through his intervention in this matter.

At all times relevant, Father has resided n
Columbus, Ohio, with his wife, , and step -child,
-

t>0

Father averred through his Petition to Intervene that

Mother had concealed herself and the minor child from Father

since the Child's birth and that he had been unable to locate

Mother or the Child until discovering a docket listing for this

case. Father therefore asserted that his petition should be

granted so that he could "finally enjoy his right as a parent to

have a relationship with his son, and be part of the child's

life" (Father's Petition to Intervene, 9/18/14).

In the Grandparents' pre-trial memorandum of September 29,

2014, they argued that they should be awarded primary physical

custody of the Child and J.M. because the children had resided

with Grandparents since September 2010. Mother resided with

Grandparents and the children from September 2010 to September

2013. However, Grandparents asserted that they have been the

primary caretakers of the children since September 2010.

Grandparents further asserted that if granted primary physical

custody of the Child, they would continue to encourage frequent

and continuing contact between the Child and his Mother and

Father. Additionally, Grandparents believed that several of the

FS -34-2020
established custody factors were in their favor (Grandparents'

Pre -Trial Memorandum, 5/29/14).

On October 2, 2014, Father's Petition to Intervene was

granted. Father was confirmed to be the biological father of

the Child on December 3, 2014.

Through his pre-trial memorandum, Father argued that Mother

had concealed the Child from him until 2014. However, since

locating the Child, Father had maintained constant phone contact

with him and had one visit with the Child in Ohio. Father argued

that the above actions had demonstrated "a strong desire and

dedication to be part of his son's life" (Father's Pre -Trial

Memorandum, 1/7/15).

A custody hearing was held on March 13, 2015 before this

Court. On March 25, 2015, we entered an order awarding joint

legal custody of the Child to Grandparents and Father. However,

Grandparents were awarded primary physical custody, while Father

was awarded partial physical custody. Father's periods of

custody were set for the summer recess (commencing one (1) week

after the conclusion of the school year and ending two (2) weeks

prior to the start of the new school year) and the Christmas

holiday in odd numbered years with the precise exchange times to

be mutually agreed upon by Grandparents and Father. The Court

F5-34-2020
4
further ordered that telephone contact be permitted between the

Child and the non -custodial party.

On January 29, 2018, Father filed a petition to modify the

custody order of March 25, 2015, in which he again requested

that the Court award him primary physical custody of the Child.

Through his petition, Father asserted that he is "better -suited

at this time to care for the emotional, mental, physical and

educational needs of the minor child" (Father's Petition to

Modify Existing Custody Order, 1/29/18).

In their pre-trial memorandum relative to Father's petition

to modify the custody order, Grandparents argued that primary

physical custody of the Child should remain with them, as "a

transfer of custody would be particularly inappropriate in light

of the fact that, were Father to obtain custody, the same would,

necessarily, necessitate a relocation of the minor child from

the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the State of Ohio thus

taking him away not only from the home, extended family,

friends, school, community, etc. which he has known for the past

ten (10) years but, also, from his sibling of whom the

Grandparents continue to maintain primary physical custody"

(Grandparents' Pre -Trial Memorandum, 11/16/18).

Father filed a pre-trial memorandum on November 27, 2018,

in which he asserted that Grandparents have failed to encourage

FS -34-2020
5
frequent and continuing contact between the Child and Father.

In support of that position, Father alleged that he was often
denied telephone contact with the Child, and that Grandparents
have cancelled or failed to appear for reunification therapy
sessions (Father and the Child began participating in the

sessions after the initial custody order was entered) on several

occasions (Father's Pre -Trial Memorandum, 11/27/20).

At the hearing on Father's modification petition, the Child

was interviewed in camera. The Child expressed a desire to

remain with Grandparents, as he misses his half-brother while he

is in Ohio. Grandfather testified that the Child and J.M.

"spend almost every waking moment together."

We denied Father's petition to modify the custody order on

January 11, 2019. "Based upon their role as primary custodians

and caregivers for the last eight and one half (B %) years, we

find that Grandparents are more likely to attend to the daily

physical, emotional, developmental and educational needs of the

Child. While we believe that Father is sincere in his desire to

be more actively involved in the Child's life, the fact remains

that he has not fully exercised the partial physical custody

rights vested in him by this Court in our Order of March 25,

2015, spending one (1) month with the Child in Ohio during the

summer of 2015 and two (2) months during the summer of 2018

FS -34-2020
6
rather than two and a half (2 )4) months each summer and one (1)

week between Christmas Eve and New Years Eve in alternating

years previously awarded by the Court" {Court's Order of

1/11/19).

