20-589-cv
Gorss Motels, Inc. v. Lands’ End, Inc.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2020
Argued: December 9, 2020 Decided: May 13, 2021
Docket No. 20-589-cv
GORSS MOTELS, INC., individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
— v. —
LANDS’ END, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.*
B e f o r e:
CABRANES, LYNCH, AND CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
*
The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth
above.
Plaintiff-Appellant Gorss Motels, Inc., filed a putative class action seeking
compensation under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) for faxes
it received advertising the products of Defendant-Appellee Lands’ End, Inc. The
district court (Victor A. Bolden, J.) granted summary judgment to Lands’ End,
concluding that Gorss gave “prior express invitation or permission” to receive
the faxes, an affirmative defense under the TCPA, through its franchise
agreements with non-party Wyndham Hotel Group, for which Lands’ End is an
approved supplier. On appeal, Gorss argues that the district court erred in
granting summary judgment, both because Gorss did not give permission to
receive the fax advertisements and because any permission Gorss gave was to
Wyndham and not Lands’ End. We disagree.
First, although the parties do not raise the issue on appeal, we conclude
that Gorss has standing to proceed under the TCPA. Second, we conclude that
Gorss gave prior express permission to receive the faxes at issue through its
franchise agreements with Wyndham. Finally, we reject Gorss’s contention that
any permission to send fax advertisements was given to Wyndham and not to
Lands’ End. We conclude that Gorss agreed to the process that occurred here, in
which Wyndham sent Gorss fax advertisements on behalf of a Wyndham-
approved supplier, Lands’ End, advertising products that could be used in
franchised motels. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
GLENN L. HARA, Anderson + Wanca, Rolling Meadows, IL, for
Plaintiff-Appellant.
DANIEL P. TIGHE (Joshua N. Ruby, on the brief), Donnelly,
Conroy & Gelhaar, LLP, Boston, MA, for Defendant-
Appellee.
2
GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judge:
The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) prohibits the sending
of unsolicited fax advertisements. This appeal requires us to determine the
contours of the TCPA’s affirmative defense for fax advertisements that are sent
with the recipient’s “prior express invitation or permission.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(5).
Plaintiff-Appellant Gorss Motels, Inc., complains of three faxes it received in 2015
and 2016. At the time, Gorss was operating a franchised Super 8 Motel, a brand
owned by non-party Wyndham Hotel Group, and the advertisements were for
products approved by Wyndham for use in Wyndham-branded hotels and sold
by Defendant-Appellee Lands’ End, Inc., a Wyndham-approved supplier.
Gorss filed a putative class action complaint against Lands’ End under the
TCPA, on behalf of itself and other Wyndham-branded motels that received the
faxes. The district court (Victor A. Bolden, J.) granted Lands’ End’s motion for
summary judgment, concluding that the faxes Gorss received were not
unsolicited advertisements that could give rise to TCPA liability because Gorss
had given “prior express invitation or permission” to receive them.
On appeal, Gorss argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment to Lands’ End and denying class certification, because it improperly
3
concluded that Gorss had given consent to receive fax advertisements through its
franchise agreements with Wyndham. In the alternative, Gorss argues that even
if it did give permission to receive fax advertisements, that permission extended
only to Wyndham, and not to Lands’ End. We disagree on both points.
We begin by addressing whether Gorss has standing, and conclude that it
does. Proceeding to the merits, we further conclude that Gorss gave “prior
express invitation or permission” to receive faxes from Wyndham and its
affiliates offering products from Wyndham-approved suppliers such as Lands’
End for use in franchised motels. Finally, we reject Gorss’s contention that its
permission did not extend to the faxes at issue here. We conclude that Gorss
agreed to receive precisely the type of fax – ones offering products for use in its
motel sold by Wyndham-approved suppliers – that it complains of here.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
BACKGROUND
I. Statutory Framework
As relevant here, the TCPA makes it illegal “to use any telephone facsimile
machine, computer, or other device to send, to a telephone facsimile machine, an
unsolicited advertisement,” except in certain limited situations. 47 U.S.C.
