State v. Clark

[Cite as State v. Clark, 2021-Ohio-559.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 19AP-300
(C.P.C. No. 17CR-5659)
v. :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Carla Clark, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

D E C I S I O N

Rendered on March 2, 2021

On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, Kristin S. Pe, and Ben
Karrasch, for appellee.

On brief: Carla Clark, pro se.

APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BROWN, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Carla Clark, appeals from a judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas finding her guilty, pursuant to jury verdict, of one count of
theft and one count of Medicaid fraud. For the reasons which follow, we affirm.
{¶ 2} By indictment filed October 17, 2017, plaintiff-appellee, State of Ohio,
charged appellant with one count of grand theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(3), a felony
of the fourth degree, and one count of Medicaid fraud in violation of R.C. 2913.40(B), a
felony of the fourth degree. The indictment alleged conduct by appellant occurring from on
or about June 2 to on or about November 20, 2015. The charges arose from appellant's role
as a manager at Caregivers Health Services, Inc. ("Caregivers"), a home healthcare agency.
No. 19AP-300 2

{¶ 3} Caregivers was authorized to provide care to Medicaid recipients and receive
payments from the Medicaid program pursuant to a provider agreement with the Ohio
Department of Medicaid ("ODM"). Christine Cooper ("Ms. Cooper") was a Medicaid
recipient during the timeframe specified in the indictment.
{¶ 4} Ms. Cooper was a non-verbal quadriplegic who required the use of a feeding
tube, a ventilator, and a catheter to survive. Ms. Cooper's daughter, Chinella Cooper
("Chinella"), had the primary responsibility for ensuring that her mother received the
medical care she needed. In 2015, the state approved Ms. Cooper for 24-hour a day nursing
care. Shortly thereafter, appellant contacted Chinella to offer her Caregivers' home health
services. Chinella informed appellant she "was looking for 24-hour care" and appellant told
Chinella "she would try and provide [her] with that." (Tr. Vol. II at 113-14.) Caregivers
began providing Ms. Cooper with in-home nursing services.
{¶ 5} The Caregivers employees worked individually with Ms. Cooper. Initially,
Amanda Brewer worked with Ms. Cooper Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00
p.m., and Lashara Kornegay worked after Brewer from 4:00 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. Caregivers
never provided Ms. Cooper with a nurse to work a third shift overnight. Kornegay
eventually left Caregivers and her last shift with Ms. Cooper occurred on May 12, 2015.
Carla Edmonds began providing nursing services to Ms. Cooper in June 2015. Brewer left
Caregivers on October 12, 2015.
{¶ 6} Although Kornegay and Brewer were licensed nurses, Edmonds nursing
license was suspended throughout the timeframe specified in the indictment. Edmonds
explained at trial that appellant knew Edmonds' "nursing license wasn't active," but that
appellant instructed Edmonds to provide nursing services to Ms. Cooper anyway. The
nurses had to fill out nursing notes and timesheets documenting each shift with Ms.
Cooper. Appellant instructed Edmonds to put Kornegay's name on her nursing notes and
timesheets "basically as a cover-up." (Tr. Vol. II at 193.) Appellant paid Edmonds in cash
for the nursing services she provided to Ms. Cooper.
{¶ 7} One day Chinella discovered nursing notes in the house from June and July
2015 in Kornegay's name, which Chinella knew constituted "incorrect information." (State's
Ex. 20; Tr. Vol. II at 124.) Chinella contacted the Ohio Attorney General's Office and
No. 19AP-300 3

submitted a complaint regarding Caregivers after she discovered Edmonds' nursing license
was suspended.
{¶ 8} Jolene Shepherd, a special agent in the healthcare fraud section of the Ohio
Attorney General's Office, began investigating Caregivers following Chinella's complaint.
Shepherd obtained nursing notes and timesheets regarding Ms. Cooper from Caregivers,
Caregivers' banking records from Chase Bank, and Caregivers' billing information from
United Healthcare ("United"). United managed the care of Ohio Medicaid recipients
pursuant to a contract with the state and paid out ODM funds to Ohio Medicaid providers.
Shepherd explained that when she compared the nurses' timesheets with Caregivers' billing
information, she discovered that on "[m]ost days, there were billings by CareGivers for 24
hours" for Ms. Cooper, but the nurses' timesheets documented only "12 hours, maybe a
little bit more." (Tr. Vol. II at 268.) Shepherd noted that Caregivers never provided Ms.
Cooper with "a nurse on Saturday," but Caregivers "billed every single Saturday." (Tr. Vol.
II at 269.) Shepherd learned that the timesheets from June to November 2015 bearing
Kornegay's name were for "services provided by Carla Edmonds" who was "not a licensed
nurse." (Tr. Vol. II at 279.)
{¶ 9} Shepherd spoke with appellant during her investigation. Appellant told
Shepherd that "she did the billing" at Caregivers and stated that if there were any billing
errors they were unintentional. (Tr. Vol. II at 269.) Appellant admitted to Shepherd she
"was aware that Ms. Edmonds' license was suspended" and that Caregivers "did not"
provide Ms. Cooper with 24-hour a day nursing care. (Tr. Vol. II at 269-70.) Shepherd
determined that from June 2 to November 20, 2015, Caregivers received $63,179.65 from
ODM for nursing services which were either never provided to Ms. Cooper or were provided
by an unlicensed nurse.
{¶ 10} The jury returned verdicts finding appellant guilty of fifth-degree felony theft
and fourth-degree felony Medicaid fraud. At the April 18, 2019 sentencing hearing, the trial
court determined the convictions merged for purposes of sentencing. The court sentenced
appellant to a six-month prison term on the fourth-degree felony Medicaid fraud count and
ordered appellant to pay restitution to ODM. The court issued its final judgment entry
imposing sentence on April 21, 2019.
No. 19AP-300 4