On March 6, 2019, Father filed a petition for contempt

alleging that Grandparents had failed to produce the Child for

reunification therapy sessions as well as scheduled phone calls.

Further, Father alleged that Grandparents had failed to allow

the Child the privacy to speak openly with Father during therapy

and phone calls, and threatened to send the Child to therapy

wearing a concealed recording device (Father's Petition for

Contempt, 3/6/19).

Pursuant to this Court's order of April 24, 2019, Father's

petition for contempt was denied following an evidentiary

hearing. However, by agreement of the parties, Father was

granted telephone contact with the Child every Monday,

Wednesday, and Friday, between 7:00 p.m. and 7:15 p.m.

On July 30, 2019, Father filed a petition for special

relief alleging that the Child had confided in him instances of

sexual abuse by members of Grandparents' household, one of whom

continued to reside at Grandparents' house. The two individuals

alleged to have been involved were `G -P and a minor

child (am who had only resided with Grandparents for two

F5-34-2020
7
months, and was not currently residing with Grandparents.

Father requested through his petition that he be awarded primary

physical custody and that Grandparents' periods of custody be

suspended pending the outcome of the investigations (Father's

Petition for Special Relief, 7/30/19).

The allegations raised by the Child were investigated by

the Carbon County Office of Children and Youth Services and the

Lehigh Valley Children's Advocacy Center. The Child's report

was validated and the allegations were referred to the Summit

Hill Police Department. Additionally, Father's period of

physical custody was extended pending the results of the

investigation.

On September 9, 2019, Father filed a petition to modify

the custody order stating that "Petitioner believes it would be

in the child's best interest to grant Petitioner primary

physical custody because Petitioner is better -suited to care for

the emotional, mental, and physical needs of the child, and can

ensure the child's safety within his household" in light of the

sexual abuse investigation concerning the Child that was active

at the time (Father's Petition to Modify Custody Order, 9/9/19).

However, the Child later recanted the allegations on October 9,

2019 (N.T. 2/12/20, p. 58) After an interview of the Child by

Emily Greenawald of Carbon County Children and Youth Services,

FS -34-2020
8
the Child was deemed safe in Grandparents' home (N.T. 2/12/20 p.

65).

After a hearing on Father's petition for special relief,

the Court issued an order on September 13, 2019 allowing

Grandparents to resume primary physical custody on September 14,

2019 provided that Grandparents "immediately evict and exclude

qADN, (one of the perpetrators alleged by the Child)

from their residence... Plaintiffs shall ensure that,
has no contact with Criqa.' Other than the

aforementioned conditions, the March 25, 2015 order was to

remain in effect (Court's Order 9/13/19).

Thereafter, Grandparents filed a petition to modify the

custody order on December 18, 2019. Through their petition,

they claimed that the Child has recanted his allegations against

ti pc and that the restrictions concerning

Q, Pc should be removed (Grandparents' Petition to Modify

Custody Order).

On January 17, 2020, Father filed a petition for contempt

alleging that Grandparents had failed to produce the Child for

Father's one -week period of custody during the Christmas

holiday, as directed by the March 25, 2015 order. Additionally,

Father alleged that Grandparents (and the rest of their

household) continue to interfere with Father's scheduled

FS -34-2020
9
telephone calls with the Child (Father's Petition for Contempt,

1/17/20).

Grandparents explained that they had attempted to comply

with the order to produce the Child for the visit with Father

over the Christmas holiday. However, the Child refused to go,

and had threatened to jump out of the car if Grandparents forced

him to go. Therefore, Grandparents made the decision that the

Child should not attend the visit with Father (Grandparents Pre -

Trial Memorandum, 2/4/20).

On February S, 2020, Father filed a pre-trial memorandum in

support of his petition to modify the custody order. Father

alleged that "tilt would be in the best interest of the child to

award primary custody to Father, the child's only natural parent

present in his life, with visitations and telephone

communication to facilitate ongoing contact with GricaAldpartnts

and C4IAdkS half-brother" (Father's Pre -Trial Memorandum,

2/5/20).

Hearings began on February 12, 2020 relative to the

outstanding petitions. Susan Barrandale, who is the

reunification counselor for the Child and Father, testified that

she became involved in this case on March 24, 2018. The Child

had been having difficulty connecting with Father, and Father

wanted the Child's next visit to be more comfortable. Ms.

FS -34-2020
10
 Sarrendale testified that one of the issues disclosed to her by

the Child is that he "doesn't like places with a lot of people."3

The Child has also maintained that he misses his brother while

he is away, even after he became more comfortable in Father's

household.

