FILE THIS OPINION WAS FILED
FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
IN CLERK’S OFFICE FEBRUARY 24, 2022
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
FEBRUARY 24, 2022
ERIN L. LENNON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
CERTIFICATION FROM UNITED )
STATES DISTRICT COURT )
WESTERN DISTRICT OF )
WASHINGTON AT TACOMA )
IN )
)
MARY A. KELLOGG, as the )
Personal Representative of the )
ESTATE OF JAMES HAMRE, ) No. 99724-1
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) EN BANC
)
NATIONAL RAILROAD )
PASSENGER CORPORATION )
et al., )
) : February 24, 2022
Filed ________________
Defendants. )
______________________________ )
MONTOYA-LEWIS, J.—James Hamre died when an Amtrak train
catastrophically derailed in Dupont, Washington, in 2017. He was survived by his
mother, who lived with him, and three adult siblings. Under the wrongful death
statutes in effect at the time, James’ mother could recover for his wrongful death
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
because she was dependent on him, while his siblings could recover nothing because
they did not rely on James financially. Former RCW 4.20.020 (2011). The wrongful
death beneficiary statute in effect at that time also denied any recovery to
beneficiaries like parents or siblings if they did not reside in the United States. In
2018, one of James’ brothers, acting as his personal representative, agreed to a
settlement and release with the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, aka
Amtrak, on behalf of their mother, the only then qualifying wrongful death
beneficiary.
In 2019, the Washington Legislature amended RCW 4.20.020 to remove the
requirement that second tier beneficiaries (parents and siblings) be both dependent
on the decedent and residents of the United States. It explicitly stated that the
amendment should apply retroactively to claims that are not time barred. In 2020,
James’ siblings who qualify as beneficiaries under the revised statute brought
wrongful death actions against Amtrak. Amtrak argues that retroactive application
would violate its contracts clause and due process rights under the Washington
Constitution. The federal district court certified two questions to this court to
address the issue of retroactivity.
We conclude that the Washington State Legislature intended the 2019
amendments to RCW 4.20.020 to apply retroactively to permit newly qualified
second tier beneficiaries to assert wrongful death claims that are not time barred.
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The amendments apply retroactively regardless of the tortfeasor’s prior release with
the personal representative because a claim that does not yet exist cannot be waived.
Last, retroactive application of the amendments to RCW 4.20.020 to permit the new
claims does not violate the contracts or due process clauses of the Washington
Constitution because the new beneficiaries were not party to the release and the
tortfeasor has no affected vested right.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Factual Background
On December 18, 2017, Amtrak train 501 derailed at a trestle near Dupont,
Washington. Sixty-one-year-old James Hamre was a passenger on the train and died
in the derailment. James had no spouse or children, and he died intestate. 1 He was
survived by his mother, Carolyn Hamre, and siblings Thomas Hamre, Mary Kellogg,
and Michael Hamre. Carolyn had lived with James, and she was his sole heir. 2
Amtrak admitted fault for the derailment. James’ brother Thomas was
appointed James’ personal representative and administrator of his estate in January
2018, and Thomas entered into a settlement agreement and release with Amtrak in
April 2018. The release identified James’ estate and Thomas (as personal
1
We refer to the members of the Hamre family by first name for clarity. No disrespect is
intended.
2
Carolyn Hamre has since passed away.
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Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
representative of the estate) as “Releasor” and Amtrak and its employees and agents
“Releasees.” It stated that Thomas released
[a]ny and all claims, demands, actions, causes of action of every
kind, . . . for any injuries or damages . . . and losses now existing, or
which may hereafter arise, whether known or unknown, sustained or
received by the Releasor and Decedent James H. Hamre, as a passenger
on Amtrak Train 501 . . . .
By executing this Release, it is Releasor’s intention to enter into
a final agreement with Releasees, and to ensure that Releasees have no
further obligations to Releasor.
Ex. H (release) at 1. It also stated that “[a]nyone who succeeds to Releasor rights
and responsibilities is also bound.” Id. at 2. Amtrak paid a confidential settlement
amount to Thomas, and Carolyn received 100 percent distributive share of James’
estate, as his mother and sole heir. It is undisputed that Carolyn was financially
dependent on James at the time of his death and that she was the only person eligible
to assert a wrongful death claim under the version of the wrongful death statute in
effect at that time. Former RCW 4.20.020. At the time, the wrongful death statute
set out two tiers of beneficiaries to a wrongful death action: first tier beneficiaries
included spouses, registered domestic partners, and children of the decedent; second
tier beneficiaries included parents and siblings who were dependent on the decedent
for support and resided in the United States at the time of the death. Id. James had
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no first tier beneficiaries because he had no spouse, domestic partner, or children.
His mother was the only qualifying second tier beneficiary.
In 2019, the legislature passed an act amending Washington’s wrongful death
statutes, removing the dependency and residency requirements for second tier
beneficiaries. LAWS OF 2019, ch. 159, § 2. The legislature also declared, “ This act
is remedial and retroactive and applies to all claims that are not time barred, as well
as any claims pending in any court” as of July 2019. Id. § 6.
In spring 2020, Mary was appointed successor personal representative to
James’ estate, and Mary and Michael sought to bring their own wrongful death
claims in federal district court as newly eligible second tier beneficiaries. Thomas
has not asserted any wrongful death claim on his own behalf.
B. Procedural History
In July 2020, Mary filed a wrongful death action against Amtrak in federal
court on behalf of Michael and herself. Amtrak filed a motion to dismiss the
complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), arguing that all claims arising from
James’ death were covered by the release and that permitting Mary and Michael to
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proceed with their claims would violate the due process and contracts clauses of the
Washington and United States Constitutions. 3
The court denied Amtrak’s motion to dismiss and determined that “[t]he
application of the new statute in this context presents a novel question of Washington
law best resolved by the Washington Supreme Court” and that it would certify
questions of local law to this court. Order Denying Mot. To Dismiss & Notifying
Parties of Intent To Certify Questions at 10; RCW 2.60.030. The federal court
certified the following questions:
1. Is the revised RCW 4.20.020 remedial, such that it applies
retroactively to permit second tier beneficiaries who were not eligible
to assert wrongful death claims at the time of the decedent’s death, or
at the time the Estate’s Personal Representative settled all claims
arising out of the death, to assert wrongful death claims notwithstanding
the tortfeasor’s settlement with, payment to, and release by, the
Personal Representative, so long as such new claims are not time-
barred?