{¶ 11} Appellant appeals, assigning the following eight assignments of error for our
review:
[I.] The trial court erred in refusing to dismiss Juror [J.R.] for
cause after he asked to be excused because of his trouble
dealing with the charges against the Defendant. Juror [J.R.]
expressed concerns over his ability to remain unbiased due to
his recent interactions with home caregivers during his wife's
illness and death.

[II.] The trial court erred by allowing the jury to consider
prejudicially irrelevant evidence.

[III.] The trial court erred by not allowing a defense witness to
testify.

[IV.] The trial court erred by allowing the State Prosecutors to
submit an incorrect spreadsheet into evidence.

[V.] The state erred by including technical errors in the
indictment.

[VI.] Ineffective assistance of counsel.

[VII.] The trial court erred by sentencing the appellant to
prison time.

[VIII.] The trial court erred by interfering with the defense
examination strategy.

{¶ 12} Appellant's first assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by refusing
to dismiss Juror J.R. after the juror asked to be excused from the jury. Appellant contends
the trial court's failure to remove Juror J.R. deprived her of a fair trial.
{¶ 13} During voir dire, Juror J.R. informed the prosecutor that prior to his wife's
death "four years ago," the juror had "Riverside Hospital, their hospice, Kobacker House,
in our home for 16 months, going through that process." (Voir Dire Tr. at 137.) The
prosecutor asked Juror J.R. if he could be fair and impartial in a case involving in-home
nursing services, and the juror responded "[a]bsolutely." (Voir Dire Tr. at 138.) Neither the
state nor defense sought to challenge Juror J.R. for cause or use a peremptory strike against
him.
No. 19AP-300 5

{¶ 14} Although appellant claims Juror J.R. "asked to be removed from the jury" as
he could not "consider the evidence without bias," there is nothing in the record indicating
that Juror J.R. asked to be removed from the jury for any reason. (Appellant's Brief at 5.)
Appellant states that defense counsel "did not object to th[e] incident [regarding Juror J.R.]
and agreed not to have this issue recorded on record." (Appellant's Brief at 6.) "[A]n
appellate court is bound to the record before it and may not consider facts extraneous to
that record." Fitzgerald v. Ohio Bur. of Workers' Comp., 10th Dist. No. 03AP-1197, 2004-
Ohio-3725, ¶ 11, citing Paulin v. Midland Mut. Life Ins. Co., 37 Ohio St.2d 109, 112 (1974).
Accord State v. Cook, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-515, 2006-Ohio-3443, ¶ 35 (holding that "[a]n
appellate court is prohibited from determining questions on appeal that rest on matters
that are outside the record"). Accordingly, we cannot consider appellant's allegations
regarding Juror J.R. which rest on facts or events not contained in the record.
{¶ 15} The decision to disqualify a juror for bias is a discretionary function of the
court, and such determination will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.
State v. Orlandi, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-917, 2006-Ohio-6039, ¶ 8, citing Berk v. Matthews,
53 Ohio St.3d 161, 168 (1990); State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, ¶ 106.
See Crim.R. 24(C)(9). As there is nothing in the record indicating that appellant objected
to Juror J.R.'s presence on the jury, however, we review only for plain error. Butler v.
Stevens, 2d Dist. No. 22822, 2009-Ohio-2775, ¶ 62. To demonstrate plain error, the
defendant must show: (1) an error that is plain on the record, i.e., a deviation from a legal
rule that constitutes an obvious defect in the trial proceedings, and (2) that such error
affected substantial rights, i.e., there was a reasonable probability that the error affected
the outcome of the trial. State v. J.M., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-621, 2015-Ohio-5574, ¶ 27, citing
State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 22.
{¶ 16} "A jurors belief in his or her own impartiality is not inherently suspect and
may be relied upon by the trial court." State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 89 (1995), citing
Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 217 (1982). Accord State v. Jones, 91 Ohio St.3d 335, 338
(2000). As the record demonstrates Juror J.R. affirmed he could be fair and impartial, we
find no error, let alone plain error, in the trial court's retention of Juror J.R. on the jury.
{¶ 17} Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.
No. 19AP-300 6

