concurs in part by voting to reverse the defendants’ convictions for conspiracy in the fifth degree and *818to dismiss that count of the indictment, and dissents in part by voting to reverse the defendants’ convictions for promoting gambling in the first degree and to dismiss the indictment in the following memorandum, with which Santucci, J., concurs. This appeal involves illegal gambling operations in New York and Nassau Counties. Louis Cavalieri a participant in the Nassau operation (hereinafter the Meacham operation), was under investigation by the Nassau County police, who obtained pen register orders and, later, eavesdropping warrants for the Meacham operation’s telephones. The police then wiretapped telephone lines which belonged to Bernard Roth-man and Cavalieri in Queens and Manhattan, to which telephones the Meacham operation made numerous calls. During the course of the investigation it was discovered that Rothman ran a bookmaking operation in lower Manhattan (hereinafter the Manhattan operation) assisted by Cavalieri. It was also learned that the defendants John Giordano, Joseph Giordano, and Philip Cestaro were participants in the Manhattan operation.
On May 24, 1989, the defendants along with numerous other individuals were arrested pursuant to warrants issued in Nassau County. On November 21, 1989, an indictment was filed charging the defendants and 13 others, including Roth-man, in varying combinations, with eighteen counts of promoting gambling in the first degree and one count of conspiracy in the fifth degree based on the charges of promoting gambling in the first degree. Prior to the trial, all of the defendants named in the indictment except John Giordano, Joseph Giordano, Philip Cestaro, and two others entered pleas of guilty. One of the two other individuals entered a plea of guilty during jury selection and one died during the trial.
The evidence against the defendants was based on certain actions of Rothman in connection with the Manhattan operation. Rothman "hedged” a portion of the Manhattan operation’s bets with the Meacham operation. Hedging is the practice of one bookmaker placing bets with another bookmaker in order to minimize his risks. Rothman was alleged to be the sole bookmaker or sheetwriter of the Manhattan operation; defendant John Giordano was a supervisor; defendant Joseph Giordano was the assistant supervisor; and defendant Philip Cestaro was a runner. Aside from Rothman’s hedging bets from the Manhattan operation via the telephone there was no connection between the Manhattan operation and Nassau County.
The defendants were convicted of four counts each of pro*819moting gambling in the first degree and one count each of conspiracy in the fifth degree.
CPL 20.40 (1) insofar as pertinent provides that:
"A person may be convicted in an appropriate criminal court of a particular county, of an offense of which the criminal courts of this state have jurisdiction pursuant to section 20.20, committed either by his own conduct or by the conduct of another for which he is legally accountable pursuant to section 20.00 of the penal law, when:
"1. Conduct occurred within such county sufficient to establish:
"(a) An element of such offense; or
"(b) An attempt or a conspiracy to commit such offense”.
Penal Law § 225.10 (1) provides:
"A person is guilty of promoting gambling in the first degree when he knowingly advances or profits from unlawful gambling activity by:
"1. Engaging in bookmaking to the extent that he receives or accepts in any one day more than five bets totaling more than five thousand dollars”.
Penal Law § 225.00 (9) gives the following definition of the term bookmaking: " 'Bookmaking’ means advancing gambling activity by unlawfully accepting bets from members of the public as a business, rather than in a casual or personal fashion, upon the outcomes of future contingent events”.
Penal Law § 225.00 (4) defines advancing gambling activity as follows: "A person 'advances gambling activity’ when, acting other than as a player, he engages in conduct which materially aids any form of gambling activity. Such conduct includes but is not limited to conduct directed toward the creation or establishment of the particular game, contest, scheme, device or activity involved, toward the acquisition or maintenance of premises, paraphernalia, equipment or apparatus therefor, toward the solicitation or inducement of persons to participate therein, toward the actual conduct of the playing phases thereof, toward the arrangement of any of its financial or recording phases, or toward any other phase of its operation. One advances gambling activity when, having substantial proprietary or other authoritative control over premises being used with his knowledge for purposes of gambling activity, he permits such to occur or continue or makes no effort to prevent its occurrence or continuation.”
The only bookmaking in which the defendants were in*820volved took place in New York County. Nassau County had no jurisdiction on these facts to prosecute them for committing the crime of promoting gambling in the first degree by
"advancing] * * * gambling activity by * * *
"[e]ngaging in bookmaking” (Penal Law § 225.10 [1]).
My colleagues’ reasoning might be valid if the defendants were charged with violating Penal Law § 225.05 which reads as follows: "A person is guilty of promoting gambling in the second degree when he knowingly advances or profits from unlawful gambling activity.”
