Filed 8/6/21 P. v. Westcolvin CA1/1
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A158309
v.
MALIQUE ISSAC WESTCOLVIN, (Solano County
Super. Ct. No.
Defendant and Appellant.
FCR346267)
In July 2019, Vacaville police officers arrested defendant Malique Issac
Westcolvin, who was out on parole, after they found a pistol in an automobile
under his control. Defendant was charged with one count of unlawful
possession of a firearm by a person under 30 years of age previously adjudged
a ward of the court (Pen. Code, § 29820, subd. (b)). The complaint further
alleged a prior strike.
Defendant pleaded no contest to the count as charged, and the district
attorney moved to dismiss the strike. The trial court granted the motion and
placed defendant on three years’ probation, subject to various terms and
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conditions. Defendant challenges several of these conditions. We order the
modification of the search condition, but otherwise affirm.1
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
“[W]e ‘ “review conditions of probation for abuse of discretion.” ’
[Citation.] Specifically, we review a probation condition ‘for an indication
that the condition is “arbitrary or capricious” or otherwise exceeds the bounds
of reason under the circumstances.’ ” (In re Ricardo P. (2019) 7 Cal.5th 1113,
1118 (Ricardo P.).) Under Lent,2 “ ‘[a] condition of probation will not be held
invalid unless it “(1) has no relationship to the crime of which the offender
was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal, and
(3) requires or forbids conduct which is not reasonably related to future
criminality.” ’ ” (Ricardo P., at p. 1118.) “ ‘[A]ll three prongs must be
satisfied before a reviewing court will invalidate a probation term.’ ” 3
(Ricardo P., at p. 1118.)
No Alcohol Condition
The trial court ordered defendant “to totally abstain from the use of
alcohol, illegal drugs and marijuana” for the duration of his probation.
1 Upon defendant’s request, the trial court granted a certificate of
probable cause related to the “conditions of probation as not being reasonably
related to the offense,” specifically, the conditions of “abstention to marijuana
and alcohol . . . and any testing and search clause” condition.
2People v. Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, superseded by statute on another
ground as stated in People v. Moran (2016) 1 Cal.5th 398, 403, footnote 6.
3 In defendant’s reply brief, he asserts “probation conditions must be
reviewed consistently with rehabilitation principles as reflected with the
passage of [Assembly Bill No.] 1950 [(2019-2020 Reg. Sess.)].” Assembly Bill
No. 1950 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) “amended [Penal Code] section 1203.1 to
limit the maximum probation term a trial court is authorized to impose for
most felony offenses to two years.” (People v. Sims (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th
2
Defendant contends this condition is unreasonable under Lent because it is
not conduct which is reasonably related to future criminality.
Defendant’s challenge fails on the record. Despite defendant’s
contention that “nothing in [his] history indicates he committed any crimes
while under the influence of alcohol or marijuana,” in fact, defendant had
previously reported he committed his prior offense, robbery, after having
consumed alcohol. Moreover, he committed this offense while on parole for
that crime. Accordingly, criminal conduct while under the influence was
reasonably of concern to the court, and the alcohol prohibition condition
cannot be said to be an abuse of discretion.
No Marijuana Use Condition
Defendant likewise challenges the no marijuana use condition,
claiming his acknowledged use bears no relation to the crime to which he
plead no contest. He further claims the court’s concern about defendant’s
“ ‘success on probation’ ” is actually an overbroad concern that defendant obey
all laws, as there is nothing in the record suggesting he has committed a
crime while under the influence of marijuana.
Defendant correctly states that “Lent’s third prong requires more than
just an abstract or hypothetical relationship between the probation condition
and preventing future criminality,” and that a “degree of proportionality
between the burden imposed by a probation condition and the legitimate
interests served by the condition” must exist. (Ricardo P., supra, 7 Cal.5th at
pp. 1121-1122.) Still, we may not reweigh the trial court’s credibility findings
regarding whether or not the restriction condition is reasonably related to
943, 947.) Accordingly, the bill’s limitation is on the “maximum duration of
felony probation terms,” not on the trial court’s discretion to impose probation
conditions. (Ibid.)
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defendant’s future criminality. (People v. Sperling (2017) 12 Cal.App.5th
1094, 1099, fn. 2.) Additionally, even if a reasonable judge could have
reached a different determination, if the sentencing judge’s determination
does not exceed the bounds of reason, then it will still be upheld. (Ricardo P.,
at p. 1118.)