On June 9, 2020, Grandparents filed a petition to modify

custody and for an expedited hearing asking that the Court

suspend Father's period of custody during the summer recess

until after the completion of the hearing on all outstanding

petitions. In support of their position, they alleged that the

Child was unwilling to attend the summer 2020 visit with Father,

and was threatening to run away or take other extreme measures

if forced to attend (Grandparents' Petition for Special Relief,

6/9/20).

Father filed an answer to Grandparents' special relief

petition on June 22, 2020. Father asserted that he was opposed

to the suspension of his period of custody over the summer, and

asked the Court to order that the Child be evaluated by a mental

health provider if he was threatening any form of self -harm

(Father's Answer, 6/22/20).

I Father lives in Columbus, Ohio, a city with an estimated total population of 898,663
people compared to an estimated total population of 64,182 in all of Carbon County.
Pennsylvania. guidances: Carbon County, Pennsylvania, Columbus city, Ohio, U.S.
Census Bureau, July 1, 2019,
https://www.censue,gov/quickfacts/fact/table/carboncountypennsylvania,columbuscicyohio
/PST045219.

FS -34-2020
11
 On that same day, Father filed an emergency petition for

special relief asking that the Court hold Grandparents in

contempt. Father alleged through his petition that Grandparents

failed to produce the Child for Father's period of custody
beginning on June 12, 2020, that Grandparents continue to

interfere with Father's phone contact with the Child, that

Grandparents continue to fail to produce the Child for

reunification therapy, and that Grandparents disparage Father in

the presence of the Child (Father's Petition for Special Relief,

6/22/20).

A hearing was held before this Court on Grandparents'

petition to modify custody and for an expediated hearing and

Father's emergency petition for special relief on July 17, 2020.

The Child was interviewed in camera during the hearing, where he

expressed that he had no desire to see Father at all. According

to the Child, Father spends most of his time with the Child

disparaging Grandparents and has an "attitude." Additionally,

the Child feared that if he was forced to go to Father's house

for the summer, he would not be brought back to Pennsylvania.

The Child elaborated that Father has told him that

Grandparents don't love him and that they are only keeping him

for money. Further, the Child mentioned an occasion where

Father took him to GameStop where he refused to purchase a video

FS -34-2020
12
game for the Child, saying "They (Grandparents) get enough money

for you." The Child also brought up that Father's wife had told

him that would shoot him if he returned to

Pennsylvania during his visit in the summer of 2019.

On that same day, we found Grandfather in contempt of

Court, and ordered that he immediately transfer custody of the

Child to Father as well as comply with other purge conditions as

a result of the contempt (Court Order of 7/17/20).

This Court held a hearing on the remaining outstanding

petitions on August 13, 2020. Father, Grandfather, and

Grandmother testified at the hearing, and the Court conducted an

in -camera interview of the Child.

The Child testified on August 13, 2020 that although he was

enjoying his time in Ohio with Father, he desired to continue

living in Carbon County with Grandparents. The Child expressed

that he misses his brother and Grandparents during periods of

separation. He further expressed displeasure with the tension

between Grandparents (particularly Grandfather) and Father. The

Child found Father's comments about his grandparents "not really

loving him" or "only using him as a paycheck" to be particularly

upsetting.

The Child elaborated that even when in Ohio, he is not able

to spend much time with Father. He explained that Father is

FS -34-2020
13
 often working and that most of his time this past summer has

been spent with his step -brother, pc The Child expressed

that he still does not know how to feel towards his father. The

best thing that the Child was able to say about Father is that

he is a good cook. In fact, when asked, the Child stated that

Father would be in last place on the list of things that he

liked about Ohio.

The Child stated that he was nervous about what was going

to happen (as a result of these proceedings]. He elaborated

that he was reluctant to go to Ohio that summer because he was

afraid that he would not be returned to Carbon County.

In addition to stating his feelings on the custody matter,

the Child testified that he enjoys attending school in the

Panther Valley School District and has made numerous friends

through school. The Child performs well in school despite his

I.E.P. for a reading comprehension disability.

Grandfather testified about the issues that he has had in

communicating with Father. According to Grandfather, Father has

blocked his phone number. Additionally, Grandfather testified

that he will continue to send the Child to reunification

counseling if ordered by the Court, but that he was under the

impression that the counseling had already served its purpose.'

' Susan Barradale testified on February 12, 2020 that 41 think we have done as much as
we can at this point" (N.T. 2/2/20, p. 33).

FS -34-2020
14
 Grandfather further raised concerns about forcing the Child

to spend more time with Father when he clearly does not wish to

do so. Grandfather explained that the Child's half-brother,

J.M., and everything that the Child knows are in Carbon County.