4
§ 227(b)(1)(C). An “unsolicited advertisement” is defined as “any material
advertising the commercial availability or quality of any property, goods, or
services which is transmitted to any person without that person’s prior express
invitation or permission, in writing or otherwise.” Id. § 227(a)(5). The statute
contains a safe harbor provision, permitting the sending of unsolicited
advertisements where (1) the “advertisement is from a sender with an established
business relationship with the recipient”; (2) “the sender obtained the number of
the telephone facsimile machine through . . . the voluntary communication of
such number, within the context of such established business relationship . . .
or . . . a directory, advertisement, or site on the Internet to which the recipient
voluntarily agreed to make available its facsimile number for public
distribution”; and (3) the “advertisement contains a[n] [opt-out] notice” meeting
specific requirements laid out in the statute. Id. § 227(b)(1)(C)(i)-(iii).
The TCPA establishes a private right of action through which consumers
can “recover for actual monetary loss from such a violation, or . . . receive $500 in
damages for each” unsolicited fax. Id. § 227(b)(3)(B). Treble damages are
authorized for willful or knowing violations. Id. § 227(b)(3). The Federal
5
Communications Commission (“FCC”) has authority to prescribe regulations to
implement the TCPA. Id. § 227(b)(2).
II. Factual Background
In 1988, Gorss Motels, a Connecticut corporation owned by Steven Gorss,
entered into a franchise agreement with Super 8 Motels, a brand owned by
Wyndham Hotel Group, to operate a Super 8-branded motel in Cromwell,
Connecticut. As part of the original franchise agreement, Gorss “agree[d] to
purchase from [Wyndham], or from such other vendor as [Wyndham] may
approve from time to time” certain supplies and materials for the motel. J.A. 307.
In 2009, Gorss and Super 8 amended the 1988 franchise agreement to extend its
term to 2014.
On September 10, 2014, Gorss entered into a new franchise agreement (the
“2014 Franchise Agreement”) to operate the franchise for an additional twenty
years. The 2014 Franchise Agreement, as in the earlier agreement, contained
provisions regarding approved vendors and suppliers for the motel. Specifically,
it provided:
You will purchase or obtain certain items we designate
as proprietary or that bear or depict the Marks, such as
signage, only from suppliers we approve. You may
6
purchase other items for the Facility from any
competent source you select, so long as the items meet
or exceed System Standards. . . .We may offer optional
assistance to you with purchasing items used at or in
the Facility. Our affiliates may offer this service on our
behalf. We may restrict the vendors authorized to sell
proprietary or Mark-bearing items in order to control
quality, provide for consistent service or obtain volume
discounts. We will maintain and provide to you lists of
suppliers approved to furnish Mark-bearing items, or
whose products conform to System Standards.
J.A. 309-10, quoting the 2014 Franchise Agreement at §§ 3.10, 4.4.
In connection with the 2014 Franchise Agreement, Gorss also received a
Franchise Disclosure Document. The disclosure explained that a Wyndham
affiliate, Worldwide Sourcing Solutions, Inc. (“WSSI”), would be offering “goods
and services” sold by approved suppliers to franchisees and that “Wyndham
would be paid a commission based on” purchases that the franchisees made from
approved suppliers. J.A. 310-11. The disclosure further explained the approved
supplier program as follows:
To support the purchasing efforts of our franchisees we
and/or WSSI negotiate purchasing terms, including
price, volume discounts and commissions on a range
of products and services. . . . In connection with this
program, we and/or WSSI identify certain suppliers of
products and services who are then designated as
“Approved Suppliers.” Under the Approved Supplier
7
program, franchisees may purchase products and
services directly from these Approved Suppliers
through our electronic e-procurement system or
through more traditional means.
J.A. 312.
Finally, as part of the renewal application process and in the 2014
Franchise Agreement, Gorss provided its fax number to Wyndham. That was not
the first time that Gorss gave Wyndham its fax number; Gorss “periodically
provided [its] fax number to Wyndham as part of the franchisor/franchisee
relationship,” including in 2010, as part of the renewal process in 2014, and again
in 2015. J.A. 319-21. Throughout Gorss’s relationship with Wyndham, Gorss
received thousands of pages of faxes advertising the products of Wyndham-
approved suppliers sent to the number it had provided to Wyndham. Gorss did
not indicate to Wyndham at any point that it wished to stop receiving these faxes.
