NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5722-17
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JEFFREY D. GRIFFIN, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________
Submitted January 5, 2021 – Decided March 5, 2021
Before Judges Gilson and Moynihan.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Passaic County, Indictment No. 15-12-0194.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Jill J. Pomeroy, Designated Counsel, on the
briefs).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
respondent (Lauren Bonfiglio, Deputy Attorney
General, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Three times, three different judges granted defendant's request to
represent himself at his criminal trial. After questioning defendant, each judge
found that he understood the risks he was taking and was competent to represent
himself. At trial, however, defendant requested adjournments and the
appointment of counsel, contending that he was suffering from a mental illness.
The trial judge denied those requests, finding that defendant was competent.
The jury convicted defendant of five second-degree crimes: theft by
deception, N.J.S.A. 2C:20-4 and 2C:2-6; misapplication of entrusted property,
N.J.S.A. 2C:21-15 and 2C:2-6(a); securities fraud, N.J.S.A. 49:3-52 and 2C:2-
6; misleading securities filings, N.J.S.A. 49:3-54 and 2C:2-6; and money
laundering, N.J.S.A. 2C:21-25(b)(1) and 2C:2-6. Defendant was sentenced to
an aggregate prison term of ten years.
Defendant appeals and argues that the trial court erred in denying his
request for an adjournment so that he could undergo a psychological evaluation
and obtain counsel. He contends that his convictions should be vacated. We
reject his argument because the record reflects that the trial court found that
defendant was competent to continue to represent himself and his requests for
adjournments were a delaying tactic.
A-5722-17
2
I.
Defendant was a stockbroker who established his own trading company.
In October 2013, he was indicted for theft and misapplication of entrusted
property. The State alleged that defendant had taken hundreds of thousands of
dollars from investors and used substantial portions of those funds for his
personal expenses. The State also asserted that defendant had misrepresented
who he worked for and had lost other funds in poor investments. Finally, the
State contended that defendant lied to the New Jersey Bureau of Securities when
it investigated the losses.
At the beginning of the litigation, defendant was represented by counsel.
He first hired counsel, but after that counsel withdrew, he was represented for
several months by a public defender. In 2014, however, the trial court found
that defendant was not indigent. Accordingly, the court allowed the public
defender's office to withdraw as defendant's counsel and advised defendant to
hire new counsel.
After substantial delays, defendant retained new counsel, but that counsel
was later allowed to withdraw because defendant would not communicate with
them. Following further delays, defendant requested to represent himself.
A-5722-17
3
On November 17, 2015, a judge conducted a hearing on defendant's
request. The judge extensively questioned defendant, who testified that he had
no learning disabilities or psychological issues. Defendant expressed ignorance
about the law and trial procedures but told the court that he would do "whatever
it takes" to prepare for trial. Defendant also explained that he had represented
himself in a civil action brought by two of the victims of his alleged criminal
theft and misapplication of entrusted funds. He elaborated that in the civil action
he had given opening and closing statements, cross-examined witnesses,
testified and presented evidence. The judge told defendant that he believed
defendant was making a mistake, given his lack of knowledge, "minimal
involvement" in his civil case, and lack of preparation. After the judge warned
defendant of the risks of self-representation, defendant stated that he understood
those risks and nevertheless wanted to represent himself. Accordingly,
consistent with defendant's constitutional rights, the judge granted defendant's
application and appointed stand-by counsel.
In December 2015, a grand jury issued a superseding indictment charging
defendant with theft by deception, misapplication of entrusted property,
securities fraud, misleading securities filings, and money laundering. Defendant
then applied for and was assigned counsel through the public defender's office.
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4
Several months later, in March 2016, defendant sent a letter to the court advising
that he did not want to be represented by his assigned counsel and he again
wanted to represent himself.
On April 4, 2016, the assignment judge conducted a hearing on
defendant's request. The assignment judge extensively questioned defendant
and defendant testified he understood the charges against him, understood the
potential sentences and penalties he faced if convicted, understood what he
needed to do to represent himself, and repeatedly stated that he wanted to
represent himself. Defendant also testified that he was mentally sound and that
he never had any substance abuse treatment or psychiatric problems. Defendant
was warned that he would be held to the same standards as an attorney if he
represented himself, and defendant said he understood that responsibility.
Based on defendant's testimony, the assignment judge found that defendant was
voluntarily and knowingly waiving his right to counsel and granted defendant's
request to represent himself. To further protect defendant's rights, the
assignment judge appointed stand-by counsel to assist defendant.