2. If so, does the application of the revised RCW 4.20.020 to permit
such claims in this context affect Amtrak’s vested substantive rights,
thus violating the Washington Constitution’s Due Process (Wash.
Const., art. I, §3) or Contracts (Wash. Const., art. I, § 23) Clauses?
Order Certifying Questions at 1-2. 4 The Washington State Association for Justice
Foundation (WSAJF) filed a brief of amicus curiae.
3
The federal court granted Amtrak’s motion to take judicial notice of James’ probate
documents, the release signed by Thomas, and the legislative history regarding the amendments to
chapter 4.20 RCW.
4
Mary proposed an additional question:
Does a duly-appointed Personal Representative, when acting as statutory agent on
behalf of extant wrongful death beneficiaries pursuant to RCW 4.20.010(1), also
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CERTIFIED QUESTIONS PRESENTED
This court may reformulate a certified question. Danny v. Laidlaw Transit
Servs., Inc., 165 Wn.2d 200, 205 & n.1, 193 P.3d 128 (2008) (plurality opinion);
Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Wash. Tr. Bank, 186 Wn.2d 921, 931, 383 P.3d 512
(2016). Since retroactive application is not limited to statutes that can be
characterized as remedial and the question of vested rights does not entirely resolve
the constitutional issues, we reformulate the certified questions as follows:
1. Do the 2019 amendments to RCW 4.20.020 apply retroactively
to permit second tier beneficiaries who were not eligible to assert
wrongful death claims at the time of the decedent’s death to assert new
claims that are not time barred, notwithstanding the tortfeasor’s prior
settlement and release with the personal representative?
2. If so, does the application of the 2019 amendments to RCW
4.20.020 in this context violate the Washington Constitution’s due
process or contracts clauses, Wash. Const., art. I, §§ 3, 23?
We answer the first question in the affirmative and the second in the negative.
have the authority or legal capacity to assert or settle wrongful death claims for
other third parties, where those third parties are not themselves lawful wrongful
death beneficiaries at the time the Personal Representative is appointed and serving
in that capacity?
Order Certifying Questions at 2. The federal court declined to certify this additional question,
explaining that it “agrees, and indeed assumed for purposes of the motion that though Amtrak’s
Release was amply broad, it could not release claims that did not exist when it was executed.” Id.
at 2-3.
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ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
A federal court may certify a question of local law to the Washington Supreme
Court when, in the federal court’s opinion, “it is necessary to ascertain the local law
of this state in order to dispose of [a] proceeding [pending before the federal court]
and the local law has not been clearly determined.” RCW 2.60.020. “We treat
certified questions as ‘questions of law that we review de novo.’” Allen v. Dameron,
187 Wn.2d 692, 701, 389 P.3d 487 (2017) (quoting Carlsen v. Glob. Client Sols.,
LLC, 171 Wn.2d 486, 493, 256 P.3d 321 (2011)). “We consider the legal issues not
in the abstract but based on the certified record provided by the federal court.”
Carlsen, 171 Wn.2d at 493.
We also review the meaning of a statute de novo. Dep’t of Ecology v.
Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). Our “fundamental
objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent.” Id. We will construe
statutes as constitutional, if at all possible. Philippides v. Bernard, 151 Wn.2d 376,
391, 88 P.3d 939 (2004).
B. Washington’s Wrongful Death Statute
Wrongful death actions are strictly matters of statute. Id. at 390. At common
law, no civil action could be maintained by a close relative of a deceased person
against one who wrongfully caused the death, according to the tort maxim actio
8
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
personalis moritur cum persona—a personal action dies with the person. Gray v.
Goodson, 61 Wn.2d 319, 324, 378 P.2d 413 (1963). In recognition that a living
person may suffer and should recover from the wrongful death of a close relative,
all of the states have passed wrongful death statutes, rejecting this common law rule
and its harsh effects. Id. at 324-25. See generally Wex S. Malone, The Genesis of
Wrongful Death, 17 STAN. L. REV. 1043 (1965). 5
“The wrongful death action is for the benefit of statutory heirs, not the
decedent or the decedent’s estate.” Deggs v. Asbestos Corp. Ltd., 186 Wn.2d 716,
721, 381 P.3d 32 (2016); see also Warner v. McCaughan, 77 Wn.2d 178, 179, 460
P.2d 272 (1969) (“[T]he wrongful-death action is for the alleged wrong to the
statutory beneficiary. The estate of decedent does not benefit by the action; the claim
of damages for the wrongful death is not one that belonged to decedent.”). 6
Washington’s wrongful death statute states:
When the death of a person is caused by the wrongful act, neglect, or
default of another person, [the decedent’s] personal representative may
5
In Cavazos v. Franklin, the court explained:
The legislature enacted these statutes to remedy an anomalous twist in the common
law which allowed victims of tortious injury to sue if they survived, but barred their
claims if they died:
“The result was that it was more profitable for the defendant to kill the
plaintiff than to scratch him, and that the most grievous of all injuries left
the bereaved family of the victim, who frequently were destitute, without a
remedy.”
73 Wn. App. 116, 118, 867 P.2d 674 (1994) (quoting Warner v. McCaughan, 77 Wn.2d 178, 182,
460 P.2d 272 (1969) (quoting WILLIAM L. PROSSER, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF TORTS § 121 (3d
ed. 1964))).
6
Wrongful death statutes create causes of actions for the losses of “specific surviving
beneficiaries of the deceased.” Estate of Otani v. Broudy, 151 Wn.2d 750, 755, 92 P.3d 192
9
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
maintain an action against the person causing the death for the
economic and noneconomic damages sustained by the beneficiaries
listed in RCW 4.20.020 as a result of the decedent’s death, in such
amounts as determined by a trier of fact to be just under all the
circumstances of the case.