In addition to J.M., three of the Child's cousins reside at

Grandparents' house with the Child.

Grandmother testified that although the Child is not always

available for the scheduled phone calls with Father, and he does

not always wish to speak with Father, she continues to encourage

him to do so. Additionally, she asserts that neither she, nor

anyone in her household, has ever disparaged Father during the

scheduled phone calls.

Grandmother admitted that she suffers from diabetes and

respiratory problems for which she sometimes uses "a breathing

machine." However, Grandmother asserts that she is still able

to perform parental duties, such as helping the Child with his

school work.

Father testified that despite Grandparents' claims that the

Child did not want to visit with Father, the Child calmed down

upon leaving Pennsylvania shortly after the July 17, 2020

hearing. Additionally, Father learned during the summer 2020

visit that the Child has pre -diabetes and high cholesterol

FS -34-2020
15
levels and has since been monitoring the Child's food intake and

medication.

Father also testified that he has had difficulty reaching

the Child for scheduled phone calls. He stated that he has been

referred to as a "sperm donor" by members of Grandparents'

household during scheduled calls.

Father further testified that his household does everything

together as a family and that if awarded primary custody, he

could structure his work schedule to maximize time spent with

the Child. In addition to Father's immediate family, Father

testified that the Child has extended family in Columbus, Ohio.

However, there was no testimony that the Child has met all of

the extended family members or established close familial bonds

with any of them.

Lastly, Father stated that he intended to enroll the Child

in a Catholic school should he gain custody of him during the

school year. However, Father did not testify as to the

reputation of the schools that he was considering, how those

schools would accommodate the Child's I.E.P, or how they compare

with the educational program at Panther Valley.

The Child's Court -appointed guardian ad litem, Attorney

Adam Weaver, argued at the hearing that the custody arrangement

should be modified, giving Father primary physical custody. As

FS -34-2020
16
per his report, his recommendation is primarily based on the

presumption of custody in a child's natural parent. Attorney
Weaver had previously testified that despite his
recommendation,
he believed that Grandparents loved the Child and that the Child

loved Grandparents and his half-brother as if they were

biological family (N.T. 2/12/20, p. 72-79). Attorney Weaver
also stressed the importance of stability in the Child's

schooling considering his IEP, and recommended that the Court be

sure that an appropriate arrangement is made to accommodate the

Child in school should custody be transferred to Father (N.T.

2/12/20, p. 92).

On August 28, 2020, we denied Grandparents' petition to

modify custody and for expediated hearing concerning

This Court also held Grandfather in contempt of

Court as per the allegations made by Father in his January 17,

2020 "Petition for Civil Contempt for Willful Disobedience of a

Custody Order" and his June 22, 2020 "Emergency Petition for

Special Relief." We ordered additional periods of custody for

Father as well as other purge conditions as a result of

Grandfather's contempt.

Lastly, on that same date, the Court denied Father's

"Petition to Modify Existing Custody Order," which is the

subject of this appeal. We stated in the order that the third -

FS -34-2020
17
party Grandparents had met their burden of overcoming the

presumption that custody should be awarded to a child's natural

parent by presenting clear and convincing evidence that it is in

the Child's best interest to remain with Grandparents (Court

Order, Denying Petition to Modify Custody, 8/28/20).

On September 25, 2020, Father filed an Appeal to the

Superior Court of Pennsylvania requesting review and reversal of

this Court's August 28, 2020 Order which denied his "Petition to

Modify Existing Custody Order."

ISSUES

In his Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on

Appeal, Father raises the following issues:

1. The Trial Court erred by ruling that Plaintiff third -party

custodians should retain primary physical custody of the

subject minor child where the presumption of custody in

favor of Intervenor natural Father was not properly

considered and where the record fails to support the Trial

Court's determination, upon its analysis of several custody

factors as enumerated in Pa. C.S. § 5328, that the

Plaintiffs rebutted said presumption by clear and

convincing evidence in accordance with 23 Pa. C.S. §

5327(b).

DISCUSSION

FS -34-2020
18
 "The paramount concern in child custody cases is the best

interests of the child." C.G. v. 47.14., 193 A.3d 891, 909 (Pa.

2018). "The best interests standard decided on a case -by -case

basis, considers all factors which legitimately have an effect

upon the child's physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual

well-being." M.J.N. v. J.K., 169 A.3d 108, 112 (Pa. Super.

2017). Factors to be considered include, but are not limited

to, those set forth in 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 5328(a). Id. Moreover,

"Mt is within the purview of the trial court, as the fact

finder, to determine which of the factors outlined in 23 Pa.