On October 28, 2014, Defendant-Appellee Lands’ End entered into an
agreement with WSSI. Lands’ End was designated an approved supplier and
authorized to sell its products to Wyndham franchisees in exchange for a
commission to Wyndham. After the agreement was executed, Wyndham
recommended that Lands’ End use its fax broadcasting service to advertise to
8
franchisees. Lands’ End sent Wyndham a draft fax advertisement offering
branded uniform apparel, which Wyndham edited to include a disclaimer.
Although the disclaimer included a sentence stating that recipients could “opt
out from future faxes,” by calling or emailing Wyndham at the email address or
telephone number provided, it did not contain any additional opt-out
information. J.A. 327-28. Wyndham asked its third-party vendor, Western
Printing, to send the fax to franchisees. Western Printing, in turn, subcontracted
the sending of the Fax to another third party, WestFax, Inc. The Lands’ End fax
was sent to Gorss and other franchisees on January 12, 2015. Two additional
Lands’ End fax advertisements were sent to franchisees in the same manner on
June 15, 2015, and May 16, 2016, respectively. The June 2015 fax did not contain
the opt-out language included in the first fax; the May 2016 fax did.
On August 4, 2016, Gorss sold the Cromwell motel building to new
owners, terminating the franchise agreement. Since the sale, Gorss has filed class
action complaints against more than twenty Wyndham-approved suppliers,
based on fax advertisements it received while it was operating a Wyndham-
franchised motel.
9
III. Procedural Background
On January 4, 2017, Gorss filed a class action complaint against Lands’ End
in the District of Connecticut, based on the faxes advertising Lands’ End products
that it received in 2015.1 The complaint pleaded claims under the TCPA and
Connecticut’s junk fax statute, Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570c. On April 5, 2019, after
discovery, Gorss moved to certify a class. On June 26, 2019, Lands’ End moved
for summary judgment.
On January 16, 2020, the district court granted Lands’ End’s motion for
summary judgment and denied as moot Gorss’s motion for class certification.
Gorss Motels, Inc. v. Lands’ End, Inc., No. 17-cv-10, 2020 WL 264784 (D. Conn. Jan.
16, 2020). The court began by addressing whether Gorss had alleged an injury
sufficient to confer standing. Lands’ End contended that Gorss was “collect[ing]
the faxes with an eye towards litigation” and therefore would not have opted out
of the faxes even if they did contain a TCPA-compliant opt-out notice. Id. at *8.2
1
The 2016 fax was identified in discovery and was not included in the original
complaint.
2
It is undisputed that none of the faxes at issue contain a TCPA-compliant opt-
out notice that would allow Lands’ End to take advantage of the safe harbor in 47
U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C)(i)-(iii), even assuming Lands’ End met the other
requirements of the safe harbor provision.
10
Gorss argued that it had alleged a sufficient injury because it had received
unsolicited fax advertisements, and that it was not required to attempt to opt out
of the faxes before filing suit under the TCPA. The district court noted its
disagreement with Lands’ End’s position, but declined to decide the issue of
standing because, it concluded, the court had “the ability to resolve this case
without addressing the issue of standing.” Id.
On the merits, the district court concluded that the faxes Gorss received
were not “unsolicited advertisements” within the meaning of the TCPA.3 The
court reasoned that Gorss’s “list[ing] its fax number and agree[ing] to receive
information from its franchisor’s affiliates and approved vendors” in its 2014
3
In its complaint, Gorss alleged that a compliant opt-out notice would be
required even if the faxes did not meet the definition of an “unsolicited
advertisement,” based on an FCC regulation requiring opt-out notices even for
advertisements sent with the express invitation or permission of the recipient. See
J.A. 23-24; Gorss Motels, 2020 WL 264784 at *9, citing Rules and Regulations
Implementing the TCPA; Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005, 71 Fed. Reg. 25967,
25971-72 (FCC May 3, 2006) (formerly codified at 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(a)(4)(iv)). As
the district court observed, however, the D.C. Circuit subsequently invalidated
that regulation. See Bais Yaakov of Spring Valley v. FCC, 852 F.3d 1078 (D.C. Cir.
