Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed January 25, 2022.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-20-00177-CV
JUAN REYES, Appellant
V.
THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION, Appellee
On Appeal from the 234th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2019-10029
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal from a final order1 granting appellee’s, The Lubrizol
Corporation’s, motion for summary judgment based on the “Exclusive Remedy”
1
There is no magic language (a Mother Hubbard clause is used), but the order actually disposes
of every pending claim and party, “all claims are hereby dismissed with prejudice.” See
Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 205 (Tex. 2001). Therefore, under Lehmann, the
judgment is final.
provision of the Texas Workers’ Compensation Act, (the “Act” or “TWCA”).2
Appellant Juan Reyes argues that the trial court erred because, by the terms of his
employer’s agreement with Lubrizol, Lubrizol is not a “general contractor” under
the Act and therefore should not reap the benefits of the statutory bar to liability
provided under section 406.123 of the Texas Labor Code. In the alternative, Reyes
argues that the terms of his employer’s agreement with Lubrizol are ambiguous,
and likewise render a genuine issue of material fact as to Lubrizol’s status as a
“general contractor” under the Act. Based on our review of the record, we affirm
the trial court’s summary judgment.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
According to Reyes’s live petition, on February 27, 2017, Reyes was
employed by S&B Engineers and Constructors, LTD (S&B) as a welder at a Deer
Park facility owned and operated by Lubrizol. Reyes alleges that he was injured
as a result of two Lubrizol employees negligently crashing a railcar into an
automobile that Reyes was driving. Reyes asserts that Lubrizol was vicariously
liable for the acts of the railcar operators under the theory of respondeat superior
and independently liable for its hiring of the railcar operators.
Lubrizol moved for summary judgment on its exclusive-remedy affirmative
defense under the Act. In its motion, Lubrizol asserted that S&B was contracted
by Lubrizol to perform various services at its facility and that Lubrizol agreed to
provide workers’ compensation insurance as a “general contractor” under Texas
law. Lubrizol attached to its motion a Service Agreement between Lubrizol and
S&B, which though substantially redacted in parts, sets out an arrangement
2
Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 408.001(a). This provision is sometimes referred to as the “Exclusivity
Defense” or “exclusive remedy defense”, we referred it to here as the “exclusive-remedy
defense” and “exclusive-remedy affirmative defense”.
2
between the two parties for the provision of Workers’ Compensation Insurance for
employees. In a section entitled “Insurance”, the parties agreed that:
(1) S&B shall “purchase and maintain” insurance, including Workers’
Compensation Insurance in compliance with Texas law for the benefit of
each “[S&B] employee who is assigned to perform Services at the
Premises;”
(2) S&B shall furnish a certificate of insurance showing that it is in
compliance with the Act;
(3) S&B shall invoice Lubrizol, and Lubrizol shall pay S&B “the cost of the
workers’ compensation insurance purchased and maintained by S&B;”
and
(4) Lubrizol shall be considered the employer of S&B’s employees “for the
sole purpose of the workers’ compensation laws.”
Lubrizol’s summary judgment proof also included two affidavits. Deborah
Peres, a Lubrizol representative, testified that Lubrizol reimbursed S&B weekly for
the cost of the workers’ compensation coverage. Kenneth Miller, an S&B
representative, testified to the authenticity of records which generally confirm facts
alleged in Reyes’s petition—that at the time of the alleged injury Reyes was an
S&B employee working as a welder at a Lubrizol facility.
Reyes filed a response to Lubrizol’s summary-judgment motion arguing that
the language of the Service Agreement does not characterize Lubrizol as a “general
contractor”, and that it only characterized S&B as a general contractor. Reyes
acknowledged that a premise owner may qualify as a “general contractor” where it
undertakes to procure the performance of work or a service, either separately or
through the use of subcontractors, but argued that by the terms of the Service
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Agreement, that did not occur. Reyes contended:
There is nothing about the language of the agreement that indicates
that Defendant will do anything whatsoever regarding the
subcontractors or the contractors activities; this of course indicates
that Defendant was not intended by way of the language of the
Services Agreement to act as the general contractor but rather only
S&B was to act as the general contractor.
Reyes also argued, in the alternative, that the Service Agreement is ambiguous and
raises a fact question on Lubrizol’s status as a “general contractor”. Reyes did not
contest or supplement the factual record with additional evidence, but rather
challenges the interpretation of the agreement between S&B and Lubrizol.