RCW 4.20.010(1). 7 The decedent’s personal representative is the only person
authorized to bring the wrongful death action (in a nominal capacity) on behalf of
the statutory beneficiaries. Id.; Huntington v. Samaritan Hosp., 101 Wn.2d 466,
469, 680 P.2d 58 (1984). RCW 4.20.020 sets forth two tiers of wrongful death
beneficiaries: first tier beneficiaries are the spouse, registered domestic partner, and
children of the deceased; second tier beneficiaries are the parents and siblings of the
deceased. Second tier beneficiaries may recover only if there are no first tier
beneficiaries. RCW 4.20.020. The recent amendment to RCW 4.20.020, discussed
below, retained this two-tier beneficiary structure.
Damages in a wrongful death suit may include not only the loss of the
decedent’s income that would have supported the beneficiaries but also the loss of
(2004). In contrast, survival statutes “do not create new causes of action . . . but instead preserve
causes of action for injuries suffered [by the decedent] prior to death.” Id. Causes of action that
continue after death under survival statutes are assets of the decedent’s estate, not statutory
beneficiaries. Criscuola v. Andrews, 82 Wn.2d 68, 69, 507 P.2d 149 (1973). Washington’s
survival statutes, RCW 4.20.046, .060, are not at issue here. In Criscuola, this court explained that
the concurrent remedies of survival actions and wrongful death actions do not result in double
recovery because “recovery under the survival action is limited to the prospective net
accumulations of the deceased.” 82 Wn.2d at 70. If the decedent would have paid support to the
wrongful death beneficiaries, that money is calculated as part of the decedent’s expenses, so there
is no prospective double recovery. Id.
7
Although RCW 4.20.010 was amended at the same time as RCW 4.20.020 to clarify the
types of damages available, the changes to section .010 are not at issue here, so we refer to that
section without specifying the effective date.
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the decedent’s “companionship and society, services, care and attention, protection
and advice.” Gray, 61 Wn.2d at 329. The loss of intangibles like love, care,
protection, and guidance are unique to each beneficiary’s relationship to the
decedent. See Myers v. Harter, 76 Wn.2d 772, 783, 459 P.2d 25 (1969) (treating the
noneconomic losses suffered by the children and spouse of the decedent as “separate
and distinct”). The statute of limitations for a wrongful death action is three years.
Atchison v. Great W. Malting Co., 161 Wn.2d 372, 377, 166 P.3d 662 (2007) (citing
RCW 4.16.080(2)).
Washington’s wrongful death statute was first passed by our territorial
legislature. LAWS OF 1854, ch. 53, § 496, at 220 (permitting the widow and children
of a man killed in a duel to recover a reasonable sum from the person who killed
him). Over time, the legislature has revised the wrongful death statutes to expand
the categories of beneficiaries in ways that better recognize familial relationships
and gender equality. See, e.g., LAWS OF 1973, 1st Ex. Sess., ch.154, § 2 (permitting
brothers and sisters of the decedent to recover regardless of age, when previously,
sisters could recover at any age but brothers could recover only if they were minors);
LAWS OF 1985, ch. 139, § 1 (recognizing stepchildren); LAWS OF 2007, ch. 156, § 29
(recognizing state registered domestic partners); see also Amicus Curiae Br. of
WSAJF at 8 (providing a chart depicting revisions to the statute over time). At the
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time of James’ death and the release with Amtrak, the version of the statute
identifying beneficiaries in effect stated:
Every such action shall be for the benefit of the wife, husband, state
registered domestic partner, child or children, including stepchildren,
of the person whose death shall have been so caused. If there be no
wife, husband, state registered domestic partner, or such child or
children, such action may be maintained for the benefit of the parents,
sisters, or brothers, who may be dependent upon the deceased person
for support, and who are resident within the United States at the time
of his or her death.
Former RCW 4.20.020 (emphasis added). The requirement that the second tier
beneficiaries be dependent on the decedent meant many second tier beneficiaries
were unable to recover, despite the likelihood that they had losses other than the
economic ones contemplated by this clause in the statute, which carried over from
historical views of the purpose of wrongful death statutes.
In 2019, the legislature passed Substitute Senate Bill 5163 (SSB 5163), 66th
Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2019) which amended the beneficiary statute to replace
gendered language with gender-neutral language and, importantly here, to remove
the requirements that second tier beneficiaries be both dependents of the decedent
and residents of the United States. LAWS OF 2019, ch. 159, § 2. With respect to
second tier beneficiaries, the statute now reads:
If there is no spouse, state registered domestic partner, or such child or
children, such action may be maintained for the benefit of the parents
or siblings of the deceased.
RCW 4.20.020 (emphasis added). The legislature also provided:
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This act is remedial and retroactive and applies to all claims that are
not time barred, as well as any claims pending in any court on the
effective date of this section.
LAWS OF 2019, ch. 159, § 6 (emphasis added). The act went into effect July 28,
2019. LAWS OF 2019, ch. 159.
Under either version of the statute, James had no first tier beneficiaries. Under
former RCW 4.20.020, his mother, Carolyn, was the only qualifying second tier
beneficiary because she was dependent on James and resided in the United States.
However, under the 2019 amendments, James’ siblings Mary and Michael would
also qualify as second tier beneficiaries, even though they were not dependent on
James. Mary argues that the legislature explicitly intended the amendment to apply
retroactively to timely claims such as theirs. Amtrak argues that all claims relating
to James’ death were covered by the release and retroactive application of the
amendment would be unconstitutional, in light of the release.