2017). Accordingly, the court concluded that the motion for summary judgment
turned on whether the faxes Gorss received were “unsolicited advertisements”
within the meaning of the TCPA. On appeal, Gorss does not argue that a solicited
advertisement requires an opt-out notice, and we therefore need not address that
question.
11
franchise agreement with Wyndham constituted “prior express invitation or
permission” to receive fax advertisements for products of approved suppliers
such as Lands’ End. Id. at *11-12. Because the district court concluded that the
faxes at issue were not unsolicited advertisements, it declined to reach Lands’
End’s argument that it was not the “sender” of the faxes within the meaning of
the TCPA. Finally, having dismissed Gorss’s TCPA claim, the court declined to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over its Connecticut law claim, and denied as
moot its motion for class certification. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
“We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo,
construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against which
summary judgment was granted and drawing all reasonable inferences in its
favor.” Halo v. Yale Health Plan, 819 F.3d 42, 47 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation
marks omitted). We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s decision not
to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims. Motorola Credit Corp.
v. Uzan, 388 F.3d 39, 56 (2d Cir. 2004).
Although the parties do not contest the issue, we consider first whether
Gorss has standing, and conclude that it does. Turning next to the merits, Gorss
12
makes two primary arguments. First, Gorss argues that “prior express invitation
or permission” to receive faxes under the TCPA requires that the receiver
“affirmatively and explicitly” agree to receive advertisements, and separately
agree that they be sent via fax, which, it contends, did not occur here. Appellant’s
Br. 27. Second, Gorss argues that even if it gave consent to receive fax
advertisements from Wyndham, that consent would not extend to Lands’ End,
which, in its view, sent the faxes at issue.
We are unpersuaded. We conclude that Gorss gave “prior express
invitation or permission” to receive fax advertisements from Wyndham and its
affiliates through its agreements with Wyndham. We further conclude that the
permission Gorss gave extends to the faxes in this case.
I. Gorss Has Standing to Sue.
When a district court “dismisses a case without deciding whether standing
exists . . . th[is] Court has an obligation sua sponte to assure itself that the
plaintiff[] ha[s] Article III standing before delving into the merits.” Connecticut v.
Am. Elec. Power Co., 582 F.3d 309, 332-33 (2d Cir. 2009), rev’d on other grounds, 564
U.S. 410 (2011). Accordingly, we begin with the question of whether Gorss has
standing to proceed.
13
To establish standing, “[t]he plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in
fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3)
that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v.
Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). The injury in fact must be “both concrete and
particularized.” Id. at 1545 (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted).
Although “Congress is well positioned to identify intangible harms that meet
minimum Article III requirements . . . standing requires a concrete injury even in
the context of a statutory violation.” Id. at 1549.
We have previously held that the “nuisance and privacy invasion” of
receiving unsolicited text messages is a sufficient injury to allege standing under
the TCPA. Melito v. Experian Mktg. Sols., Inc., 923 F.3d 85, 93 (2d Cir. 2019), cert.
denied, 140 S. Ct. 677 (2019). So too, we think, is the “nuisance and privacy
invasion” of receiving unsolicited fax advertisements. Moreover, the “occupation
of [a] [p]laintiff’s fax machine,” as well as use of its paper and ink, which
occurred here, are “among the injuries intended to be prevented by” the TCPA.
Palm Beach Golf Ctr.-Boca, Inc. v. John G. Sarris, D.D.S., P.A., 781 F.3d 1245, 1252
(11th Cir. 2015).
Lands’ End argued below that Gorss lacks standing because the injuries it
14
alleges are not “fairly traceable” to the fax advertisements it received.