On December 10, 2019, the trial court granted Lubrizol’s summary-
judgment motion. On January 9, 2020, Reyes moved for new trial, spurring a
volley of filings (i.e., response, reply, sur-reply). During this second, post-
judgment round, the parties shifted their focus to the question whether the Service
Agreement between S&B and Lubrizol provided for workers’ compensation
coverage. On February 12, 2020, in an order titled, “Order Granting Motion for
Summary Judgment Regarding Application of Texas Workers’ Compensation
Exclusive Remedy Provision” the court, without any further reference to the
summary-judgment motion, unequivocally denied “Plaintiff’s Motion for New
Trial”. Reyes then filed his notice of appeal.
II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS
The question Reyes presents by this appeal is in essence whether Lubrizol’s
summary judgment proof showed that it executed the necessary paperwork to
establish that it was entitled to the exclusive-remedy defense as a statutory
“general contractor”. Because the exclusive-remedy defense is an affirmative
defense, Lubrizol had the burden to establish conclusively its entitlement to
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judgment by the relevant statutory provisions. See Lazo v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 14-
06-00644-CV, 2009 WL 1311801, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 7,
2009, no pet.). (providing that a defendant moving for summary judgment on an
affirmative defense must prove conclusively the defense’s elements).
A. Standard of Review
In a traditional motion for summary judgment, if the movant’s motion and
summary-judgment evidence facially establish its right to judgment as a matter of
law, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to raise a genuine, material fact issue
sufficient to defeat summary judgment. M.D. Anderson Hosp. & Tumor Inst. v.
Willrich, 28 S.W.3d 22, 23 (Tex. 2000). In our de novo review of a trial court’s
summary judgment, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors
could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.
Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006). The evidence
raises a genuine issue of fact if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in
their conclusions in light of all of the summary-judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire
& Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007). When, as in this case,
the order granting the notion for summary judgment does not specify the grounds
upon which the trial court relied, we must affirm the summary judgment if any of
the independent summary-judgment grounds is meritorious. FM Props. Operating
Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000). A defendant moving for
summary judgment on an affirmative defense must prove conclusively the
elements of the defense. Shah v. Moss, 67 S.W.3d 836, 842 (Tex. 2001).
B. Exclusive-Remedy Defense for Subscribing Employers and Others
The TWCA was adopted to provide prompt remuneration to employees who
sustain injuries in the course and scope of their employment. Hughes Wood Prods.
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v. Wagner, 18 S.W.3d 202, 206 (Tex. 2000). An employer has the option of
providing workers’ compensation insurance for employees and becoming a
subscriber under the TWCA, or not providing workers’ compensation insurance
and remaining a nonsubscriber. Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 406.002(a); Port Elevator–
Brownsville, L.L.C. v. Casados, 358 S.W.3d 238, 241 (Tex. 2012).
If the employer is a subscriber, the TWCA allows employees to recover
workers’ compensation benefits for injuries in the course and scope of employment
without proving fault by the employer and without regard to their negligence or
that of their coworkers. Id. In exchange, the TWCA prohibits an employee from
seeking common-law remedies from his employer for personal injuries sustained in
the course and scope of his employment. Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 207.
“Recovery of workers’ compensation benefits is the exclusive remedy of an
employee covered by workers’ compensation insurance coverage.” Tex. Lab. Code
Ann. § 408.001(a).
In the typical case, to show that a common-law claim is barred by the
TWCA, the employer must show that the injured worker was its employee at the
time of the work-related injury, and covered by workers’ compensation insurance.
Phillips v. Am. Elastomer Prods., L.L.C., 316 S.W.3d 181, 187 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied). This is not the typical case.
Today’s case involves the nuanced but not uncommon situation where a
non-employer secures by written agreement workers’ compensation employer’s
status over the employees of others. See Tex. Lab. Code Ann. 406.123(e). These
circumstances direct our consideration to the provisions under Subchapter F of
Chapter 406, “Coverage for Certain Independent Contractors.” The operative
provisions are found in section 406.123 of the Labor Code, which provides:
(a) A general contractor and a subcontractor may enter into a written
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agreement under which the general contractor provides workers'
compensation insurance coverage to the subcontractor and the
employees of the subcontractor.
....
(e) An agreement under this section makes the general contractor the
employer of the subcontractor and the subcontractor's employees only
for purposes of the workers' compensation laws of this state.
Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 406.123(a), (e).
Thus, by the terms of the TWCA, the exclusive-remedy defense provided to
subscribing employers is also available to a “general contractor” if, pursuant to a
written agreement, it “provides” workers’ compensation insurance coverage to the
“subcontractor” and its employees. HCBeck, Ltd., v. Rice, 284 S.W.3d 349, 350
(2009) (citing Tex. Lab. Code Ann. §§ 406.123(a), 408.001(a)). If the general
contractor “provides” workers’ compensation insurance, it becomes a statutory
employer of the subcontractor’s employees. Id. at 352 (citing Tex. Lab. Code Ann.