C.S.A. § 5328(a) is the most salient and critical in each

custody case." M.J.M, v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 339 (Pa. Super.

2013).

23 Pa. C.S.A. § 5328(a) provides as follows: "In ordering

any form of custody, the court shall determine the best interest

of the child by considering all relevant factors, giving

weighted consideration to those factors which affect the safety

of the child, including the following:

(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit

frequent and continuing contact between the child and

another party.

(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or member

of the party's household, whether there is a continued

FS -34-2020
19
 risk of harm to the child or an abused party and which

party can better provide adequate physical safeguards and

supervision of the child.

(3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf of

the child.

(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child's

education, family life and community life.

(5) The availability of extended family.

(6) The child's sibling relationships.

(7) The well -reasoned preference of the child, based on the

child's maturity and judgment.

(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the

other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where

reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the

child from harm.

(9) which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,

consistent and nurturing relationship with the child

adequate for the child's emotional needs.

(10) which party is more likely to attend to the daily

physical, emotional, developmental, educational, and

special needs of the child.

(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties

ES -34-2020
20
 (12) Each party's availability to care for the child or

ability to make appropriate childcare arrangements.

(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the

willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with

one another. A party's effort to protect a child from

abuse by another party is not evidence of unwillingness

or inability to cooperate with that party.

(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or member

of a party's household.

(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or member of

a party's household.

(16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa. C.S.A. § 5328.

In a custody dispute between two (2) biological parents,

"the burden of proof is shared equally by the contestants..."

Ellerbe v. Hawks, 416 A. 2d 512, 513 (Pa. 1980). However,

where- as here- the custody dispute is between a biological

parent and a third party, the burden of proof is not evenly

balanced. In such instances, "the parents have a 'prima facie

right to custody' which will be forfeited only if 'convincing

reasons' appear that the child's best interests will be served

by an award to the third party." V.B. v. J.E.B., 55 A.3d 1193,

1199 (Pa. Super. 2012). Section 5327 of the Custody Act

FS -34-2020
21
pertains to cases "concerning primary physical custody" and

provides that "in any action regarding the custody of a child

between a parent of the child and a non -parent, there shall be a

presumption that custody shall be awarded to the parent. The

presumption in favor of the parent may be rebutted by clear and

convincing evidence." 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 5327(b). Clear and

convincing evidence has been defined by our Superior Court "as

presenting evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty, and

convincing so as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear

conviction, without hesitation, of the truth of the precise

facts in issue." M.J.S. v. B.S., 172 A. 3d 651, 660 (Pa. Super.

2017).

Therefore, "even before the proceedings start, the

evidentiary scale is tipped, and tipped hard, to the biological

parents' side." V.B., 55 A.3d at 1199. We recognize that the

trial court is required to "decide whether the evidence on

behalf of the third party is weighty enough to bring the scale

up to even and down on the third party's side" prior to awarding

primary physical custody to a non -parent. Id. We note, however,

that this principle does not preclude the award of custody to a

non -parent but simply instructs the trial court that the non -

parent bears the burden of production and the burden of

persuasion and that the non -parent's burden is heavy. Jones v.

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Jones, 8811 A.2d 915, 918 (Fa. Super. 2005). It is well settled

that "(w)hile the Commonwealth places great importance on

biological ties, it does not do so to the extent that the

biological parent's right to custody will trump the best

interests of the child. In all custody matters, our primary

concern is, and must continue to be, the well-being of the most

fragile human participant- that of the minor child." Charles v.

Stehlik, 744 A.2d 1255, 1259 (Pa. 2000). "Once it is

established that someone who is in loco parentis, that person

does not need to establish that the biological parent is unfit,

but instead must establish by clear and convincing evidence that

it is in the best interests of the child to maintain that

relationship or be with that person." Jones, 884 A.2d at 917.

In the case at bar, the Court applied the 23 Pa. C.S.A. §

5328 factors as follows:

As to the first factor, Grandparents, particularly

Grandfather, have not encouraged frequent and continuing contact

between Father and Child. Rather, Grandfather has not permitted

such contact absent the Court's intervention. He failed to

transport the Child to Ohio for Father's limited custodial

periods during the 2019 Christmas holiday and the 2020 summer

recess which necessitated the initiation of contempt proceedings

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by Father in order to secure his court ordered periods of

partial custody with the Child.