Specifically, Lands’ End contended that Gorss collected the faxes with an eye
towards litigation and did not read them, and therefore it could not be injured by
the absence of a TCPA compliant opt-out notice. Gorss disagreed, and contended
that whether Lands’ End could establish that it met the safe harbor requirements
of 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C)(i)-(iii) for unsolicited faxes did not bear on whether
Gorss had standing to raise a TCPA claim. We agree with Gorss. The injuries
caused by unwanted fax advertisements – nuisance and privacy invasion,
occupation of the plaintiff’s fax machine, and use of its materials – occur the
moment the unwanted fax is received, regardless of whether the sender can
establish a defense to liability under the TCPA. Because Gorss has alleged a
sufficient injury in fact, fairly traceable to the fax advertisements it received and
redressable by a favorable decision, we conclude that Gorss has standing to
proceed.
II. Lands’ End Did Not Violate the TCPA.
We turn next to the question of whether the district court erred in
concluding that the faxes Gorss received were not unsolicited advertisements
that would give rise to TCPA liability. The TCPA defines an “unsolicited
15
advertisement” as “any material advertising the commercial availability or
quality of any property, goods, or services which is transmitted to any person
without that person’s prior express invitation or permission, in writing or
otherwise.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(5). Accordingly, “prior express invitation or
permission” is an affirmative defense to liability under the TCPA. Cf. Latner v.
Mount Sinai Health Sys., Inc., 879 F.3d 52, 54 (2d Cir. 2018), as amended (Jan. 9,
2018) (concluding that “[p]rior express consent is an affirmative defense to
liability” under § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) of the TCPA, which addresses text messages
and calls made through automated telephone dialing systems).
Lands’ End argues that the faxes at issue here were not “unsolicited
advertisements” because Gorss gave “prior express invitation or permission” to
receive them through its agreements with Wyndham. We agree.
“We begin with the text.” Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid, 141 S. Ct. 1163, 1169
(2021). The TCPA requires “express permission,” which is defined as
“[p]ermission that is clearly and unmistakably granted by actions or words, oral
or written.” Permission, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Moreover, “prior”
permission requires that permission be given before the fax is sent. Taken
together, the entire defense requires permission, given before the fax
16
advertisement is sent, “clearly and unmistakably grant[ing]” the sender
permission to send it. That interpretation is consistent with the FCC’s, which
states that “[e]xpress permission to receive a faxed ad requires that the consumer
understand that by providing a fax number, he or she is agreeing to receive faxed
advertisements.” In Re Rules & Reguls. Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot.
Act of 1991, 18 F.C.C. Rcd. 14014, 14129 (2003).4
Here, it is clear that Gorss “underst[ood] that by providing a fax number,”
it was “agreeing to receive faxed advertisements” and “clearly and unmistakably
grant[ing]” permission to receive those fax advertisements. In the 2014 Franchise
Agreement, Gorss agreed that Wyndham was permitted to “offer optional
assistance . . . with purchasing items used at or in” the motel. J.A. 309-10. Gorss
similarly agreed that Wyndham’s “affiliates” were permitted to “offer this service
on [Wyndham’s] behalf.” Id. The Franchise Disclosure Document Gorss received
4
We note that it is an open question whether we must defer to the FCC’s orders
interpreting the TCPA. See PDR Network, LLC v. Carlton & Harris Chiropractic, Inc.,
139 S. Ct. 2051, 2055 (2019) (declining to resolve whether a 2006 FCC Order
interpreting the TCPA is equivalent to a legislative or an interpretive rule). We
need not decide that question here, where we treat the FCC’s interpretation as
persuasive authority, providing further confirmation of our interpretation based
on the text of the statute.
17
at the same time explained that a Wyndham affiliate, WSSI, would be offering
“goods and services” sold by approved suppliers to franchisees. J.A. 310-11. With
knowledge of these provisions, Gorss provided its fax number to Wyndham in its
application to renew its franchise and in the 2014 Franchise Agreement.