{¶ 18} Appellant's second assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by
admitting prejudicial and irrelevant evidence. Appellant specifically asserts the court erred
by admitting state's exhibits 14 and 19. "A trial court has broad discretion over the
admission or exclusion of evidence, and a reviewing court generally will not reverse an
evidentiary ruling absent an abuse of discretion that materially prejudices the affected
party." State v. Darazim, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-203, 2014-Ohio-5304, ¶ 16, citing Andrew v.
Power Marketing Direct, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-603, 2012-Ohio-4371, ¶ 73; Krischbaum
v. Dillon, 58 Ohio St.3d 58, 66 (1991). An abuse of discretion implies that the court's
attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151,
157 (1980).
{¶ 19} State's exhibit 14 was a Chase Bank withdrawal slip demonstrating appellant
withdrew $45,000 cash from Caregivers' checking account on October 1, 2015. Appellant
was a signatory on Caregivers' checking account. Before the state sought to introduce state's
exhibit 14, defense counsel argued that the withdrawal slip was irrelevant. The trial court
indicated it would "probably allow it," but wanted to "wait and see how the defense handles
things on your examination of [appellant], if she testifies." (Tr. Vol. II at 289.) The court
told the state not to address the withdrawal slip with Shepherd.
{¶ 20} During her direct examination, Shepherd explained that Caregivers received
a remittance from United totaling $45,505 on October 1, 2015. Shepherd stated "[p]retty
much all" of the $45,505.00 remittance derived from billings related to Ms. Cooper, as only
"[a] little over $700" of the $45,505.00 constituted payment for clients other than Ms.
Cooper. (Tr. Vol. III at 18.) Shepherd explained that the $45,505.00 remittance was large
for Caregivers, noting that Caregivers' total monthly deposits for May 2015 were
$27,527.80. On cross-examination, Shepherd affirmed that the payments from United
went to Caregivers as a company and not to appellant individually. Following an inquiry
from the state, the court affirmed that the state could address the withdrawal slip with
Shepherd during her redirect examination. On redirect, Shepherd identified state's exhibit
14 and affirmed that appellant personally received money during the relevant time frame
as "[t]here was a withdrawal." (Tr. Vol. III at 69.)
{¶ 21} Appellant asserts that state's exhibit 14 was irrelevant and highly prejudicial,
as the state failed to establish a link between the $45,000 withdrawal amount and the
No. 19AP-300 7

amount appellant allegedly defrauded from ODM. Appellant notes that Caregivers' bank
account contained reimbursements for clients other than Ms. Cooper.
{¶ 22} Evid.R. 401 defines "[r]elevant evidence" as "evidence having any tendency
to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Relevant evidence
is admissible unless prohibited by evidentiary rule, statute, or constitutional provision.
Evid.R. 402. "Although relevant, evidence is not admissible if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of
misleading the jury." Evid.R. 403(A).
{¶ 23} Generally, "all relevant evidence is prejudicial." State v. Crotts, 104 Ohio
St.3d 432, 2004-Ohio-6550, ¶ 23. As such, "the rules of evidence do not attempt to bar all
prejudicial evidence," but exclude only "evidence that is unfairly prejudicial." (Emphasis
sic.) Id. "If unfair prejudice simply meant prejudice, anything adverse to a litigant's case
would be excludable under Evid.R. 403. Unfair prejudice is that quality of evidence which
might result in an improper basis for a jury decision." State v. J.L.S., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-
33, 2012-Ohio-181, ¶ 39, citing Oberlin v. Akron Gen. Med. Ctr., 91 Ohio St.3d 169, 172
(2001). Evidence that "arouses emotions, evokes a sense of horror, or appeals to an instinct
to punish may be unfairly prejudicial." Id. at ¶ 39, citing State v. Cooper, 147 Ohio App.3d
116, 2002-Ohio-617, ¶ 57 (12th Dist.)
{¶ 24} To establish theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(3), the state had to prove
that appellant, "with purpose to deprive the owner of property or services," knowingly
obtained or exerted control "over either the property or services * * * [b]y deception." R.C.
2913.02(A)(3). To establish Medicaid fraud in violation of R.C. 2913.40(B), the state had to
prove that appellant knowingly made or caused to be made "a false or misleading statement
or representation for use in obtaining reimbursement from the medicaid program." R.C.
2913.40(B). The $45,000 cash withdrawal slip tended to demonstrate that appellant
intentionally sought to deprive ODM of monies for her personal benefit. Similarly, the
withdrawal slip tended to demonstrate that appellant knowingly, rather than mistakenly,
submitted fraudulent billings to United in order to obtain funds from the Medicaid program
for her personal use. Compare State v. Frazier, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-112, 2010-Ohio-4440,
¶ 29. Accordingly, state's exhibit 14 was relevant.
No. 19AP-300 8