As to the second factor, while the Child was in Father's

custody during the summer of 2019, he raised allegations of

having been sexually abused approximately five to six years ago

by f cpc, and a minor child, (J.P) both of whom were

residing in Grandparents' home at the time. Following an

investigation by the Carbon County Office of children and Youth

Services and the Lehigh Valley Children's Advocacy Center, the

Child's report was validated and the allegations were referred

to the Summit Hill Police Department. The Child later recanted

these allegations and no criminal charges were filed. Children

and Youth Services determined that there was no safety risk to

the Child as E.A. had no unsupervised contact with the Child and

the other alleged perpetrator, J.P., had resided at

Grandparents' home for a period of only two months approximately

five to six years ago. Following a hearing on this matter, the

Court issued an order dated September 13, 2019, directing, inter

alia, that E.A. be evicted and excluded from Grandparents' home

and that they ensure that he have no contact with the Child.

Accordingly, we find that there is currently no risk of harm to

the Child in Grandparents' home. With regard to Father's

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household, there are no instances of abuse, past or present, and

no risk of harm to the Child.

As to the third factor, while we find that both parties are

able to perform parental duties on behalf of the Child and that

Father has discharged those duties in a satisfactory manner

during the limited period he has exercised physical custody of

the Child, we recognize that Grandparents have been providing

for the Child's daily needs for over ten (10) years.

As to the fourth factor, the Child and his younger half-

brother, J.M., have been raised together by Grandparents since

infancy. They have provided the children with a loving and

stable home environment. The Child has been enrolled as a

student in the Panther Valley School District since

kindergarten. About to begin sixth grade at Panther Valley

Intermediate School, the Child has performed exceptionally well

academically and puts forth a "1501 effort" according to his

teachers. Other than Father's statement that all schools in

Columbus are virtual until October 27, 2020, there was no

testimony concerning the Columbus public school system, the

school that the Child would attend if enrolled there, the

general curriculum, or any specialized educational programs in

light of the Child's current I.E.P.

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 As to the fifth factor, in addition to his half-brother,

the Child has three cousins who also live at Grandparents' home

in carbon County. The Child's paternal grandparents, aunts,

uncles, and cousins all reside in the Columbus area.

As to the sixth factor, although they are not full

siblings, the Child considers J.M. to be his brother as the boys

were raised together by Grandparents since infancy. As a

consequence, the two children are extremely close. The Child is

very protective of J.M. and misses him a great deal when they

are separated.

As to the seventh factor, the Child's preference is to live

primarily with Grandparents in Pennsylvania. We find that his

preference to remain in Carbon County is well -reasoned in that

his "Gram and Pap," his friends, his brother, his school, and

nearly everything he knows is here, providing him with a sense

of stability, security, and continuity.

As to the eighth factor, there was testimony indicating

that Grandfather has referred to Father as a "sperm donor" in

the Child's presence and that Father has repeatedly told the

Child that he is "just a paycheck" to Grandparents who do not

really love him. The latter comment is particularly upsetting to

the Child.

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 As to the ninth factor, we find that Grandparents continue

to be in the best position to provide a loving, stable,

consistent, and nurturing relationship with the Child. The

Child has been in Grandparents' primary care and has resided

with them and his half-brother since he was fifteen months old.

He has attended the public schools of the Panther Valley School

District since kindergarten, has done well academically and

developed friendships with many of his fellow students.

As to the tenth factor, based upon their role as primary

custodians and caregivers for the last ten years, we find that

grandparents are more likely to attend to the daily physical,

emotional, developmental and educational needs of the Child.

As to the eleventh factor, Grandparents reside in Summit

Hill, Pennsylvania, and Father resides in Columbus, Ohio. Their

homes are approximately six hundred miles apart which equates to

a driving distance of approximately eight hours. Therefore, the

substantial distance between Grandparents' residence in

Pennsylvania and Father's residence in Ohio renders a standard

custody schedule unworkable.

As to the twelfth factor, we find that both parties are

able to provide child care personally or to make appropriate

child care arrangements.

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 As to the thirteenth factor, there is a great deal of

animosity between Father and Grandfather. Father has been

described by grandfather, in the course of this case, as being

"a sorry piece of crap that doesn't care about his child" and

Father describes Grandparents as "bums" and "stupid

hillbillies." They do not cooperate, communicate or co -parent

effectively. Father believes that Grandparents are

intentionally interfering with his ability to parent his son and

Grandparents feel unappreciated for raising the Child with no

outside assistance. The parties' relationship has rapidly

deteriorated as a result of the sexual abuse allegations. As

noted by the guardian ad litem, both parties accuse the other of

coaching the child relative to his claims- Grandparents

concerning the initial report and Father concerning the

recantation of the abuse allegations.