Moreover, Gorss “periodically provided [its] fax number to Wyndham as part of
the franchisor/franchisee relationship,” including in 2010, as part of the renewal
process in 2014, and again in 2015. J.A. 319-20. Finally, prior to the 2014 renewal
process, Gorss had received many similar faxes from Wyndham and its affiliates
advertising the products of approved suppliers under the same WSSI program.5
Together, these facts lead inexorably to the conclusion that Gorss gave
permission to receive faxes from Wyndham and its affiliates advertising the
products of approved suppliers. Gorss agreed that Wyndham and its affiliates
could “offer optional assistance . . . with purchasing items used at or in” the
motel, and in the same agreement provided its fax number. J.A. 309-11. And
Gorss knew, from having been a Wyndham franchisee before, that the “offer[s] of
5
Indeed, prior to the renewal agreement, Gorss had already contacted its counsel
in this case about the faxes.
18
optional assistance” typically came in the form of faxes. More is not required.6
Gorss argues that “merely . . . providing a fax number in the course of a
business relationship” is not enough to establish permission. Appellant’s Br. 22,
24. True enough. But here, Gorss did not “merely” provide a fax number in the
course of its relationship with Wyndham. Instead, it agreed that Wyndham and
its affiliates, and specifically WSSI, could “offer optional assistance . . . with
purchasing items used at or in” the motel, including, for example, branded
apparel sold by approved supplier Lands’ End. Moreover, Gorss’s prior
experience as a Wyndham franchisee made clear that the “optional assistance . . .
with purchasing” Gorss was agreeing to receive would take the form of fax
advertisements. To be sure, mere provision of a fax number in the course of a
business relationship is not sufficient to establish permission to receive faxed
advertisements – but that is not all that occurred here.
6
Citing this Court’s decision in Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v. Boehringer Ingelheim
Pharm., Inc., 847 F.3d 92 (2d Cir. 2017), Gorss argues that “[b]ecause the TCPA is a
remedial statute, it should be construed to benefit consumers.” Appellant’s Br. 11.
But in Boehringer, we were discussing what a plaintiff must plead to state a claim
under the TCPA. 847 F.3d at 96. In that context, we reasonably concluded that a
remedial statute should not place a heavy pleading burden on potential plaintiffs.
Id. Here, the fact that the TCPA is a remedial statute cannot permit Gorss to
escape from the permission it “clearly and unmistakably grant[ed].”
19
Our conclusion that Gorss gave sufficient permission to receive the faxes at
issue is also guided by our previous interpretations of the TCPA. In Latner v.
Mount Sinai Health System, Inc., the plaintiff alleged that Mount Sinai Health
System violated § 227 (b)(1)(A)(iii) of the TCPA, which prohibits sending text
messages or placing calls to cell phones through automated telephone dialing
systems without the “prior express consent” of the receiver, when it contracted
with a third party service to send him text messages reminding him to get a flu
vaccine. 879 F.3d at 53-54. We concluded that Mount Sinai was not liable under
the TCPA. We explained that, “considering the facts of the situation” the text
message “f[e]ll within the scope of [the plaintiff’s] prior express consent” because
he had provided his cell phone number and agreed that his information could be
used “to recommend possible treatment alternatives or health-related benefits
and services.” Id. at 55 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The situation here is similar to that in Latner. The plaintiffs in both cases
provided their contact information and indicated their agreement to receive
certain information, before receiving the complained-of fax or text message. Gorss
complains that the agreement he signed did not spell out that he was agreeing to
receive information via fax (even though he provided his fax number in the
20
agreement), but the same is true in Latner regarding text messages. Id. at 53. And
although Latner addressed a different portion of the TCPA, when Congress uses
the same words in two different portions of the same statute, we presume that
they have the same meaning in both. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v.
Dabit, 547 U.S. 71, 86 (2006). We see no persuasive reason to believe that “prior
express invitation or permission” in the provision governing fax advertisements
demands a higher standard of consent than does “prior express consent” in the
provision governing text messages or calls made through an automatic telephone
dialing system. Cf. Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v. Cephalon, Inc, 954 F.3d 615, 622
(3d Cir. 2020) (concluding that “‘[e]xpress consent’ and ‘express invitation and
permission’ are synonymous in the context of the TCPA”). It would be
inconsistent with Latner to conclude that there was no statutorily sufficient
permission here.