On June 20, 2017, defendant confirmed with a third judge, who had been
assigned to try the case, that he wanted to continue to represent himself. During
those proceedings, defendant reviewed but rejected a plea offer from the State.
A-5722-17
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The trial began on April 9, 2018 with the selection of a jury. On that date,
the judge again confirmed with defendant he was representing himself and
reminded defendant that he had stand-by counsel who would be present during
the trial and was available to defendant if he had any questions or needed
assistance.
On the second day of trial, defendant asked for an adjournment and a
psychological evaluation, contending that he did not comprehend what was
happening at trial. He told the judge that he was "not saying [he was] insane,"
but did not understand all the procedures and did not feel "capable of making a
decision." The judge rejected defendant's request for an adjournment and a
psychological evaluation, finding that defendant understood what was
happening at the trial, understood all the issues in the case, and had consistently
demonstrated the ability to "cogently and coherently" speak and represent
himself. The judge also found that defendant was "panicking" because the long-
delayed trial had finally started. Finally, the judge iterated that defendant had
stand-by counsel to assist him and to explain procedures.
During the next four days of the trial, defendant repeatedly requested
adjournments, a psychological evaluation, and time to retain counsel. The judge
denied all those requests, finding that defendant was "100[%] mentally
A-5722-17
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competent." The judge also found that defendant had never shown any signs of
not understanding what was taking place in the criminal proceedings and that he
had previously been given numerous opportunities to retain counsel but had
repeatedly requested to represent himself. In addition, the judge found that
defendant's requests were disingenuous and designed to delay and ultimately
prevent the trial from ever concluding.
On April 24, 2018, the sixth day of trial, defendant sent a text message to
the prosecutor, stating that he had voluntarily checked himself into a medical
center's psychiatric unit. The next day, the judge called the medical center and
was informed that defendant was provisionally diagnosed with major depressive
disorder. The trial judge revoked defendant's bail, ordered that he be
psychiatrically evaluated, and temporarily adjourned the trial until the
evaluation was completed.
A court-appointed psychologist examined defendant on May 3, 2018 and
found him to be competent. The psychologist informed the judge of his findings
and prepared a report explaining that he had examined defendant in person and
had spoken with the doctors who treated defendant at the psychiatric unit. In
his report, the psychologist described defendant as alert, with his memory intact,
and his thought process was logical and coherent during the examination. The
A-5722-17
7
psychologist then opined that defendant "possesse[d] the requisite factual and
procedural understanding of the court process" and evidenced "an ability to
effectively communicate with counsel." The psychologist also opined that
defendant was "competent to proceed with trial[.]"
On May 4, 2018, the trial judge denied defendant's motion for a mistrial,
rejecting defendant's contention that he had mental disabilities that prevented
him from representing himself. The judge stated that he had spoken with the
psychologist who had evaluated defendant and the psychologist had opined that
defendant was competent. The judge then recounted defendant's efforts to avoid
the trial and found that defendant was feigning mental issues.1
The trial continued for several more days and concluded on May 8, 2018.
During that time, defendant initially indicated that he would be testifying, but
later advised the judge that he had not been able to prepare, even though the
judge had given him the weekend to make such preparations. Ultimately,
defendant did not testify, nor did he give a closing statement. The jury convicted
defendant on all charges.
1
Although the psychologist's report is dated May 4, 2018, it does not appear that
the judge received the written report until sometime after it was prepared.
Instead, the judge relied on an oral report, which the psychologist apparently
gave directly to the judge.
A-5722-17
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The psychologist conducted a second evaluation of defendant and
prepared a report dated June 7, 2018 with his findings. Defendant was found to
be alert, with "[n]o bizarre or delusional ideation[.]" The psychologist
concurred with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and found that defendant had
"demonstrated significant improvement over [the] past month." The doctor then
found that defendant's prognosis was good.
Following that second evaluation, defendant was sentenced to an
aggregate prison term of ten years. On four counts, he was sentenced to
concurrent terms of five years in prison. On the money laundering conviction,
he was sentenced to five years in prison, but that term was run consecutive to
the prison sentence on one of the other counts.
II.
Defendant appeals and makes one argument:
THE TRIAL COURT'S DECISION DENYING
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT'S REQUESTS FOR AN
ADJOURNMENT, PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALU-
ATION AND COUNSEL WAS ERRONEOUS AND
WARRANTS REVERSAL.
Criminal defendants have a constitutional right to counsel. U.S. Const.
amend. VI; N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 10. Defendants also have a federal and state
constitutional right to waive counsel and represent themselves. Faretta v.