C. The Legislature Intended the 2019 Amendments to RCW 4.20.020 To
Apply Retroactively
Generally, we presume that statutes operate prospectively “‘unless the
Legislature indicates that it is to operate retroactively.’ This presumption can only
‘be overcome if (1) the Legislature explicitly provides for retroactivity, (2) the
amendment is curative, or (3) the statute is remedial.’” Densley v. Dep’t of Ret. Sys.,
162 Wn.2d 210, 223, 173 P.3d 885 (2007) (citations omitted) (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting State v. T.K., 139 Wn.2d 320, 329, 332, 987 P.2d 63
13
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
(1999)). If the statute or amendment was intended to apply retroactively, if it is
clearly curative, or if it is remedial, it may be applied retroactively as long as doing
so does not “‘run afoul of any constitutional prohibition.’” 1000 Va. Ltd. P’ship v.
Vertecs Corp., 158 Wn.2d 566, 584, 146 P.3d 423 (2006) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting McGee Guest Home, Inc. v. Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 142
Wn.2d 316, 324, 12 P.3d 144 (2000)). Although the parties and the case law have
at times blended these three analyses, they are in fact distinct. See, e.g., id. (treating
the analyses in the disjunctive). An amendment may be applied retroactively if it is
clearly “curative,” meaning that it “‘clarifies or technically corrects an ambiguous
statute.’” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting McGee, 142 Wn.2d at
325); In re F.D. Processing, Inc., 119 Wn.2d 452, 461, 832 P.2d 1303 (1992). An
amendment may also be applied retroactively if it is “remedial,” meaning that it
“‘relates to practice, procedure or remedies, and does not affect a substantive or
vested right.’” F.D. Processing, 119 Wn.2d at 462-63 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint
of Mota, 114 Wn.2d 465, 471, 788 P.2d 538 (1990)); 1000 Va. Ltd. P’ship, 158
Wn.2d at 586. Additionally, when a statute’s meaning is plain on its face from the
text of the statute, “we must ‘give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of
legislative intent.’” Jongeward v. BNSF Ry. Co., 174 Wn.2d 586, 594, 278 P.3d 157
(2012) (quoting Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10).
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Amtrak does not contend with the legislature’s express statement that the
amendment should apply retroactively. LAWS OF 2019, ch. 159, § 6. Rather, Amtrak
argues that regardless of the legislature’s intent, the 2019 amendment should not be
applied retroactively because it is not remedial in nature. While a remedial effect is
a basis on which to apply a legislative amendment retroactively, it is not the only
one. In determining whether the statute is to apply retroactively, “[w]e look to both
the statute’s purpose and the language.” McGee, 142 Wn.2d at 325. “We may also
look to the legislative history,” including the final bill reports. Id. The legislature
made explicit its intent for this amendment to apply retroactively.
A statute may apply retroactively if the legislature clearly intended it to, and
in our case, the legislature made that intention clear. Densley, 162 Wn.2d at 223.
“[T]he general rule that statutes are to be given a prospective effect yields to a clear
expression of legislative intent that the statute should operate retrospectively.”
Snow’s Mobile Homes, Inc. v. Morgan, 80 Wn.2d 283, 291, 494 P.2d 216 (1972).
Our “fundamental objective” in statutory interpretation is to “ascertain and carry out
the Legislature’s intent, and if the statute’s meaning is plain on its face, then the
court must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of legislative intent.”
Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10. If the statute is ambiguous, we may resort
to aids to construction like legislative history. Id. at 12. Although it is not necessary
for a statute to state that it is intended to operate retrospectively if such an intention
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can be gleaned by its purpose, Snow’s Mobile Homes, 80 Wn.2d at 291, an explicit
statement of retroactive effect does clearly convey the legislature’s intent to enact
retroactive legislation. F.D. Processing, 119 Wn.2d at 460-61; see, e.g., In re Det.
of Durbin, 160 Wn. App. 414, 430, 248 P.3d 124 (2011). Additionally, we must not
interpret a statute in a way that renders any portion of it meaningless or superfluous.
State v. K.L.B., 180 Wn.2d 735, 742, 328 P.3d 886 (2014).
For example, in In re Marriage of MacDonald, 104 Wn.2d 745, 709 P.2d 1196
(1985), this court concluded that language in an amended statute stating that it
applied to pay periods dating back to a specific date in the past, along with a Senate
report stating intent to retroactively reverse the effect of an opinion filed on that date,
demonstrated legislative intent for the amendment to apply retroactively.
MacDonald involved a dissolution of marriage filed in 1982, which awarded one
spouse military retired pay as separate property, as required by McCarty v. McCarty,
453 U.S. 210, 101 S. Ct. 2728, 69 L. Ed. 2d 589 (1981) (filed June 26, 1981). Also
in 1982, Congress passed the Uniformed Services Former Spouses’ Protection Act
(USFSPA), permitting states to determine whether to treat military retired pay as
community property or separate property. Uniformed Services Former Spouses’
Protection Act, 10 U.S.C. ch. 71. The effective date of the USFSPA was February
1, 1983, but it contained explicit language indicating that it was to apply retroactively
to reverse the effect of the McCarty decision: “‘a court may treat disposable retired
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Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
or retainer pay payable to a member for pay periods beginning after June 25, 1981
[date McCarty filed], either as property solely of the member or as property of the
member and [their] spouse.’” MacDonald, 104 Wn.2d at 748 (first alteration in
original) (quoting 10 U.S.C. § 1408(c)(1)). This court concluded that this explicit
language that the law applied retroactively, together with the Senate report stating
intent to reverse the effect of McCarty retroactively to the date that decision was
issued, indicated that the USFSPA applied retroactively to the MacDonalds’
dissolution of marriage. Id. at 748-49 (quoting S. REP. NO. 502, 5-6, reprinted in
1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1555, 1556, 1599-1600).