Our conclusion that Gorss gave “prior express invitation or permission” is
further supported by decisions in the Third and Eleventh Circuits which have
given “prior express invitation or permission” a similar construction in
analogous cases. In Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v. Cephalon, Inc., the Third Circuit
concluded that a physician had given permission to receive fax advertisements
21
from a pharmaceutical company where he had met with representatives of that
company and provided them with his business card, which included his fax
number, and the representatives had asked him whether “they could follow up
with him and send him things.” 954 F.3d at 617 (internal quotation marks and
alterations omitted). The court reasoned that “[p]rior express consent can be
deduced from a message-recipient’s voluntary provision or knowing release of
his or her number to a message-sender, such that a message is solicited and thus
not prohibited by the TCPA if the message relates to the reason the number was
provided.” Id. at 620 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).7
Similarly, in Gorss Motels, Inc. v. Safemark Sys., LP, Gorss, along with
another franchised motel, alleged that another Wyndham-approved supplier
violated the TCPA when it sent, and allowed WSSI to send on its behalf, faxes
advertising its products. 931 F.3d 1094, 1097 (11th Cir. 2019). The court rejected
that argument, concluding that through their franchise agreements, Gorss and its
co-plaintiff “expressly agreed to receive information about purchasing items
7
Judge Porter dissented, concluding that there was a genuine dispute of material
fact as to whether the doctor had given the representatives his fax number, which
precluded summary judgment, and that the majority improperly relied on an
implied consent standard. Id. at 626-27.
22
from Wyndham affiliates, so they cannot complain that an affiliate sent them that
kind of information.” Id. at 1101.8
Gorss argues that these two out-of-circuit decisions, which it concedes
support the district court’s conclusion here, are incorrect, and that we should
instead follow the Seventh Circuit’s reasoning in Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v.
A-S Medication Sols., LLC, another recent decision addressing the meaning of
“express invitation or permission” in the context of the TCPA. 950 F.3d 959
(2020). There, a pharmaceutical company sent a fax advertisement to more than
11,000 fax numbers it obtained by purchasing the customer database of another
business. Id. at 962-63. The court concluded that in order to render a fax solicited,
“the consumer must affirmatively and explicitly give the advertiser permission to
send it fax advertisements on an ongoing basis.” Id. at 966. It further concluded
that the pharmaceutical company was liable, both because permission was not
transferable from the original owner of the customer database to the defendant
8
Lands’ End argues, based on Safemark and another district court decision
involving Gorss and denying liability, Gorss Motels, Inc. v. Otis Elevator Co., 422 F.
Supp. 3d 487, 501 (D. Conn. 2019), that we can also affirm the district court’s
judgment on the grounds that Gorss is collaterally estopped from arguing that it
did not give “prior express permission or invitation” to receive faxes from
Wyndham and its affiliates in its agreements with Wyndham. Because we affirm
the district court’s decision on the merits, we do not reach that issue.
23
who had purchased the database and because the customers had not
affirmatively and explicitly given permission to the original owner to send fax
advertisements. Id. at 967-68.
In urging us to follow A-S Medication, Gorss ignores that the Seventh
Circuit was addressing a substantially different scenario. There, it was
undisputed that the defendant “never sought or obtained permission from any of
the recipients prior to sending the fax,” id. at 963, and the issue was whether the
prior owner of the customer database obtained permission, and whether that
permission could be transferred to the defendant. But here, Lands’ End argues
that Gorss did give permission, through its agreements with Wyndham, to receive
fax advertisements from Wyndham and its affiliates advertising the products of
approved suppliers such as Lands’ End. Moreover, even if we were to apply the
test from A-S Medication here, as Gorss urges us to, and ask whether Gorss
“affirmatively and explicitly g[a]ve [Wyndham and its affiliates] permission to
send it fax advertisements on an ongoing basis,” we are persuaded that the
answer is yes. As described above, the agreements between Wyndham and Gorss
clearly establish that Gorss agreed to receive fax advertisements from Wyndham
and its affiliates. Accordingly, the facts of A-S Medication are quite distinct from
24
those here. In any event, to the extent that the Seventh Circuit’s analysis of
whether the original owner of the database obtained permission is inconsistent
with our conclusions, we respectfully decline to follow it, finding the reasoning
of the Third and Eleventh Circuits, and our own decision in Latner, more
persuasive.