§ 406.123(e)).
Parties executing such written agreements with the aim of sharing coverage
must observe the defined terms under the subchapter. Under the subchapter,
“General contractor” means
a person who undertakes to procure the performance of work or a
service, either separately or through the use of subcontractors. The
term includes a “principal contractor,” “original contractor,” “prime
contractor,” or other analogous term. The term does not include a
motor carrier that provides a transportation service through the use of
an owner operator.
Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 406.121.
In Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, the Court considered the question of
whether, as here, a premises owner can be considered a general contractor and thus
become a statutory employer of an injured worker employed by a contractor of the
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premises owner. The Court concluded that a premises owner may fall within this
“general contractor” definition, as one who “undertakes to procure the performance
of work.” 282 S.W.3d 433, 444 (Tex. 2009); See also Lazo v. Exxon Mobil Corp.,
14-06-00644-CV, 2009 WL 1311801, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May
7, 2009, no pet.). The corresponding term “subcontractor” means “a person who
contracts with a general contractor to perform all or part of the work or services
that the general contractor has undertaken to perform.” Tex. Lab. Code Ann. §
406.121(5).3 The crux of Reyes’s complaints revolves around these terms.
C. Did the court err in its implicit conclusion that Lubrizol conclusively
established each element of its exclusive-remedy defense?
To prevail on summary judgment and establish its entitlement to the
exclusive remedy under subchapter F, Lubrizol had to prove conclusively that it
fell within the statutory definition of a “general contractor”, that S&B fell within
the statutory definition of a “subcontractor”, and that Lubrizol “provided” workers’
compensation insurance coverage to S&B and its employees pursuant to a written
agreement. See HCBeck, Ltd., 284 S.W.3d at 352. While addressing this issue, we
also address Reyes’s alternative argument that ambiguity in the written agreements
creates a “fact question as to whether the intent was either for Lubrizol to act as the
general contractor or for S&B to act as the general contractor.
Most of the facts relevant to our consideration of Lubrizol’s affirmative
3
Another provision under the subtitle, section 406.122(a) deems all persons providing
work or services for a general contractor to be employees of the general contractor except for
independent contractors and their employees. Section 406.122(b), on the other hand,
affirmatively excludes subcontractors and their employees as the general contractor's employees
if the subcontractor is acting as an independent contractor and “has entered into a written
agreement with the general contractor that evidences a relationship in which the subcontractor
assumes the responsibilities of an employer for the performance of work.” Thus, if section
406.122(b) applies, absent a written agreement under section 406.123, there is no employer-
employee relationship between a general contractor and a subcontractor for workers'
compensation purposes and no reciprocity of protection.
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defense are undisputed. Reyes does not dispute the evidence that: (1) Reyes was
employed by S&B and (2) under the Services Agreement S&B will purchase
workers’ compensation insurance for its employees and Lubrizol will reimburse
S&B for doing so, or (3) S&B purchased insurance and was reimbursed by
Lubrizol. Reyes instead argues that the Service Agreement “does not conclusively
establish that Lubrizol was the ‘general contractor’ as that term is defined by
section 406.123 of the TWCA.” In connection with this argument, Reyes also
argues that the agreements do not reflect an intent that S&B is a “subcontractor.”
As a starting point, we note that throughout the Service Agreement,
including section 15 of the Service Agreement entitled “Insurance,” the parties
refer to S&B by the defined name “Contractor” and refer to The Lubrizol
Corporation as “LZA” or as “Lubrizol”. The Service Agreement does not
specifically identify any party as a “general contractor.” In section 2, entitled
“Services” the Service Agreement states that “Lubrizol retains Contractor as an
independent contractor to perform the Services.” The agreement also refers to
other “independent contractors” that Lubrizol has retained on the site, (e.g.,
“Lubrizol will similarly request its other independent contractors not to interfere
with Contractor's operations”).
Throughout the agreement, the term “subcontractor” is not used to describe
“S&B”, but rather potential subcontrators of S&B for whom S&B would be
responsible, e.g., “Subject to the limitations stated herein, all damages, losses,
costs and expenses arising out of incurred in connection with, related to or
resulting from Contractor's or Contractor’s subcontractors’ breach or default of
any provision in this Agreement will become indebtedness of Contractor to
Lubrizol payable upon demand.”)