Similarly, in Godfrey v. State, 84 Wn.2d 959, 968, 530 P.2d 630 (1975), this
court concluded that the express, absolute words and the purpose of a new law
regarding recovery in negligence suits indicated that the legislature intended it to
apply retroactively to all causes of action that arose during the applicable limitations
period prior to its effective date. There, the new law limited the affirmative defense
of contributory negligence, stating that “‘[c]ontributory negligence shall not bar
recovery in an action by any person or [their] legal representative to recover damages
caused by negligence resulting in death or in injury to person or property, but any
damages allowed shall be diminished in proportion to the percentage of negligence
attributable to the party recovering.’” Id. at 961 n.1 (emphasis added) (quoting LAWS
OF 1973, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 138, § 1). The amendment derogated the common law
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Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
rule that contributory negligence was a complete bar to recovery in a negligence suit,
but this court explained that this change in remedy did not create or alter liability for
the consequences of negligence. Id. at 963, 965. The court looked to both the
language of the statute and its purpose to rectify the “oversimplistic,” “harsh,” and
persistently criticized complete bar of contributory negligence and determined “[i]t
would be incongruous indeed to frustrate this obvious legislative change in policy
by adopting a position that would permit the rejected bar to recovery to continue in
operation for years to come,” such as would be the result for plaintiffs who were
injured by a negligent act prior to the law’s effective date but who would not be able
to bring their cause of action until a legal disability (like minority) was removed. Id.
at 967-69. The court concluded that the legislature intended the statute to apply
retroactively to all causes of action that had arisen during the applicable limitation
period prior to the effective date of the legislation. Id. at 968.
Likewise, in Densley, the court compared the text of two related amendments,
where one explicitly provided for limited retroactive effect and the other was silent
as to retroactivity. 162 Wn.2d at 222-24. In Densley, a public employee challenged
the denial of retirement service credit under RCW 41.40.170(3) for military service
in 1972, which predated his public employment. Id. at 214. In 1991, the legislature
amended the definition of “service” under former RCW 41.40.010(9) in a way that
would permit Densley to earn partial credit for one of the types of service at issue if
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the amendment applied retroactively. Id.; see LAWS OF 1991, ch. 343, § 6(9)(a), (b).
The 1991 act did not indicate that it should apply retroactively. See LAWS OF 1991,
ch. 343, § 19 (indicating future effective dates with no mention of retroactive
application). But in 1993, the legislature further amended the service credit statutes
regarding periods of paid leave. LAWS OF 1993, ch. 95, §§ 1-6. One section of the
1993 act dealt with paid leave for a person who leaves public employment to serve
in the military and returns to public employment upon discharge from the military
(interruptive service). Id. § 2. In the same act, the legislature reenacted relevant
definitional statutes, including former RCW 41.40.010(9) (defining “service”
according to the 1991 act). Id. §§ 7-8. Additionally, the 1993 act stated, “This act
applies on a retroactive basis to members for whom compensation and hours were
reported under the circumstances described in sections 1 through 6 of this act.” Id.
§ 9 (emphasis added). This court held that the 1993 act did have a retroactive effect,
but it rejected Densley’s argument that the retroactivity language from the 1993 act
could be extended to the 1991 act. Densley, 162 Wn.2d at 223. The court concluded
that the explicit retroactivity clause in the 1993 act was limited to sections 1 through
6, so it applied to interruptive military service described under section 2 of that act,
but not to the reenactment of the definitional statute in section 8 of that act. Id. Since
Densley’s military service was noninterruptive, the retroactive sections of the 1993
act did not apply to him. Id.
19
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
Like in MacDonald, Godfrey, and Densley, the language and purpose of the
amendment to the wrongful death beneficiary statute indicate an unmistakable
legislative intent for retroactive application. An explicit statement of retroactive
effect conveys the legislature’s intent to overcome the presumption of prospective
legislation. F.D. Processing, 119 Wn.2d at 460-61. Here, the legislature
unequivocally stated that “[t]his act is remedial and retroactive and applies to all
claims that are not time barred, as well as any claims pending in any court on the
effective date of this section.” LAWS OF 2019, ch. 159, § 6 (emphasis added).
Whether a statute is in fact “remedial” is more a matter of its nature and function
than its label. But an explicit statement that the law is “retroactive” is undeniably
grounds to carry out that legislative intent. Densley, 162 Wn.2d at 223; Snow’s
Mobile Homes, 80 Wn.2d at 291; Jongeward, 174 Wn.2d at 601.
While our analysis could end there, the enactment’s legislative history and
purpose also indicate legislative intent that the amendment apply retroactively to
wrongful death actions that are not time barred. See MacDonald, 104 Wn.2d at 748-
49 (consulting a Senate report for legislative intent). The legislature actually
considered similar changes to the wrongful death statute twice in 2018 before
eventually passing SSB 5163 in 2019. Companion bills Senate Bill 6015, 65th Leg.,
Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2018), and House Bill 2262, 65th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2018),
both originally contained language identical to the bill that would ultimately pass the
20
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
following year, removing the residency and dependency requirements for second tier
beneficiaries and providing for retroactive application. Both 2018 bills were later
amended to apply prospectively instead of retroactively, but neither bill passed the
legislature that session. See SECOND SUBSTITUTE S.B. 6015, §6, 65th Leg., Reg.
Sess. (Wash. 2018); SECOND SUBSTITUTE H.B. 2262, § 7, 65th Leg., Reg. Sess.
(Wash. 2018). In 2019, when the Senate first considered Senate Bill 5163, the bill
was identical to the original 2018 bills, including the retroactivity clause. S.B. 5163,
§§ 1, 2, 6, 66th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2019). The legislature considered various
amendments to the 2019 bill—including a change that would make the law
prospective only—but none of the amendments were passed. 1 SENATE JOURNAL,
66th Leg., Reg. Sess., at 418 (Wash. 2019); 2 HOUSE JOURNAL, 66th Leg., Reg. Sess.,
at 1864-66 (Wash. 2019). Ultimately, the Senate and the House passed SSB 5163,
which was identical to the original Senate Bill 5163, Senate Bill 6015 (2018), and
House Bill 2262 (2018)—including the retroactivity clause—except that it replaced
references to a “jury” with a “trier of fact” who would determine damages. Compare
SSB 5163, §§ 1(1), 2, 3(2), 4(3), 5(2), with S.B. 5163, §§ 1(1), 2, 3(2), 4(3), 5(2).