Despite defendant’s assertion that he has had no prior convictions
regarding marijuana, specifically, he does have a history of questionable
substance use and abuse. The probation report stated defendant reported
having a medical marijuana card “for anxiety.” However, defendant offered
no evidence substantiating his claim of anxiety sufficient to require medicinal
treatment. (See People v. Moret (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 839, 848.) He also
admitted that, while on parole, he smoked marijuana at a rate of “5-10
Backwoods cigars laced with marijuana per day” and that his longest period
of “abstention outside of incarceration” had been for 30 days. Additionally,
even though defendant, while he was on parole, was not allowed to have any
involvement with his family’s marijuana operation, he did so anyway.
The trial court stated it imposed the conditions regarding controlled
substances because of defendant’s young age and “his rehabilitation efforts
would be enhanced if he was able to maintain sobriety.” The trial court based
this in part on his “long history . . . of use of these substances, before the age
of which he was legally allowed to do so,” finding that he had not “developed a
lifestyle for a mature attitude about the use of controlled substances” and
that it “would be a detriment to his success on probation and his future
efforts at rehabilitation to continue down this road.” Indeed, when defendant
was taken into custody, he stated that he was not “ ‘doing the things [he]
planned to do’ ” while he was on parole and that he was using his
incarceration for the instant offense to self-reflect.
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Given defendant’s statements, history of questionable substance use,
the relation of his family’s business to marijuana, and the trial court’s
rationale, it cannot be said that the no marijuana condition was an abuse of
discretion.
Compassionate Use Card Restriction Condition
Next, defendant challenges the condition that he not “obtain a medical
marijuana card without prior court approval.” He contends the trial court
failed to apply the three-step Leal4 inquiry prior to imposing the condition.
The Leal inquiry includes (1) examining “the validity of any
[Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (CUA)] authorization;” (2) applying the
“threshold Lent test for interfering with such authorization;” and (3)
consideration of “competing policies governing the exercise of discretion to
restrict CUA use.” (Leal, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 837.)
Defendant maintains inquiry one is “satisfied on this record,” but
inquiries two and three are not. Specifically, defendant asserts any “future-
criminality nexus to medical marijuana use would be remote and
attenuated,” and the court never engaged in the “balancing of needs.”
Although defendant objected to the “marijuana restrictions,” he did not
specifically object to the medical marijuana card condition and the issue has
been forfeited. (See People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 237.)
Even assuming no forfeiture, this challenge also fails on the record.
Defendant’s assertion that the condition fails the second Leal inquiry fails for
all the reasons we have just discussed in connection with the no use
condition.
Turning to the third Leal inquiry, “[t]he requisite balancing
contemplates a judicial assessment of medical need and efficacy based upon
4 People v. Leal (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 829, 844 (Leal).
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evidence: the defendant’s medical history, the gravity of his or her ailment,
the testimony of experts or otherwise qualified witnesses, conventional
credibility assessments, the drawing of inferences, and perhaps even medical
opinions at odds with that of the defendant’s authorizing physician.” (Leal,
supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 844.)
There was a complete paucity of evidence as to defendant’s asserted
medicinal need for marijuana. Further, the trial court found defendant’s
marijuana use, and use of other drugs before he was legally allowed to do so,
would be, “a detriment to his success on probation and his future efforts at
rehabilitation” if he were to “continue down this road.” The record thus
supports a reasonable inference that the court did not credit defendant’s
statement to probation that he used marijuana for legitimate medical
reasons. (See Leal, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 842 [concluding the
defendant was hiding behind his compassionate use card to engage in illegal
aspects of marijuana business].) Furthermore, this condition does not
foreclose defendant’s access to medical marijuana completely. Thus, if
defendant is able to show that he has a medical need for marijuana, then he
may be allowed to obtain and use a medical marijuana card.
Thus, based on the record here, including the frequency and volume of
usage of marijuana by defendant and his involvement in his family’s
marijuana grow business, we cannot say the compassionate use card
restriction was an abuse of discretion.
Search Condition
Defendant also challenges the search condition requiring him to
“submit his person, real or personal property, automobile, and any object
under his control to search and seizure, in and out of his presence, as
requested by any peace or probation officer, at any time of the day or night,
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with or without cause, notice, consent or warrant.” He maintains this
language is broad enough to include any electronic search of any device, thus
rendering the condition impermissibly overbroad.