As to the fourteenth factor, there is no history of drug or

alcohol abuse in Father's household and there was no testimony

concerning any drug or alcohol abuse by any current member of

Grandparents' household.

As to the fifteenth factor, Grandmother has diabetes and

suffers from respiratory problems for which she sometimes uses a

"breathing machine."

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 As to the sixteenth factor, we find that the bonds formed

by the Child with members of Father's household, the Child's

physical and mental health, and the recommendation of the

Child's guardian ad litem to be relevant factors in this case.

As to the bonds that the Child has formed with members

Father's household, the Child testified that he has a good

relationship with his stepmother, L and a

similar relationship with her son, 7 with whom he enjoys

spending time and playing video games.

As to the Child's physical health, the Child was recently

diagnosed with pre -diabetes type 2 for which he takes

prescription medication. According to Father, the Child has

high cholesterol levels and he carefully monitors the boy's

diet, ensuring that he eats no sugars and only the recommended

daily servings of meat and starches.

As to the Child's mental health, Grandfather testified that

he does not believe the Child will benefit from further

therapy/counseling sessions, but will comply with any order of

this Court directing the Child's participation in such sessions.

Lastly, as to the recommendation of the Court -appointed

guardian ad litem, Attorney Adam Weaver, according to his

written report, pursuant to Pa. R.C.P. 1915.11-2, Attorney

Weaver recommends transferring primary physical custody to

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Father. We note that Attorney Weaver's recommendation is based

primarily on Father's role as the Child's natural parent.

In applying the law concerning third parties versus natural

parents in custody cases, we acknowledge that Gairldranytc are

not the Child's biological grandparents. However, they have

raised the Child and his half-brother, who is their biological

grandson, as siblings. The importance of raising siblings

together and maintaining a family unit should not be ignored.

See Johns v. Cioci, 865 A.2d 931, 942 (Pa. Super. 2004).

"Absent compelling reasons to separate siblings, they should be

reared in the same household to permit the 'continuity and

stability necessary for a young child's development." L.F.F. v.

P.R.F., 828 A.2d 1148, 1152 (Pa. Super. 2003) (absent compelling

reasons to the contrary, it is the policy of this Commonwealth

to raise siblings together whenever possible); Wiskoski v.

Wiskoski, 629 A.2d 996 (Pa. Super. 1993)(policy applies equally

to half -siblings); appeal denied, 639 A.2d 33 (Pa. 1994)

emphasis added.

The Child has established strong emotional bonds with his

half-brother and Grandparents who have provided him with care,

nurture, affection, and financial support for nearly his entire

life. For the past ten years, they have lived as an intact

family unit, with Grandparents having assumed sole parenting

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responsibility. Since the Child was abandoned by his mother,

Grandparents have consistently been a stabilizing force in his

life and ensured his well-being without parental assistance.

Moreover, we found that uprooting the Child from his home, his

school, his support network of family and friends, and

separating him from his half-brother, could prove detrimental to

his emotional well-being. Accordingly, while we recognize the

statutory presumption in favor of the Father, we find that the

clear and convincing evidence presented in this case rebuts that

presumption and that maintaining the current custody order is in

the Child's best interest at this time.

The Court's decision in this case is distinguishable from

the decision of the Pennsylvania Superior Court in V.B. v.

J.F.B.. The trial court in V.B. found that third -party

grandparents should be the primary custodians of the subject

children in that case over the biological mother and biological

father. V.B., SS A.3d at 1197. However, the trial court failed

to take into account the heightened standard of proof on the

third -party grandparents when deciding the case. Id. at 1200.

Additionally, the trial court in V.B. took into account various

impermissible factors, such as the sexual orientation and

lifestyle of the parties, the morality of the biological mother,

and a prior custody hearing involving the biological father's

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wife as a party. Id. at 1200-1203. In addition to considering

the trial court in V.B. failed to
impermissible factors,

factors that are relevant under 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 5328,
consider

such as mother's allegations that third -party grandparents'

inaction during periods of sexual abuse of her by a paternal

Id. at 1202. Therefore, the Superior Court of
uncle.

in
Pennsylvania found that the trial court abused its discretion

that the third -party grandparents in V.B. had met their
finding

burden of presenting clear and convincing evidence to overcome

presumption of custody remaining with a child's natural
the

parents. Id. at 1205.

The Court's decision in the case at bar is based upon our

in 23 Pa. C.S.A. 5328. The
analysis of the factors enumerated S

found that the Child's need for stability, his sibling
Court

and his well -reasoned preference to be
relationships,
to
particularly convincing in awarding primary physical custody

Grandparents in this case. Unlike the court in
third -party

V.B., the Court did not consider any impermissible factors.