{¶ 25} The probative value of the cash withdraw slip was not substantially
outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice. The cash withdrawal slip does not evoke a sense
of horror, arouse emotions, or appeal to an instinct to punish. The fact that Caregivers' bank
account contained deposits for clients other than Ms. Cooper concerned the weight of
state's exhibit 14, rather than its admissibility. "[T]he weight to be given to the evidence,
and the credibility of the witnesses are issues primarily for the trier of fact." State v.
Hairston, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-366, 2006-Ohio-1644, ¶ 20, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio
St.2d 230 (1967). The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting state's exhibit 14.
{¶ 26} State's exhibit 19 was Chinella's calendar from 2015 containing her
"documentation" of the shifts worked by the medical caregivers. (Tr. Vol. II at 115.) Chinella
explained that "[w]hen the nurses would come on a daily basis, [she] would put down the
time that they came and the time – the beginning time and the ending time" of the nurses'
shifts on the calendar. (Tr. Vol. II at 114.) Chinella stated she kept the calendar "for [her]
record if [she] had to ever refer back to them. And [she] had kept calendars prior to this
year because [she] was paying the nurses out of pocket, so [she] needed to keep the hours
that they were there so [she] could make sure that [she] paid them correctly." (Tr. Vol. II at
118.) Ms. Cooper became bedridden following a seizure in 2013, but did not receive
Medicaid financial assistance for her care until 2015.
{¶ 27} Defense counsel argued the state failed to lay a "proper foundation under
[Evid.R.] 803(6)" for state's exhibit 19, as Chinella's "care of her mother" did not amount
to a business activity. (Tr. Vol. II at 126.) The court found the calendar admissible pursuant
to Evid.R. 803(6).
{¶ 28} Evid.R. 803(6) provides that the following documents are not excluded by
the rule against hearsay:
Records of regularly conducted activity.

A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any
form, of acts, events, or conditions, made at or near the time
by, or from information transmitted by, a person with
knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted
business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that
business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or
data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the
custodian or other qualified witness or as provided by Rule
901(B)(10), unless the source of information or the method or
No. 19AP-300 9

circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness.
The term "business" as used in this paragraph includes
business, institution, association, profession, occupation, and
calling of every kind, whether or not conducted for profit.

{¶ 29} The Evid.R. 803(6) exception " 'is based on the assumption that the records,
made in the regular course of business by those who have a competent knowledge of the
facts recorded and a self-interest to be served through the accuracy of the entries made and
kept with knowledge that they will be relied upon in a systematic conduct of such business,
are accurate and trustworthy.' " State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Anders, 197 Ohio App.3d
22, 2012-Ohio-824, ¶ 11 (10th Dist.), quoting Weis v. Weis, 147 Ohio St. 416, 425-26 (1947).
Although commonly referred to as the "business-records exception," Evid.R. 803(6)
includes documents kept in the course of a regularly conducted "calling of every kind." Id.;
Evid.R. 803(6).
{¶ 30} In State v. Breckenridge, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-868, 2006-Ohio-5038, this
court concluded a father's responsibility for ensuring that his "bedridden and severely
impaired son" received the "care necessary to keep him alive" would constitute a "calling"
for purposes of Evid.R. 803(6). Id. at ¶ 36. The defendant in Breckenridge provided the
son with in-home nursing care, and the father "accurately recorded [the defendant's] arrival
and departure times for each visit * * * by means of notations in a personal calendar." Id. at
¶ 18. The Breckenridge court observed that the father's "diligent notation of the comings
and goings of medical caregivers [in the calendar] were prepared by methods and
circumstances indicating general trustworthiness." Id. at ¶ 36.
{¶ 31} Chinella's obligation to ensure her mother received the care she needed to
survive constituted a calling for purposes of Evid.R. 803(6). Chinella indicated it was her
regular practice to document the arrival and departure times of the nurses on the calendar,
as she had used calendars to document the nurses' shifts since 2013. Chinella's systematic
and methodical recording of the nurses' arrival and departure times demonstrated that
Chinella's notations on the calendar were prepared under methods and circumstances
indicating general trustworthiness.
{¶ 32} Appellant contends that there was no authentication of state's exhibit 19.
Authentication or identification is a condition precedent to admissibility of evidence. State
v. Ollison, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-95, 2016-Ohio-8269, ¶ 47. Authentication "is satisfied by
No. 19AP-300 10

evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent
claims," and authentication may be accomplished by testimony from a witness with
knowledge "that a matter is what it is claimed to be." Evid.R. 901(A) and (B)(1). See State
v. Teitelbaum, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-310, 2016-Ohio-3524, ¶ 84 (noting that "[a]s one of the
parties to the emails, Reedy was a witness with knowledge as required by Evid.R. 901, and
his testimony was sufficient to authenticate the emails"). Chinella testified that state's
exhibit 19 was the calendar she used in 2015 to record the arrival and departure times of
the nurses. Chinella confirmed that the notations on the calendar were in "[her]
handwriting." (Tr. Vol. II at 115.) Accordingly, Chinella's testimony was sufficient to
authenticate state's exhibit 19.
{¶ 33} Appellant asserts the trial court erred by admitting state's exhibit 19 because
Chinella produced the calendar in an untimely manner. Chinella explained at trial that,
although she could not find the calendar contained in state's exhibit 19 when she first spoke
with Shepherd in June 2016, she eventually found the calendar. The evidence
demonstrating that Chinella misplaced the calendar for a period of time in 2016 affects the
weight, rather than the admissibility, of state's exhibit 19. Compare State v. Evans, 10th
Dist. No. 01AP-1112, 2002-Ohio-3322, ¶ 87 (stating that "[b]reaks in the chain of custody
do not affect the admissibility of evidence but, rather, the weight to be afforded such
evidence"). The trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding state's exhibit 19
admissible pursuant to Evid.R. 803(6).
{¶ 34} Based on the foregoing, appellant's second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 35} Appellant's third assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by excluding
the testimony of defense witness Denise Hill. At trial, the state objected to Hill's testimony
on the basis of relevancy. The prosecutor explained that Hill, who worked for the Area
Agency on Aging, would testify that the "last time she had anything documented from
CareGivers regarding any questions about United billing" was on "July 21st of 2014 in
which CareGivers said they didn't know that United was taking over." (Tr. Vol. II at 290.)
Defense counsel argued that Hill's testimony was relevant, as it demonstrated appellant's
confusion concerning the Medicaid billing process. The court stated that Hill's testimony
regarding a July 2014 conversation with Caregivers was "too far out of the zone," as
appellant had an obligation "to conform to the billing practices and the rules and
No. 19AP-300 11