Recognizing his failure to object to this condition in the trial court
forfeits his challenge, defendant instead maintains his counsel’s failure to
object constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
We need not consider defendant’s IAC claim, however, as the Attorney
General effectively concedes the search condition, as stated, is overbroad. He
states the “box for electronic search was deliberately unchecked and there is
no mention of electronic search conditions in the body of the probation
conditions list.”
The Attorney General is correct as to the record. We therefore order
the language of the condition modified to clarify that it does not extend to
electronic searches. (See Ricardo P., supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 1124.)
Counseling and Therapy Condition
Defendant lastly challenges the condition requiring him to attend and
successfully complete counseling and therapy as may be directed by
probation, specifically any cognitive behavioral therapy, drug classes or AAs
or NAs that they may deem necessary. Defendant maintains this condition is
a facially unconstitutional delegation of judicial power.
Defendant acknowledges he also failed to object to this condition. But
to the extent it is a facial challenge, it has not been forfeited. (See People v.
Patton (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 934, 946.)
Defendant specifically objects to the language that the probation officer
may direct defendant to undergo certain programs, citing to In re Pedro Q.
(1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 1368 for the proposition that a probation officer may
not add new conditions of probation. In that case, months after the
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defendant was placed on probation, the probation officer unilaterally
restricted the defendant’s travel. (Id. at p. 1372.) However, here the trial
court imposed the challenged condition, and that condition does not give the
probation officer unfettered discretion to impose an additional condition.
Defendant also relies on People v. Penoli (1996) 46 Cal.App.4th 298
(Penoli). In that case, the defendant challenged a condition allowing the
probation department to “unilaterally select a residential drug rehabilitation
program and determine whether defendant successfully completed that
program.” (Id. at p. 307.) The court upheld the condition against a
delegation challenge, stating “any attempt to specify a particular program at
or prior to sentencing would pose serious practical difficulties. The trial court
is poorly equipped to micromanage selection of a program, both because it
lacks the ability to remain apprised of currently available programs and,
more fundamentally, because entry into a particular program may depend on
mercurial questions of timing and availability. The specified program may
decline to accept the defendant, for instance, or may be unable to do so for
reasons as mundane as lack of space.” (Id. at p. 308.) The court
acknowledged there were ways in which probation’s role could be more
defined, such as by the court specifying the duration of the rehabilitation
program, or having probation make several specific program
recommendations. (Ibid.) But that did not render the condition
constitutionally infirm. The delegation at issue did not “place the defendant
completely at the mercy of the probation department.” (Ibid.) Moreover, the
defendant could seek “judicial intervention—by moving to modify the
probation order, if nothing else—if and when the probation officer seeks to
exercise the delegated authority.” (Ibid.)
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The court also rejected a vagueness challenge, pointing out the record
reflected that defense counsel was aware of the nature of drug rehabilitation
programs. It also observed that if probation determined the defendant was
not in compliance, it was ultimately, the court that would determine whether
or not that, in fact, was the case. (Penoli, supra, 46 Cal.App.4th at pp. 309-
310.)
Defendant forthrightly acknowledges that in Penoli, the court upheld
the challenged condition. But he maintains the condition here grants
probation far more discretion, and that the concerns the court articulated in
Penoli are manifest here.
However, given that the record here evidences reasonable concerns
about defendant’s use and abuse of multiple substances, we do not consider
the challenged probation condition materially different than that in Penoli.
Moreover, as the Attorney General points out, in not requiring that defendant
attend any one of the particular types of programs identified, the condition
ensures that the probation officer will assess defendant’s specific treatment
needs, thereby best assisting him in gaining control of his substance abuse
issues. It also spares defendant from being required to attend any one of
these types of programs that may not, upon further assessment, be of benefit
to him. The probation officer has no authority to require defendant to attend
programs of any kind other than as identified by the court. We therefore
conclude that, on this record, the condition is not constitutionally infirm.
DISPOSITION
We modify the warrantless search condition to read as follows:
“Defendant is to submit his person, real or personal property, automobile,
and any object under his control to search and seizure, in and out of his
presence, except computers, electronic devices, and cellular devices, as
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requested by any peace or probation officer, at any time of the day or night,
with or without cause, notice consent, or warrant.” In all other respects, the
judgment affirmed.
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_________________________
Banke, J.
We concur:
_________________________
Humes, P.J.
_________________________
Margulies, J.
A158309, People v. Westcolvin
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