However, these defendants were not charged with advancing gambling generally in the manner described in Penal Law § 225.05. They were charged with advancing gambling by engaging in bookmaking.
The fact that promoting gambling in the second degree under Penal Law § 225.05 is a lesser included offense of promoting gambling in the first degree under Penal Law § 225.10 (i.e., engaging in bookmaking) did not give Nassau County jurisdiction. The defendants here were indicted and prosecuted for promoting gambling in the first degree. Nassau County’s jurisdiction to prosecute the defendants pursuant to CPL 20.40 (1) (a) depended on conduct occurring in Nassau County sufficient to establish an element of bookmaking as that crime is defined in Penal Law § 225.00 (9). The elements of a crime are those constituent parts of the crime which must be proved by the prosecution to sustain a conviction. Hedging bets is not an element of promoting gambling in the first degree by engaging in bookmaking (see, Penal Law § 225.10 [!])•
While there is language in People v Botta (100 AD2d 311) supporting the majority’s position, the facts of that case were very different from the facts of this case. In Botta the defendant, who lived in Nassau County, ran a bookmaking operation in Queens County. Usually he and an underling, his codefendant Cannon, worked together in the wireroom in Queens. However when Botta went home to Nassau County, he would use the telephone to conduct business and keep in touch with Cannon. Botta instructed his accomplice Cannon, via the telephone, concerning "the maintenance and operation of the wireroom [and] * * * the forwarding of [the] customer’s wagers” (People v Botta, supra, at 315). It could be reasonably concluded based on the contents of the conversations that both defendants were conversing for the purpose of taking and recording bets (People v Botta, supra, at 316). Furthermore, *821although in Botta this Court properly found that Nassau County had jurisdiction based on CPL 20.40 (1) (a), there clearly also was jurisdiction under CPL 20.40 (1) (b) based on Botta’s conspiring with Cannon over the telephone (see, e.g., People v Cousart, 74 AD2d 877).
In contrast, in this case, a bookmaker in Manhattan telephoned a bookmaker in Nassau County to hedge bets. There was no proof whatsoever that the two operations were related. Rothman, the Manhattan bookmaker was not an accomplice of the people running the Meacham operation in Nassau County. Arguably under Botta, Nassau County had jurisdiction to prosecute the defendants under Penal Law § 225.05 (promoting gambling in the second degree) based on a literal reading of that statute with CPL 20.60 (1) (intercounty telephone conversations constitute conduct in each county) and Penal Law § 225.00 (4) (defining the term advance gambling activity). However, a literal application of those statutes to the facts of this case raises constitutional concerns (see, e.g., People v R., 160 Misc 2d 142). A defendant has the right at common law and under New York Constitution, article I, § 2 to be tried in the county where the crime was committed unless one of the statutory exceptions contained in CPL article 20 applies (see, People v Ribowsky, 77 NY2d 284, 291; People v Moore, 46 NY2d 1, 6). The exceptions were created out of necessity, as "[sjtrict adherence to the common-law rule often created insurmountable obstacles to prosecution” (People v Moore, supra, at 7). As such, the exceptions are to be narrowly interpreted and applied (see, e.g., People v Fea, 47 NY2d 70; People v Moore, supra).
The majority employs CPL 20.60 (1) to bootstrap Nassau County into jurisdiction based on a theory, gleaned from Botta, that Nassau County had jurisdiction of the lesser included offense (promoting gambling in the second degree) and, therefore, also had jurisdiction to prosecute the greater offense (promoting gambling in the first degree) (see, People v Botta, supra, at 316-317). In my judgment, this reasoning does not interpret and apply these statutes narrowly on these facts. The correct forum for prosecution of the crimes charged was New York County, where conduct occurred sufficient to establish all of the elements of the completed crime of promoting gambling in the first degree (Penal Law § 225.10). In contrast, no conduct occurred in Nassau County
"sufficient to * * *
"establish [a]n[y] element of such offense” (CPL 20.40 [1] [a]).
*822Nassau County also had no jurisdiction over the count of the indictment charging the defendants with conspiracy in the fifth degree. In order to establish the existence of a conspiracy, there must be proof of an agreement evidencing an intent to accomplish the object of the conspiracy (see, People v Leisner, 73 NY2d 140). Here, there simply was no agreement between these defendants and the operators of the Meacham operation in Nassau County to engage in bookmaking.
Accordingly the convictions should be reversed and the indictment dismissed.