regulations in 2015, and that's all we're talking about as far as her charges." (Tr. Vol. II at
291.) The court found Hill's testimony inadmissible pursuant to Evid.R. 403. Defense
counsel proffered an interview summary containing the substance of Hill's proposed
testimony for the record.
{¶ 36} Appellant contends that the trial court violated her constitutional right to call
witnesses by excluding Hill's testimony. The Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution provide a criminal defendant
with the right to compulsory process to procure the attendance of witnesses in their favor.
The right of a criminal defendant to present witnesses on his or her own behalf in order to
establish a defense is a fundamental element of due process of law. Taylor v. Illinois, 484
U.S. 400, 409 (1988); Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19 (1967). "The right to
compulsory process, however, is not unlimited." State v. Denis, 117 Ohio App.3d 442, 446
(6th Dist.1997). "The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer testimony that is
incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence."
Taylor at 410. Accord Denis at 446 (holding that "a defendant's right to present his own
witnesses to establish a defense is prescribed by the rules of evidence").
{¶ 37} As the indictment alleged that appellant committed theft and Medicaid fraud
from June 2 through November 20, 2015, the relevance of Hill's testimony concerning a
July 2014 conversation with Caregivers was negligible. Accordingly, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by finding the probative value of Hill's testimony substantially
outweighed by the danger of confusion of the issues relevant to the case pursuant to Evid.R.
403(A).
{¶ 38} Appellant's third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 39} Appellant's fourth assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by
allowing the state to submit an incorrect spreadsheet into evidence. Shepherd explained at
trial that she summarized the voluminous records contained in state's exhibits 9, 6, 3, and
13 into the spreadsheet contained in state's exhibit 21. State's exhibit 9 contained
remittance advices from United depicting the payments Caregivers received on claims
submitted for services allegedly rendered to Ms. Cooper. State's exhibit 3 contained
Brewer's timesheets from June to October 2015, and state's exhibit 6 contained Edmonds'
No. 19AP-300 12

timesheets (in Kornegay's name) from June to November 2015. State's exhibit 13 contained
Caregivers' bank account records.
{¶ 40} Defense counsel objected to state's exhibit 21, arguing that the state failed to
satisfy the foundation requirements of Evid.R. 1006. However, defense counsel affirmed
that he had all the predicate documents Shepherd used to create the spreadsheet. The court
overruled the objection, noting the spreadsheet was a "rational approach to a document-
intensive case." (Tr. Vol. II at 293.)
{¶ 41} Evid.R. 1006 provides the "contents of voluminous writings, recordings, or
photographs which cannot conveniently be examined in court may be presented in the form
of a chart, summary, or calculation." For an Evid.R. 1006 summary to be admissible, "the
documents on which it was based must be admitted or offered into evidence or their
absence explained." Lehigh Gas-Ohio, LLC v. Cincy Oil Queen City, LLC, 1st Dist. No. C-
130127, 2014-Ohio-2799, ¶ 59, citing Eysoldt v. Imaging, 194 Ohi0 App.3d 630, 2011-Ohio-
2359, ¶ 34 (1st Dist.) Accord State v. Barron, 10th Dist. No. 99AP-59 (June 8, 2000). See
State v. Edwards, 3d Dist. No. 9-03-63, 2004-Ohio-4015, ¶ 25 (noting that when the
"underlying documents used in comprising the summary" are admitted into evidence, the
jury has the "ability to independently ascertain the accuracy of the information contained"
in the summary). State's exhibits 9, 6, 3, and 13 were each admitted into evidence.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting state's exhibit 21
pursuant to Evid.R. 1006.
{¶ 42} Appellant asserts that state's exhibit 21 "was incorrect and therefore
inadmissible" because the spreadsheet did not contain amounts from reconsidered claims.
(Appellant's brief at 15.) The accuracy of the information contained in state's exhibit 21
concerns the weight to be given the exhibit, rather than its admissibility. See B.T. Lazarus
& Co. v. Alma Marketing, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 89AP-1350 (June 13, 1991) (stating that the
"issue as to the accuracy of the figures" contained in an Evid.R. 1006 summary "bears upon
the weight to be given the exhibits rather than upon their admissibility"). Appellant claims
that she submitted a list of reconsidered claims regarding Ms. Cooper to her defense
counsel and asserts that these reconsidered claims "would have reduced the overall total"
allegedly defrauded from ODM. (Appellant's Brief at 14-15.) However, there is no evidence
in the record regarding appellant's alleged list of reconsidered claims. Shepherd stated she
No. 19AP-300 13