Clearly, the legislature considered and rejected treating this amendment like any
other prospective legislation and chose instead to proceed with the retroactive
application that had been proposed from the outset.
21
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
The legislature could not have been more clear that it intended the amendment
to the wrongful death beneficiary statute to apply retroactively to claims that are not
time barred. Therefore, it is not necessary to consider whether the amendment is
curative or remedial. We answer the first reformulated certified question in the
affirmative: the 2019 amendments to RCW 4.20.020 apply retroactively to permit
second tier beneficiaries who were not eligible to assert wrongful death claims at the
time of the decedent’s death to assert new claims that are not time barred.
D. Retroactive Application of the 2019 Amendments to RCW 4.20.020
Does Not Run Afoul of Any Constitutional Provision
Although the legislature has the authority to enact retroactive legislation, its
power is necessarily limited by constitutional principles. “[E]ven if one of these
rules of statutory interpretation calls for retroactive application, retroactivity will be
granted only if it does not violate constitutional protections relating to due process
and the impairment of contracts.” F.D. Processing, 119 Wn.2d at 460. We have
said, however, that a key aspect of this analysis requires this court to construe a
statute as constitutional if at all possible. Philippides, 151 Wn.2d at 391. Amtrak
argues that retroactive application of the amendment to the wrongful death
beneficiary statute would violate the contracts and due process clauses of the
constitution in cases where the tortfeasor has previously entered into a settlement
agreement and release with the decedent’s personal representative on behalf of
22
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
preexisting statutory beneficiaries. We conclude that retroactive application would
not run afoul of either provision.
1. Contracts Clause
A statute may not be given retroactive effect even where the legislature
intended it to if the result would unconstitutionally impair the obligation of a
contract. Gillis v. King County, 42 Wn.2d 373, 376, 255 P.2d 546 (1953). Article
I, section 23 of the Washington Constitution states that “[n]o . . . law impairing the
obligations of contracts shall ever be passed.” We have treated the Washington
Constitution’s contracts clause as coextensive with the federal constitution’s
contracts clause, U.S. CONST. art. I, § 10 (“No state shall . . . pass any . . . law
impairing the obligation of contracts.”). See Tyrpak v. Daniels, 124 Wn.2d 146, 151,
874 P.2d 1374 (1994). Although the contracts clauses use unqualified language,
both the United States Supreme Court and this court have interpreted the prohibition
on impairment of contracts as one that is not absolute: the clauses’ “‘prohibition
must be accommodated to the inherent police power of the State to safeguard the
vital interests of its people.’” In re Estate of Hambleton, 181 Wn.2d 802, 830, 335
P.3d 398 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Energy Reserves Grp.,
Inc. v. Kan. Power & Light Co., 459 U.S. 400, 410, 103 S. Ct. 697, 74 L. Ed. 2d 569
(1983)); Tyrpak, 124 Wn.2d at 151. “[R]eservations of certain ‘essential attributes
of sovereign power’ must be read into every contract.” Macumber v. Shafer, 96
23
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
Wn.2d 568, 572, 637 P.2d 645 (1981) (quoting Home Bldg. & Loan Ass’n v.
Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 435, 54 S. Ct. 231, 78 L. Ed. 413 (1934)).
The threshold inquiry is “‘whether the state law has, in fact, operated as a
substantial impairment of a contractual relationship.’” Hambleton, 181 Wn.2d at 830
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Energy Reserves Grp., 459 U.S. at 411).
The more severe the impairment, the more intensely the legislation should be
scrutinized. Energy Reserves Grp., 459 U.S. at 411. A law that substantially impairs
a contractual relationship can still be applied retroactively if “the enactment was
reasonably necessary.” Hambleton, 181 Wn.2d at 831. However, “[f]or an
impairment to be found, there must be a ‘contractual relationship’” in the first place.
Pierce County v. State, 150 Wn.2d 422, 437, 78 P.3d 640 (2003) (quoting Tyrpak,
124 Wn.2d at 152), appeal after remand, 159 Wn.2d 16, 148 P.3d 1002 (2006).
Here, the parties to the release contract were (1) Amtrak, (2) James’ estate,
and (3) Thomas, as a personal representative to James’ estate. The right of action
for wrongful death belongs to neither the decedent nor the personal representative.
Gray, 61 Wn.2d at 326-27. “The right of action ‘vests’ in the personal representative
only in a nominal capacity since the right is to be asserted in favor of the members
of the class of beneficiaries,” and the personal representative is “merely a statutory
agent or trustee acting in favor of the class designated in the statute, with no benefits
flowing to the estate of the injured deceased.” Id. Beneficiaries are vested at the
24
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
time of the wrongful death, when the cause of action accrues; here, Carolyn was the
only beneficiary with a vested cause of action in 2018. Id.
Permitting Mary and Michael to bring wrongful death claims would not
impair the contractual relationship between Amtrak and Thomas (James’ personal
representative on behalf of the only existing beneficiary at that time) because
damages like loss of love, care, protection, and guidance are unique to each
beneficiary’s relationship to the decedent. See Myers, 76 Wn.2d at 783 (treating the
noneconomic losses suffered by the children and spouse of the decedent as “separate
and distinct”). The siblings’ damages from the wrongful death of their brother are
distinct from James’ mother’s damages, so Mary and Michael’s wrongful death
actions would not interfere with the award Thomas obtained on only Carolyn’s
behalf. 8 Nor would retroactive application of the amendment impair the contractual
relationship between Amtrak and James’ estate because the right of action for
8
Amtrak points to Kinder v. Peters, 880 S.W.2d 353 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994), for persuasive
authority that retroactive application of a law expanding the class of wrongful death beneficiaries
would affect a substantive right created by a settlement with the tortfeasor. However, that case is
distinguishable in two significant ways. First, the Missouri law was silent as to retroactivity, so
there was no presumption in favor of interpreting a retroactivity clause constitutionally, as in this
case; in fact, the Missouri Constitution explicitly prohibits retroactive legislation. Kinder, 880
S.W.2d at 354-55; MO. CONST. art. I, § 13. Second, in the Kinder case, it was the preexisting
beneficiaries under the former version of the statute (who had previously settled with the
tortfeasor) who opposed retroactive application to permit the newly eligible beneficiaries’ claims.