We consider the contractual provisions together in order to ascertain the true
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intentions of the parties as expressed in the writing itself. Plains Expl. & Prod. Co.
v. Torch Energy Advisors Inc., 473 S.W.3d 296, 305 (Tex. 2015) (holding that
courts must “consider the entire writing, harmonizing and giving effect to all the
contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless”). The Service
Agreement is not ambiguous. It plainly establishes that Lubrizol undertook to
procure the performance of work or a service from S&B and contemplates that
Lubrizol has procured and may further procure the performance of work from
other contractors. The arrangement described in the Service Agreement plainly
satisfies the statutory definitions, such that Lubrizol is one “who undertakes to
procure the performance of work or a service, either separately or through the use
of subcontractors” (i.e. a statutory “general contractor”) and that S&B is a person
contracting with a Lubrizol to perform all or part of the work or services that the
general contractor has undertaken to perform (i.e., a statutory “subcontractor” to
Lubrizol). Contrary to Reyes’s arguments, the parties’ own use of the words
“contractor”, “independent contractor”, and “subcontractor” does not necessarily
define their status under the TWCA. Rather, to reach our conclusion, we have first
looked to the statutory terms and their respective definitions, then to the summary-
judgment evidence, including the text of the contract, to then determine if the
relationships and contractual goals of the agreement fall within terms as defined.
Reyes only generally addresses the section 406.123(a) requirement that
Lubrizol show that it has provided workers’ compensation in its written agreement
with S&B by reference to the first issue, stating that “Lubrizol is not a general
contractor and therefore cannot qualify as “the employer” under the TWCA so as
to have “provided” workers’ compensation insurance to a subcontractor and its
employees pursuant to a written agreement.” In support of this contention, but
without further explanation Reyes cites the Corpus Christi case
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Halferty v. Flextronics Am., LLC. 545 S.W.3d 708, 713 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi-Edinburg 2018, pet. denied).
Halferty is not precisely on point. In Halferty, the Corpus Christi-Edinburg
court considered whether a premise owner, Flextronics, had provided workers’
compensation to Halferty, an employee of a subcontractor on site. Though
Flextronics had entered an agreement with another entity (Titan) that required
Titan to “provide, pay for and maintain in full force and effect” workers'
compensation insurance” where the work was being done, Flextronic itself had not
done anything other than pass the obligation to obtain workers’ compensation
insurance to Titan. Flextronic did not agree to reimburse Titan for the coverage.
The Court concluded that Flextronic did not provide coverage simply by requiring
its subcontractors to secure their own coverage. Id. at 714.
In surveying the relevant case law, we find our decision in Brooks v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. more germane to the current analysis. 14-12-01048-
CV, 2013 WL 3477288 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 9, 2013, no pet.). In
Brooks, we affirmed the trial court’s summary judgment dismissal of Goodyear
based on its entitlement to the exclusive-remedy defense by operation of a “general
contractor’s” written agreement pursuant to section 406.123. Id. at *4. Brooks, an
employee of Qualitech Maintenance, Inc, filed suit against Goodyear when one of
its employees ran over Brooks while operating a “4–wheeler all terrain . . .on the
premises of the Goodyear plant.” Id. at *1. Goodyear offered evidence of a
“Services Agreement” between Goodyear and Qualitech that required that
Goodyear provide reimbursement of workers’ compensation insurance to
Qualitech for employees working on its site, and evidence that Goodyear made
such payments. Id. We concluded that the facts of the case were analogous to the
HCBeck, Ltd. decision. Id. at *4. Today, we are confronted with facts strikingly
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similar to those in Brooks. Like Goodyear’s summary-judgment proof in Brooks,
Lubrizol’s summary-judgment evidence establishes that:
• Lubrizol had a written contract that provided for workers’
compensation insurance for S&B employees.
• Reyes was an S&B employee.
• S&B purchased workers’ compensation coverage for its employees,
including S&B.
And by contrast to Halferty, but similar to Brooks, the summary-judgment
evidence in this case conclusively establishes that the general contractor (Lubrizol)
was contractually obligated to reimburse the subcontractor (S&B) for the workers’
compensation premiums and complied with that contractual obligation.
Because there is no genuine issue of material fact on any element of
Lubrizol’s exclusive-remedy defense, the trial court did not err in granting
Lubrizol’s motion for summary judgment.
III. CONCLUSION
Because we have overruled appellant’s issues and because we find no
fundamental error from any aspect in the summary-judgment record, we affirm.
/s/ Randy Wilson
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jewell, Spain, and Wilson.
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