looked for evidence of reconsidered or resubmitted claims during her investigation, but
"didn't see any resubmitted claims." (Tr. Vol. III at 45.)
{¶ 43} Based on the foregoing, appellant's fourth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 44} Appellant's fifth assignment of error asserts the state erred by including
technical errors in the indictment. Appellant contends that the indictment contained an
incorrect value of the alleged theft and mistakenly referred to her as the owner of
Caregivers.
{¶ 45} "The sufficiency of an indictment is subject to the requirements of Crim.R. 7
and the constitutional protections of the Ohio and federal Constitutions." State v. Childs,
88 Ohio St.3d 558, 564 (2000). Crim.R. 7(B) provides that an indictment "may be made in
ordinary and concise language without technical averments or allegations not essential to
be proved. The statement may be in the words of the applicable section of the statute, * * *
or in words sufficient to give the defendant notice of all the elements of the offense with
which the defendant is charged." An indictment meets constitutional requirements if it:
(1) contains the elements of the offense charged and fairly informs the defendant of the
charge against which they must defend, and (2) enables the defendant to plead an acquittal
or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense. Id. at 565, citing Hamling
v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 117-18 (1974).
{¶ 46} Count 1 of the indictment charged appellant with grand theft, alleging that
"Carla Clark did with purpose to deprive the owner, The Ohio Medicaid Program, of
property or services, to wit: monies, knowingly obtain or exert control over either the
property or services by deception." (Emphasis sic.) Count 2 charged appellant with
Medicaid fraud, alleging that "Carla Clark did knowingly make or cause to be made a false
or misleading statement or representation for use in obtaining reimbursement from the
medicaid program." (Emphasis sic.) The value of the property alleged to be at issue in both
charges was more than $7,500 and less than $150,000.
{¶ 47} The indictment complied with Crim.R. 7(B) and constitutional requirements.
The charges were in the words of the applicable statutes, R.C. 2913.02(A)(3) and
2913.40(B); provided appellant with notice of the elements of the offenses; and enabled
appellant to plead an acquittal or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same
offenses. The indictment did not refer to appellant as the owner of Caregivers, but rather
No. 19AP-300 14

referred to appellant by name. The indictment also provided appellant notice of the value
of the property involved. See State v. Smith, 121 Ohio St.3d 509, 2009-Ohio-787, ¶ 13-14
(holding that, although "the value of stolen property is not an essential element of the
offense of theft but, rather, is a finding that enhances the penalty of the offense," due
process requires an indictment for theft to "contain notice of the value of the property
involved or the degree of the offense alleged"). Appellant fails to support her contention
that the indictment included technical errors.
{¶ 48} Appellant asserts that the state presented incorrect information to the grand
jury to secure the indictment. However, as the indictment is valid, it " 'is not subject to
challenge on the ground that the grand jury acted on the basis of inadequate or incompetent
evidence.' " State v. Davis, 38 Ohio St.3d 361, 365 (1988), quoting U.S. v. Calandra, 414
U.S. 338, 345 (1974). Moreover, there is no evidence in the record regarding the grand jury
proceedings and, thus, nothing to support appellant's contention that the state presented
incorrect information to the grand jury. See State v. Armstrong, 8th Dist. No. 103088,
2016-Ohio-2627, ¶ 42. "Grand jury proceedings are secret" and an accused is generally "not
entitled to inspect grand jury transcripts." State v. Greer, 66 Ohio St.2d 139 (1981),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 49} Based on the foregoing, appellant's fifth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 50} Appellant's sixth assignment of error asserts trial counsel provided
constitutionally ineffective assistance by revealing critical information to the prosecution
prior to trial, failing to send a subpoena until the week prior to trial, and failing to effectively
cross-examine Brewer.
{¶ 51} A defendant alleging ineffective assistance of counsel must demonstrate that:
(1) defense counsel's performance was so deficient that he or she was not functioning as the
counsel guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and (2)
defense counsel's errors prejudiced defendant, depriving him or her of a trial whose result
is reliable. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio
St.3d 136 (1989), paragraph two of the syllabus. The failure to make either showing defeats
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Bradley at 143, citing Strickland at 697.
{¶ 52} "Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance must be highly deferential * * *
[and a] court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the
No. 19AP-300 15