880 S.W.2d at 354. The court held that the preexisting beneficiaries’ rights—not the tortfeasor’s
rights—would be affected by retroactive application because “their proportionate share of the
damages award would be lessened.” Id. at 355. Since each beneficiary’s damages are distinct in
Washington, Carolyn’s wrongful death damages would not be affected by Mary and Michael’s.
Myers, 76 Wn.2d at 783. Therefore, we find Kinder unpersuasive.
25
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
wrongful death does not belong to the decedent or their estate. Gray, 61 Wn.2d at
326-27. Similarly, the siblings’ recovery for wrongful death would not result in
double recovery because any survival action damages awarded to James’ estate are
distinct from wrongful death damages for statutory beneficiaries. See Criscuola v.
Andrews, 82 Wn.2d 68, 69-70, 507 P.2d 149 (1973).
Amtrak argues that the release effectively waived and disposed of any
possible claim relating to James’ death. “Waiver” is an intentional and voluntary
relinquishment of a known right and can be made unilaterally and without
consideration. Panorama Residential Protective Ass’n v. Panorama Corp. of Wash.,
97 Wn.2d 23, 28, 640 P.2d 1057 (1982). However, “a waiver can apply only to a
right that existed at the time of the waiver.” Id. (citing Bowman v. Webster, 44
Wn.2d 667, 669, 269 P.2d 960 (1954)). “Where a statutory right is involved, it
cannot be waived before the statute creating the right becomes effective.” Yakima
County (W. Valley) Fire Prot. Dist. No. 12 v. City of Yakima, 122 Wn.2d 371, 384,
858 P.2d 245 (1993) (citing City of Ferndale v. Friberg, 107 Wn.2d 602, 607, 732
P.2d 143 (1987)); see also Order Certifying Questions at 2-3 (the federal district
court agreed that “though Amtrak’s Release was amply broad, it could not release
claims that did not exist when it was executed”). There is no dispute that Mary and
Michael’s statutory cause of action for wrongful death did not exist at the time the
release was executed. Applying the 2019 amendments to RCW 4.20.020
26
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
retroactively would not substantially impair any contractual obligation as to waiver
because the 2018 release could not waive a statutory right that did not yet exist.
Yakima County (W. Valley) Fire Prot. Dist., 122 Wn.2d at 384; Panorama
Residential Protective Ass’n, 97 Wn.2d at 28.
Applying the amendment retroactively would not violate the contracts clause
because there is no contractual relationship between Mary and Michael and Amtrak,
the beneficiaries’ damages are unique, and the release could not waive Mary and
Michael’s claims that did not yet exist. 9
2. Due Process
A statute may not be given retroactive effect where the result would deprive
one of a property right or otherwise interfere with a vested right without due process
of law. WASH. CONST. art. I, § 3; Gillis, 42 Wn.2d at 376. 10 But “[t]here is neither
a vested right in an existing law which precludes its amendment or repeal nor a
vested right in the omission to legislate on a particular subject.” Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d
at 962-63; see also Citizens Against Mandatory Bussing v. Palmason, 80 Wn.2d 445,
9
Mary raises several contract law arguments as alternative bases to apply the amendment
retroactively. In light of our conclusion that retroactive application would not violate the contracts
clause and the federal court’s decision not to certify Mary’s proposed additional question about a
personal representative’s contractual powers, see supra note 4, we do not reach Mary’s additional
contract law arguments.
10
Given Amtrak’s status as a governmental entity for purposes of separation of powers
analysis, Dep’t of Transp. v. Ass’n of Am. R.R.s, 575 U.S. 43, 55, 135 S. Ct. 1225, 191 L. Ed. 2d
153 (2015), it is debatable whether Amtrak is entitled to the protections of the due process clause.
However, that question is not properly before us; as explained infra, we conclude that even if due
process applies to Amtrak, the clause is not violated here.
27
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
452, 495 P.2d 657 (1972) (“[N]o one can have a vested right in any general rule of
law or policy of legislation which entitles [them] to insist that it remain unchanged
for [their] benefit.”). In other words, there can be no vested right in legislation
remaining unchanged. “A vested right, entitled to protection from legislation, must
be something more than a mere expectation based upon an anticipated continuance
of the existing law; it must have become a title, legal or equitable, to the present or
future enjoyment of property, a demand, or a legal exemption from a demand by
another.” Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d at 963.
Amtrak argues that it has a vested right “to have its liability fixed” at the time
the release was executed. Amtrak’s Opening Br. at 13, 15, 20-21. But we have
never recognized a vested right as abstract as “fixed liability.” 11 Amtrak had no
vested right in the existing law as of 2018 fixing the class of wrongful death
11
Amtrak appears to draw this notion from another out of state case, Neiman v. Am. Nat’l
Prop. & Cas. Co., 2000 WI 83, ¶ 13, 236 Wis. 2d 411, 613 N.W.2d 160 (2000). In Neiman, the
Wisconsin Supreme Court held that retroactive application of a statute that increased the statutory
cap on wrongful death damages would violate due process because it would interfere with the
tortfeasor’s “substantive right to have its liability fixed on the date of injury.” Id. ¶ 20. But
Wisconsin law already provided a statutory cap on damages for wrongful death; the amendment
increased the maximum recovery from $150,000 to $500,000 for a deceased minor or $350,000
for a deceased adult. Id. ¶ 1 & nn.1-2. The Wisconsin court explained, “When the limit of damages
that can be recovered is set by statute, the amount that can be recovered is fixed on the date of the
injury.” Id. ¶ 13. In contrast, in Washington, there is no statutory limit for damages for wrongful
death. See RCW 4.20.010, .020 (permitting recovery “in such amounts as determined by a trier of
fact to be just under all the circumstances of the case”). Further, the statutory right in Neiman is
better characterized as fixing the amount for which the tortfeasor may be liable, rather than liability
itself. In Washington, we have already held that a statutory amendment that changes the amount
of recoverable damages does not affect a vested or substantive right because it does not create or
change liability for the consequences of negligence. Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d at 965. Therefore,
Neiman is unpersuasive.