A-5722-17
9
California, 422 U.S. 806, 813-14 (1975); State v. King, 210 N.J. 2, 16 (2012);
State v. McNeil, 405 N.J. Super. 39, 51 (App. Div. 2009). "[W]aiver of the right
to be represented by counsel must be done knowingly and intelligently, after the
disadvantages and dangers of self-representation are carefully examined."
McNeil, 405 N.J. Super. at 51 (first citing State v. Reddish, 181 N.J. 553, 592-
95 (2004); and then citing State v. Crisafi, 128 N.J. 499, 510-12 (1992)).
Nevertheless, the "right to self-representation is not absolute." Reddish, 181
N.J. at 587. Depending on the circumstances, a defendant may "be required to
cede control of his defense to protect the integrity of the State's interest in fair
trials and permit courts to ensure that their judgments meet the high level of
reliability demanded by the Constitution." Ibid.
A defendant with a mental illness can represent himself so long as he is
competent to stand trial. Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164, 177-78 (2008);
McNeil, 405 N.J. Super. at 51-52. In Edwards, the Court held that the federal
"Constitution permits States to insist upon representation by counsel for those
competent enough to stand trial under [the federal standard] but who still suffer
from severe mental illness to the point where they are not competent to conduct
trial proceedings by themselves." 554 U.S. at 178. "Edwards does not prevent
a State from permitting a defendant with a mental illness from representing
A-5722-17
10
himself if competent to stand trial; rather, it held that the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments do not require it." McNeil, 405 N.J. Super. at 52 (citing Edwards,
554 U.S. at 171-72). Accordingly, the Court in Edwards recognized that a
defendant may be competent to stand trial if represented by counsel but
nevertheless may not have the "ability to play the significantly expanded role
required for self-representation[.]" 554 U.S. at 176. The Court in Edwards
concluded that "the Constitution permits judges to take realistic account of the
particular defendant's mental capacities by asking whether a defendant who
seeks to conduct his own defense at trial is mentally competent to do so." Id. at
177-78.
We accord substantial deference to a trial court's decisions concerning
competence. State v. Purnell, 394 N.J. Super. 28, 50 (App. Div. 2007); State v.
M.J.K., 369 N.J. Super. 532, 548 (App. Div. 2004). A trial court is required to
hold a competency hearing only "[i]f there exists a 'bona fide doubt' regarding a
defendant's competency to stand trial[.]" State v. Lambert, 275 N.J. Super. 125,
128 (App. Div. 1994) (citations omitted); see also M.J.K., 369 N.J. Super. at
547. A "bona fide doubt" requires evidence of incompetency. State v. Spivey,
65 N.J. 21, 36 (1974) ("[A]bsent any indication of incapacity . . . [a] court is not
bound to interrupt a trial. 'Mere suggestion' of incapacity is not sufficient.").
A-5722-17
11
Additionally, both the United States Supreme Court and New Jersey courts have
recognized that a defendant's demeanor, irrational behavior, and "any prior
medical opinion on competence to stand trial are all relevant in determining
whether further inquiry is required[.]" Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 180
(1975); accord Lambert, 275 N.J. Super. at 129.
The issue presented in this case is different from the question considered
in Edwards and McNeil. After having been granted the right to represent
himself, defendant sought to withdraw his waiver during trial and have counsel
assume his representation. Defendant does not dispute that he initially
knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel and was allowed to
represent himself. Instead, he argues that when the trial began, he should have
been allowed to change his position because he was no longer competent to
represent himself. In making that argument, defendant asserts that the standard
for evaluating competence to stand trial should be different from the standard
for evaluating whether a defendant is competent to represent himself at trial. He
also argues that the trial judge erred by using the former standard in rejecting
defendant's request for an adjournment to retain counsel.
We agree that the standard for evaluating competency to stand trial is
different than the standard for evaluating whether a defendant is competent to
A-5722-17
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represent himself at trial. The standard for determining competency to stand
trial is set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:4-4(b).2 While New Jersey has not yet delineated
2
That statute provides:
A person shall be considered mentally competent to
stand trial on criminal charges if the proofs shall
establish:
(1) That the defendant has the mental capacity to
appreciate his presence in relation to time, place and
things; and
(2) That his elementary mental processes are such that
he comprehends:
(a) That he is in a court of justice charged with a
criminal offense;
(b) That there is a judge on the bench;
(c) That there is a prosecutor present who will try to
convict him of a criminal charge;
(d) That he has a lawyer who will undertake to defend
him against that charge;
(e) That he will be expected to tell to the best of his
mental ability the facts surrounding him at the time and
place where the alleged violation was committed if he
chooses to testify and understands the right not to
testify;
(f) That there is or may be a jury present to pass upon
evidence adduced as to guilt or innocence of such
charge or, that if he should choose to enter into plea
negotiations or to plead guilty, that he comprehend the
consequences of a guilty plea and that he be able to
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive those
rights which are waived upon such entry of a guilty
plea; and
(g) That he has the ability to participate in an adequate
presentation of his defense.