wide range of reasonable professional assistance." Strickland at 689; Bradley at 141.
"Decisions on trial strategy and tactics are generally afforded a wide latitude of professional
judgment, and it is not the duty of a reviewing court to analyze trial counsel's legal tactics
and maneuvers." State v. Phillips, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-79, 2014-Ohio-5162, ¶ 86. " 'To show
that a defendant has been prejudiced by counsel's deficient performance, the defendant
must prove that there exists a reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel's errors,
the result of the trial would have been different.' " State v. Griffin, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-
902, 2011-Ohio-4250, ¶ 42, quoting Bradley at paragraph three of syllabus. "A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." State v.
Montgomery, 148 Ohio St.3d 347, 2016-Ohio-5487, ¶ 82, citing Strickland at 694.
{¶ 53} Appellant asserts defense counsel informed the prosecutors prior to trial that
the spreadsheet in state's exhibit 21 was incorrect and needed to be modified. However, this
alleged pre-trial conversation between defense counsel and the prosecutors is not contained
in the record. When proof outside the record is " 'necessary to support an ineffective
assistance claim * * * it is not appropriate for consideration on direct appeal.' " State v.
Phipps, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-640, 2014-Ohio-2905, ¶ 69, quoting State v. Zupancic, 9th
Dist. No. 12CA0065, 2013-Ohio-3072, ¶ 4. See State v. Kennard, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-766,
2016-Ohio-2811, ¶ 24, citing State v. Hillman, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-252, 2014-Ohio-5760, ¶
57 (stating that "[w]hen allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel hinge on facts
outside the record, the proper remedy is a petition for postconviction relief rather than a
direct appeal"). Accordingly, appellant's contention that defense counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by revealing information to the state prior to trial is not an
appropriate consideration for direct appeal.
{¶ 54} Appellant further asserts that defense counsel sent a subpoena to United "the
week prior to trial thereby ineffectively allowing for enough time to receive proof of
reconsidered claims and submit this proof into evidence." (Appellant's Brief at 20-21.)
There is nothing in the record indicating that United possessed evidence of reconsidered or
resubmitted claims regarding Ms. Cooper. The evidence at trial demonstrated only that
Shepherd did not find any evidence of resubmitted claims during her investigation.
Accordingly, appellant would need proof from outside the record to establish that United
possessed evidence of reconsidered claims which it could have produced in response to a
No. 19AP-300 16

timely issued subpoena. As such, appellant's contention that defense counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by sending a subpoena to United the week prior to trial is not an
appropriate consideration for direct appeal.
{¶ 55} Appellant lastly asserts that defense counsel failed to effectively cross-
examine Brewer. Appellant claims defense counsel failed to ask Brewer if Edmonds had
informed Brewer that she missed work because she was in Columbus, Ohio trying to
reinstate her nursing license. On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Brewer if
Edmonds "had actually told you that she was going to Columbus to try to address her
problems with the nursing licenses, didn't she?" (Tr. Vol. II at 162.) The state objected to
the question and the court sustained the objection. See State v. Kean, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-
427, 2019-Ohio-1171, ¶ 89 (noting that the "fact that trial counsel was unsuccessful in
eliciting inadmissible hearsay testimony does not render counsel's performance deficient,
nor has appellant demonstrated prejudice from the alleged deficiency"). "The scope of
cross-examination clearly falls within trial strategy, and debatable trial tactics do not
establish ineffective assistance of counsel." State v. Boone, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-87, 2015-
Ohio-2648, ¶ 66, citing State v. Campbell, 90 Ohio St.3d 320, 339 (2000). Appellant fails
to establish that defense counsel's cross-examination of Brewer amounted to ineffective
assistance of counsel.
{¶ 56} Based on the foregoing, appellant's sixth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 57} Appellant's seventh assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by
sentencing appellant to a six-month term of imprisonment. Appellant contends that the
trial court disregarded the sentencing guidelines set forth in R.C. 2929.13(B)(1) by
sentencing her to prison on a non-violent fourth-degree felony. See R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a)
and (b)(vii) (generally providing a presumption against prison time and in favor of
community control for fourth and fifth degree non-violent felonies which meet certain
criteria, but providing a sentencing court with discretion to impose a prison term if the
offense related to a "position of trust" held by the offender); State v. Betts, 10th Dist. No.
19AP-226, 2020-Ohio-4891, ¶ 9-16 (concluding that, because the defendant's fourth-
degree felony Medicaid fraud conviction resulted from a "position of trust" which permitted
the defendant to "directly bill the Ohio Department of Medicaid for her services," the trial
court did not err by sentencing the defendant to a prison term pursuant to R.C.
No. 19AP-300 17