Finally, in the alternative, Gorss argues that any permission it gave to
receive faxes from Wyndham and its affiliates would not extend to the faxes here,
which Gorss contends were sent by Lands’ End and not by Wyndham. Citing
FCC regulations, Gorss argues that the sender of a fax advertisement is “the
person or entity on whose behalf a facsimile unsolicited advertisement is sent or
whose goods or services are advertised or promoted in the unsolicited
advertisement,” and that the sender here is Lands’ End, not Wyndham or its
affiliates, the entities to which it ostensibly gave permission. Appellant’s Br. 31,
citing 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(f)(10). We disagree.
Here, Lands’ End entered into an agreement with WSSI, a Wyndham
affiliate. Wyndham then proposed, pursuant to that agreement, that Lands’ End
advertise its products via fax to Wyndham franchisees. The fax advertisement
was drafted by Lands’ End, edited by Wyndham, sent by Wyndham to a third-
25
party contractor, Western Printing, for distribution, and sent in turn by Western
Printing to WestFax, a subcontractor, which ultimately distributed the fax. Under
those circumstances, the contention that Wyndham can be categorically
determined not to have been the “sender” of the advertisements appears, at best,
artificial. Even applying the FCC’s interpretation, moreover, it seems clear that
although Lands’ End is the entity “whose goods or services are advertised or
promoted” by the fax, Wyndham is the entity “on whose behalf” the fax was
sent, given that it suggested the fax, edited the fax, sent the fax to the distributor,
and would receive financial compensation if any products were sold. See J.A. 310-
11 (explaining that “Wyndham would be paid a commission based on” purchases
that the franchisees made from approved suppliers).9
More importantly, Gorss’s argument about who ultimately sent the
advertisements evades the real question here: Whether Gorss gave permission to
receive the advertisements at issue. Gorss agreed that Wyndham was permitted
to “offer optional assistance . . . with purchasing items used at or in” the motel,
and that Wyndham’s affiliates were permitted to “offer this service on
9
We also note that the opt-out language included on the January 12, 2015 and
May 16, 2016 faxes informed the receiver that they could opt-out of future faxes
by emailing Wyndham, not Lands’ End. See J.A. 301, 305.
26
[Wyndham’s] behalf.” J.A. 309-10. And the Franchise Disclosure Document Gorss
received at the same time explained that WSSI would be offering “goods and
services” sold by approved suppliers to franchisees. J.A. 310-11. In other words,
the scheme that Gorss agreed to is exactly what unfolded here: Wyndham,
through the agreement of its affiliate, WSSI, with Lands’ End, “offer[ed] optional
assistance . . . with purchasing items used at or in” the motel by offering “goods”
sold by Lands’ End, a Wyndham-approved supplier. J.A. 310.
Gorss attempts to rely on A-S Medication for the proposition that prior
express permission “is not transfer[]able under the TCPA.” Appellant’s Br. 32,
citing A-S Medication, 950 F.3d at 967. But in that case, the defendant sent faxes to
numbers it obtained by purchasing the customer database of another business.
The court there was merely pointing out that even if the defendant could show
that the business selling the database had obtained prior express permission, that
permission would not be transferable to the defendant. Assuming arguendo that
we would adopt a similar rule, that scenario is a far cry from what occurred here,
where Gorss agreed to receive faxed messages advertising the goods and services
of approved suppliers such as Lands’ End. Gorss cannot now complain about
receiving advertisements of the very type it expressly agreed to receive.
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CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the district court did not err
in granting summary judgment to Lands’ End and dismissing Gorss’s motion for
class certification as moot. Moreover, because Gorss’s federal claims were
properly dismissed on summary judgment, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Gorss’s state
law claims. See Motorola Credit Corp., 388 F.3d at 56 (“[A]s a general
proposition . . . if all federal claims are dismissed before trial, the state claims
should be dismissed as well.”) (internal quotation marks and alterations
omitted).
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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