28
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
beneficiaries indefinitely that would preclude the legislature from expanding the
class of beneficiaries whose claims were not time barred. Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d at 962-
63; Citizens Against Mandatory Bussing, 80 Wn.2d at 452. Rather, we have
recognized vested rights in the form of property rights, security interests, and other
debts secured by contract. See, e.g., F.D. Processing, 119 Wn.2d at 463 (perfected
security interest); Miebach v. Colasurdo, 102 Wn.2d 170, 181, 685 P.2d 1074 (1984)
(property rights conveyed in an order of confirmation of sale); In re Estate of
Heilbron, 14 Wash. 536, 538-43, 45 P. 153 (1896) (contracted debt).
The Gillis case demonstrates how to analyze vested rights in the context of
retroactive legislation. 42 Wn.2d 373. In the 1950s, homeowners outside of the city
of Seattle who owned property adjacent to a street that had never been open to public
use sought to vacate the street and quiet their titles to the land. Id. at 374-75. In
1890, the legislature had passed a law that would automatically vacate any county
road that remained unopened for public use for five years after it is authorized to be
opened. LAWS OF 1889-90, ch. 19, § 32, at 603. That law expressly applied to “[a]ny
county road, or part thereof, which has heretofore been or may hereafter be
authorized.” Id. (emphasis added). The statute applied to streets dedicated in platted
tracts of land outside of cities and towns. See, e.g., Murphy v. King County, 45
Wash. 587, 88 P. 1115 (1907). In 1909, the legislature amended the statute, re-
enacting the same language from the 1890 law (automatically vacating county roads
29
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
after five unopened years) and adding a proviso excluding “any highway, street,
alley or other public place dedicated as such in any plat . . . nor [] any land conveyed
by deed to the state or to any town, city or county for roads, streets, alleys or other
public places.” LAWS OF 1909, ch. 90, § 1.
The street at issue in Gillis had been dedicated to the public in a plat filed with
the county auditor in 1906, so it fell under the 1909 exception, if retroactively
applicable—the homeowners would not be able to vacate the street and claim it as
their land. 42 Wn.2d at 374-75. The homeowners argued that under the 1890 law,
the street was automatically vacated by operation of law in 1911, five years after the
street was dedicated. Id. at 375. They argued that the 1909 law (exempting streets
dedicated to the public in a plat) should not apply retroactively to the street that was
dedicated prior to the 1909 law’s enactment. Id. at 376. This court concluded that
the legislature intended the 1909 law to apply retroactively to streets that had already
been dedicated, as indicated by its use of the “all-inclusive” term “‘any plat.’” Id. at
379 (quoting LAWS OF 1909, ch. 90, § 1). The court determined that this all-inclusive
language “evidences an intent to include all plats which could be legally affected by
the proviso,” which included the street that had been dedicated in 1906 and not yet
automatically vacated by the time of the 1909 enactment. Id. While the 1909
proviso could not affect plats that had already been filed for more than five years at
that time (plats filed in 1904 or earlier) because the adjacent landowners’ property
30
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
rights had vested under the 1890 law, it could apply to the street that was dedicated
in 1906 because the affected adjacent landowners’ rights had not yet vested by 1909.
Id. The court explained that the right granted to homeowners in the 1890 law was
a mere expectancy, dependent upon the street remaining unopened for
the full five-year period. It was comparable to the possibility of reverter
which exists in the grantor of a fee simple determinable. The possibility
of reverter is not a vested right, but a mere expectation of property in
the future, and so may be defeated by statute.
Id. at 377-78. Thus, the legislature’s intent to apply the 1909 law retroactively to
any street dedicated to the public in any plat did not interfere with any vested right
of the property owners in 1909 because the owners had only a mere expectation of
property in the future. Id.; accord Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d at 963. This analysis applies
in this case.
Here, Amtrak did not have a vested right in the wrongful death statutes as of
2018 that would preclude their amendment. Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d at 963. Amtrak did
not obtain any property right, debt, or security interest via the release, and there can
be no vested interest in the mere expectation that the existing law would continue
and that the class of beneficiaries could never be expanded, even with retroactive
effect. Gillis, 42 Wn.2d at 377-78; Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d at 962-63; Citizens Against
Mandatory Bussing, 80 Wn.2d at 452. Further, even if Amtrak acquired a “legal
exemption from a demand by another” through the release, a personal representative
cannot waive a right that does not exist, as explained above. Godfrey, 84 Wn.2d at
31
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
963 (emphasis omitted); Yakima County (W. Valley) Fire Prot. Dist. No. 12, 122
Wn.2d at 384. The release protects Amtrak against further claims on behalf of
James’ estate (survival actions) and on behalf of the only existing wrongful death
beneficiary at the time (Carolyn), but it did not create a vested right to prevent the
legislature from expanding the class of beneficiaries who could recover for their
unique loss.
Applying the amendment retroactively would not violate due process because
Amtrak does not possess a vested right affected by the legislation. Retroactive
application of the legislation would not violate either due process or the contracts
clause of the constitution, so we answer the second reformulated certified question
in the negative.
CONCLUSION
The 2019 amendments to RCW 4.20.020 apply retroactively. The
Washington State Legislature made clear, unequivocal findings in these amendments
that second tier beneficiaries should be able to make claims in the
unfortunate circumstances of the death of a loved one. This tragic death of
James Hamre made clear to the legislature that former RCW 4.20.020 did not
provide the appropriate options for relief when circumstances so demand.
Therefore, we hold that these amendments apply retroactively and do not violate
the constitution’s due process or contracts clause.
32
Kellogg v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. (aka Amtrak), No. 99724-1
______________________________
WE CONCUR:
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33