Additionally, the Court has taken all allegations of abuse in

this case seriously, and has employed the necessary precautions

to ensure the safety of the Child, unlike the court in V.B.

In further support of our decision, the Pennsylvania

Jones found that a third -party, non -
Superior Court in Jones v.

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biological parent, who stood in loco parentis for the subject

children's entire lives had met the clear and convincing

evidence standard to be awarded primary physical custody based

on a number of the factors stated in 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 5328. More

specifically, the third -party demonstrated that the "children's

relationship with both parties would be better fostered if

custody were awarded to Jones." Jones, 884 A.2d at 918.

Additionally, the Superior Court in Jones found that the natural

parent's attempts to deprive the third -party of custody of the

children had disrupted the children's schooling and overall

stability. Id. at 919. The only other factor the court

considered in Jones was the third -party's testimony of alcohol

abuse and mental instability of the natural parent. However,

the trial court did not find the natural parent to be unfit.

Id. at 918-919.

Although there is animosity between both parties in this

case, the Jones case demonstrates that clear and convincing

evidence may be established by only a few custody factors that

fall strongly in the third -party's favor. In the case at bar,

the Child has been raised by Grandparents for over ten years

along with his half-brother, with whom he spends "almost every

waking moment." He has never spent more than three (3) months

with Father at a time. Though we acknowledge that Father is not

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at fault for the circumstances in this case, the standard to be

interest. C.G. v. JAI., 193
applied is that of the child's best

2018). The Grandparents in this case have
A.3d 891, 909 (Pa.

clear and convincing evidence that the Child's best
proven by
in the
interests would be better served by maintaining stability

home that he has known for a majority of his life, which is with

them and the members of their household in Carbon County.

Supreme Court in Charles v.
Further, the Pennsylvania

Stehlick upheld the trial court's award of primary physical

the subject child to a third -party stepfather over
custody of

the biological father, where the child considered his stepfather

to be a parent. Charles, 744 A.3d at 1258. In making its

the trial court considered that the child's school,
decision,

and school friends were all located in the city in
stepsister,

lived. Id. at 1257. Additionally, the
which his stepfather

trial court in Charles considered the child's level of distress

in the current custody arrangement. The child's treating

that the child "felt a strong sense of
therapist testified
and
abandonment whenever he would visit Appellant in New Jersey,

he would not be brought back to
that he worried that

Pittsburgh." Id. at 1256-1257.

the child in Charles, the Child in the instant case
Like

to stay in the home in which he was
has a strong preference

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raised and currently resides, with Grandparents, who he calls

"Gram and Pap." This Court considered similar factors to the

court in Charles in reaching our decision to uphold primary

custody in favor of Grandparents. Additionally, the Child

during his in -camera interview that he has
similarly disclosed

had fears of not being able to return to Carbon County while

with Father or in anticipation of visiting Father.

Lastly, the Court must consider the preference of the child

when deciding any custody case. "A child's preference, though

not controlling, is a factor to be considered, so long as it is

based on good reasons." Hugo v. Hugo, 430 A.2d 1183, 1186 (Pa.

1981). In E.A.L. v. L.J,W., the Superior Court of
Super.

Pennsylvania reversed the trial court's grant of primary custody

to the natural mother over a set of grandparents partially based

on the trial court not taking the children's preference into

consideration. The Pennsylvania Superior Court explained that

children grow older, more weight must be given to the
"fa2s

preference of the child." E.A.L. v. L.J.W., 662 A.2d 1109, 1118

(Pa. Super. 1995) (citing Grieb v. Driban, 458 A.2d 1006

The children in E.A.L. were ages ten (10) and twelve
(1983)),

(12). The court ruled that the children's preference to live

with their grandparents should have been factored into the

decision by the trial court.

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 In this case, the Child is eleven years old. Throughout

the years of proceedings in this matter, he has continuously

expressed a clear preference to live with Grandparents. His

preference is based upon the close relationship and strong

emotional bond that he has formed with Grandparents and his

half-brother, J.M. Moreover, as previously mentioned,

everything that the Child knows is in Carbon County. Therefore,

we found his preference to be well reasoned.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, this Court concludes that

an award of joint legal custody and primary physical custody to

the Grandparents as outlined in our Order of August 28, 2020 is

in the Child's best interest. Therefore, we respectfully

recommend that Father's appeal be denied and that our Order of

August 28, 2020 be affirmed accordingly.

BY THE COURT:

..C51;2-04e:
Steven R. Serfass, J.

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