2929.13(B)(1)(b)(vii)). The state asserts that appellant's seventh assignment of error is
moot, as appellant has served her prison sentence.
{¶ 58} Generally, "[w]here a defendant, convicted of a criminal offense, has
voluntarily paid the fine or completed the sentence for that offense, an appeal is moot when
no evidence is offered from which an inference can be drawn that the defendant will suffer
some collateral disability or loss of civil rights from such judgment or conviction." State v.
Wilson, 41 Ohio St.2d 236 (1975), syllabus. However, because a "person convicted of a
felony has a substantial stake in the judgment of conviction which survives the satisfaction
of the judgment" an appeal "challenging a felony conviction is not moot even if the entire
sentence has been satisfied before the matter is heard on appeal." State v. Golston, 71 Ohio
St.3d 224 (1994), syllabus.
{¶ 59} The rationale underlying Golston, however, "does not apply if an appeal
solely challenges the length of a sentence rather than the underlying conviction." State v.
Montavon, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-631, 2013-Ohio-2009, ¶ 6, citing Columbus v. Duff, 10th
Dist. No. 04AP-901, 2005-Ohio-2299, ¶ 12. Indeed, "if an appellant has already served his
sentence and is only questioning the propriety of the sentence, no remedy would have any
effect without a reversal of the underlying conviction." State v. Wooden, 10th Dist. No.
13AP-159, 2013-Ohio-3600, ¶ 8. Thus, "a defendant's appeal of a sentence already served
is moot," as a sentence "completed cannot be lessened or negated in any meaningful way."
State v. Marcum, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-421, 2015-Ohio-5237, ¶ 7.
{¶ 60} Appellant's seventh assignment of error asserts only that the trial court erred
in sentencing her to a term of imprisonment. At this time, however, appellant has served
the entirety of her six-month prison sentence imposed in April 2019.
{¶ 61} Accordingly, appellant's seventh assignment of error is rendered moot.
{¶ 62} Appellant's eighth assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by
interfering with the defense's examination strategy. Appellant alleges the trial judge elicited
unfavorable testimony against appellant and displayed biased behavior by questioning
witnesses during trial.
{¶ 63} Evid.R. 614(B) provides that the court "may interrogate witnesses, in an
impartial manner, whether called by itself or by a party." As "[a] trial court has an obligation
to control the proceedings before it, to clarify ambiguities, and to take steps to ensure
No. 19AP-300 18

substantial justice," a trial court "should not hesitate to pose pertinent and even-handed
questions to witnesses." Brothers v. Morrone-O'Keefe Dev. Co., LLC, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-
161, 2006-Ohio-1160, ¶ 11. " 'In the absence of any showing of bias, prejudice, or prodding
of a witness to elicit partisan testimony, it will be presumed that the trial court acted with
impartiality [in propounding to the witness questions from the bench] in attempting to
ascertain a material fact or to develop the truth.' " State v. Batson, 85 Ohio St.3d 418, 426
(1999), quoting Jenkins v. Clark, 7 Ohio App.3d 93, 98 (2d Dist.1982). "A trial court's
questioning of a witness is not impartial merely because it elicits evidence that is damaging
to one of the parties." Brothers at ¶ 12, citing Klasa v. Rogers, 8th Dist. No. 83374, 2004-
Ohio-4490, ¶ 32.
{¶ 64} As Evid.R. 614(B) "imbues trial courts with the discretion to decide whether
or not to question a witness, appellate courts must review any questioning by a trial court
under the abuse of discretion standard." Brothers at ¶ 10, citing State v. Johnson, 10th Dist.
No. 03AP-1103, 2004-Ohio-4842, ¶ 10. However, when trial counsel fails to object to the
court's comments at trial, an appellate court reviews the trial court's comments only for
plain error. State v. Jackson, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-867, 2003-Ohio-6183, ¶ 25.
{¶ 65} The trial court's questions in the present case were phrased in a professional
manner and properly sought to clarify ambiguities in the witnesses' testimonies. For
instance, the court asked questions seeking to clarify if United or ODM determined the
amount of payment on a claim, the timeline of Edmonds' disciplinary proceedings before
the Ohio Board of Nursing, whether Kornegay was still working at Caregivers when
Edmonds signed Kornegay's name to the nursing notes, and when Shepherd began her
investigation. Defense counsel did not object to any of the court's questions.1 The court's
questions to the witnesses fail to present any indication of judicial bias.
{¶ 66} Furthermore, the trial court instructed the jury to not let "anything the court
said or did, other than rulings on the law and on what evidence was proper, have any impact
upon your deliberations," and to "attach no special significance to answers that witnesses
gave to questions asked by the court." (Tr. Vol. III at 159.) We presume the jury followed
the court's instructions. State v. Raglin, 83 Ohio St.3d 253, 264 (1998), citing State v. Goff,

1Additional questions from the court can be found on the following pages of the transcript: Tr. Vol. II at 54,
68, 90, 93, 124, 149-50, 154-55, 158, 172, 192, 197-98, 256, 275; Vol. III at 56, 76-77, 84.
No. 19AP-300 19

82 Ohio St.3d 123, 135 (1998). See State v. Davis, 79 Ohio App.3d 450, 456 (4th Dist.1992)
(noting that, even "[a]ssuming some minimal prejudice from some of the trial court's
comments and questions," the court's "instruction admonishing the jury to disregard any
of its comments * * * sufficiently cured any error").
{¶ 67} Appellant fails to demonstrate that the court's questions amounted to plain
error or interfered with defense's examination strategy.
{¶ 68} Appellant's eighth assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 69} Having overruled appellant's first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and
eighth assignments of error, and finding appellant's seventh assignment of error moot, we
affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
Judgment affirmed.

DORRIAN, P.J., and KLATT, J., concur.

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