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the standard for determining a defendant's competency to represent himself, we
accept that that standard should consider information relevant to whether any
established mental disability or illness could impair defendant's ability to
represent himself at trial. That standard should also allow the trial court to
consider whether a defendant was feigning a mental illness to delay the trial or
gain some procedural advantage. See State v. Connor, 973 A.2d 627, 656-57
(Conn. 2009) (where the Connecticut Supreme Court adopted such a standard).
We disagree that the trial judge here used the wrong standard.
Significantly, there was no evidence that defendant was incompetent to stand
trial. During the five years of pretrial proceedings defendant's competence to
stand trial was never raised. To the contrary, when defendant sought to represent
himself, he testified that he had no mental illnesses and he had never experienced
any psychological problems.
Accordingly, when defendant first asked for a psychological evaluation
on the second day of trial, it was defendant himself who was contending for the
first time that he was not competent to represent himself. More significantly,
when defendant was evaluated, he was found to be competent.
[N.J.S.A. 2C:4-4(b).]
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Defendant argues that the psychologist and judge both focused on and
found only that defendant was competent to stand trial. Defendant therefore
argues that neither the psychologist nor the judge properly considered whether
defendant was competent to represent himself at trial. The record does not
support that contention. While the psychologist and judge referenced
defendant's competence to stand trial, they both understood that the issue was
whether defendant was competent to continue to represent himself. The judge
in particular understood that issue and repeatedly evaluated defendant's ability
to understand the legal issues and procedures and his ability to represent himself.
The record does not contain any evidence that defendant ever became
incompetent to either stand trial or represent himself. The only evidence of a
mental issue was defendant's diagnosis with severe depression during the trial.
The court-appointed psychologist concluded that that depression did not
interfere with defendant's competency. Defendant has not submitted any
evidence, including a rebuttal expert report, stating that his depression caused
him to be incompetent in any way.
Accordingly, we reject defendant's argument that this matter should be
remanded for a more precise and detailed hearing on his competency to represent
himself at trial. As already noted, the trial judge adequately considered that
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15
issue. Just as importantly, defendant has presented no evidence that he had a
mental health issue that interfered with his ability to represent himself.
We also reject defendant's argument that the trial judge did not have an
appropriate record to make his findings concerning competency. Defendant
correctly points out that while a psychologist ultimately prepared a report, that
report was not submitted when the judge made his ruling on May 4, 2018, nor
did the psychologist testify. Instead, the judge relied on a conversation that he
had with the psychologist. While those procedures were not ideal, we discern
no basis for reversing the jury's verdict based on those procedures.
As already pointed out, defendant displayed no behaviors that raised a
question about his competency. Instead, defendant asked for an adjournment
for an evaluation and when he was not granted that, he checked himself into a
psychiatric unit. All that took place in the middle of trial, where the court had
to balance the rights of defendant against the interests of the jury and the State.
After a careful review of the record, we discern no procedural error that warrants
a reversal.
We also reject defendant's argument that his statements and behavior at
trial gave the trial judge a reasonable basis to question defendant's competence.
The trial judge made express findings that defendant was cogent and coherent
A-5722-17
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both at pretrial proceedings and trial. With the benefit of having defendant in
front of him, the trial judge found that defendant's real purpose was to feign a
mental illness in an effort to delay and ultimately prevent the trial from ever
concluding. The trial judge's findings are supported by adequate evidence in the
record and, just as significantly, there is no evidence that would cause us to
reject the trial judge's factual findings.
Finally, we reject defendant's contention that the trial judge should have
directed stand-by counsel to assume representation of defendant. Defendant did
not ask for that relief at trial. Instead, he had previously stated that he did not
want stand-by counsel as his trial counsel and he was requesting an open-ended
adjournment to retain new counsel. The trial judge had the discretion to reject
that request, which would have effectively required a substantial period for new
counsel to get up to speed and would have required an adjournment of the trial.
See State v. Kates, 216 N.J. 393, 396 (2014) (recognizing that while a criminal
defendant has a right to counsel of choice, that right is not absolute and may be
balanced against the demands of the court's calendar and other considerations).
Affirmed.
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