COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Raphael and Callins
UNPUBLISHED
Argued by videoconference
JORDAN SEVERANCE BANKS
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
v. Record No. 0763-21-1 JUDGE DOMINIQUE A. CALLINS
MARCH 8, 2022
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GLOUCESTER COUNTY
Jeffrey W. Shaw, Judge
Charles E. Haden for appellant.
Mason D. Williams, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,1
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Jordan Severance Banks appeals from his convictions for burglary under Code § 18.2-91
and grand larceny under Code § 18.2-95. Banks contends that the trial court erred in judging the
evidence sufficient to find him guilty of the charges. For the following reasons, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
We review the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below. Pooler v. Commonwealth, 71
Va. App. 214, 218 (2019). So viewed, the facts established at trial were as follows. On
September 18, 2020, Linda Robey left her home at “ten of nine” to go to work. Upon her return
home around “five-ish,” she saw a blue 1994 Oldsmobile parked in her driveway. Not
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
Jason S. Miyares succeeded Mark R. Herring as Attorney General on January 15, 2022.
recognizing the Oldsmobile, she “pulled [her vehicle] in behind it” and walked to the “water
side” of her home to see if someone was in her front yard. While walking, Robey thought she
saw a “silhouette or . . . a shadow” inside her home. She then went inside and found several
pieces of jewelry missing from where she kept them in her kitchen. Robey then went upstairs to
her bedroom, where she kept the rest of her jewelry. She used the restroom before going back
downstairs and then outside to call 911. Once outside, she saw that the Oldsmobile was no
longer in the driveway. Robey called the police. She reported that several items, including
jewelry, a red jewelry box, and a jewelry receipt dated 1989 documenting a purchase of jewelry,
were taken from her home.
At trial, the Commonwealth introduced Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1, three photographs
depicting a blue Oldsmobile from different angles. Robey confirmed that the vehicle in the
photographs was the same vehicle she saw parked in her driveway on the day of the burglary.
At 12:42 a.m. on September 19, 2020, Sergeant Nicholas Leaver conducted a welfare
check of an individual “who appeared to be passed out in a vehicle” parked at the Tidemill
7-Eleven store in Gloucester County. He found the individual inside a blue 1994 Oldsmobile
and provided the license plate number to dispatch before approaching the vehicle and
discovering Banks asleep inside. Shortly after he woke Banks, Sergeant Leaver learned that the
Oldsmobile had been reported stolen. Sergeant Leaver arrested Banks and had the vehicle
impounded.
At trial, Sergeant Leaver confirmed that the vehicle depicted in Commonwealth’s Exhibit
1 was the same vehicle in which he found Banks.
A few days after the arrest, police officers searched the Oldsmobile at the impound lot.
The search yielded, among other things, several pieces of jewelry, a jewelry box, and a jewelry
receipt dated 1989. The jewelry and jewelry-related items were the same Robey identified as the
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missing items from her home. After Senior Investigator Steven Perry read Banks his Miranda
rights, Banks told Investigator Perry that “everything that was in the car was already in the car
when he borrowed it” from the vehicle’s owner, Shelly Arangio.
At trial, the parties stipulated to and read into the record a written statement prepared by
Arangio, who did not testify. According to the statement, on September 17, 2020, Arangio lent
her blue 1994 Oldsmobile to Banks so he could go to the store. Because Banks did not return the
vehicle, she reported it stolen the next day. Arangio stated that when she loaned Banks the
vehicle, it contained “some various pieces of trash and an old printer.” She denied that Robey’s
jewelry was in the vehicle when she lent it to Banks.
Banks testified in his own defense. He explained that he borrowed the Oldsmobile from
Arangio to visit family in Gloucester County. After visiting his parents in the morning, Banks
drove to the Tidemill 7-Eleven, and then to a nearby Wendy’s restaurant. While at the 7-Eleven,
Banks encountered Lewis Kellum, whom Banks initially described as “a buddy,” but later
admitted he “d[idn]’t really know him.” Banks agreed to give Kellum a ride home and to allow
Kellum to borrow the Oldsmobile. According to Banks, Kellum then asked Banks whether he
would be interested in buying some tools and jewelry. Banks testified that he was interested, but
Kellum did not have the items at that time. According to Banks, Kellum then dropped Banks off
at a friend’s home “somewhere between” 9:00 a.m. and noon for “an hour [or] two hours.”
Banks testified that Kellum returned the Oldsmobile to Banks at the friend’s house
sometime “around dinner,” which Banks specified was “about four o’clock” in the evening.
From there, Banks continued to drive the Oldsmobile, as he “had other things [he] needed to take
care of” before returning to the Tidemill 7-Eleven at 10:00 p.m. Banks remained in the 7-Eleven
parking lot until Sergeant Leaver found him asleep shortly after midnight on September 19,
2020.
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Although he did not state when, Banks testified that he paid Kellum $500 in cash for
“miscellaneous stuff, tools, and some jewelry.” Upon further questioning by the trial judge,
Banks acknowledged he “was not a hundred percent sure” what pieces of jewelry he purchased,
nor was he “a hundred percent sure” whether the red jewelry box was part of his purchase. He
admitted he “drank a little” that day.
Banks testified that he did not initially tell the police about his encounters with Kellum
because he was “nervous” and “didn’t really know what to say.” Banks also explained that he
was hesitant to incriminate Kellum because, some years before, Banks had incriminated his own
father in an unrelated crime and that his father became a convicted felon and never forgave
Banks.
At the conclusion of the trial, Banks’s counsel challenged the sufficiency of the evidence.
Rejecting Banks’s argument, the trial judge explained, “I don’t accept your story that you bought
jewelry and tools but you aren’t even able to name what jewelry.” The trial judge convicted
Banks on the charges of grand larceny and burglary, and sentenced Banks to three years’
incarceration.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal, Banks challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions.
Under the applicable standard of review, this Court considers whether any rational factfinder,
using the evidence presented, could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018). “The judgment of the trial
court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence
to support it.” Id. (quotations omitted). As the reviewing court, we do not substitute our
judgment for that of the trial court, even if our view of the evidence might yield a different
conclusion. Linnon v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 92, 98 (2014).
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III. ANALYSIS
Banks contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for grand
larceny and burglary. Specifically, Banks argues that the Commonwealth failed to exclude the
reasonable hypothesis that another individual committed the crimes.
Larceny is the “wrongful or fraudulent taking of another’s property without his
permission and with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of that property.” Britt v.
Commonwealth, 276 Va. 569, 574 (2008). Where the wrongfully taken goods have a value of
$1000 or more, an accused may be convicted of grand larceny.2 Code § 18.2-95(ii). Once the
Commonwealth establishes a prima facie case of larceny, then a person’s unexplained possession
of the recently stolen goods permits a trial court to make an inference of larceny by that person.
Bright v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 248, 251 (1987).
Code § 18.2-91, in relevant part, defines burglary as the “[daytime breaking and entering
of a dwelling house] with intent to commit larceny.” See also Dalton v. Commonwealth, 14
Va. App. 544, 546 (1992). It is well-settled that burglary may be inferred if the Commonwealth
establishes certain facts. See Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 201, 203 (1969). The
Commonwealth may establish a prima facie case by “(1) proving that goods were stolen from a
house broken into, (2) justifying the inference that both offenses were committed at the same
time, by the same person, as part of the same criminal enterprise; and (3) proving that the goods
were found soon thereafter in the possession of the accused.” Bright, 4 Va. App. at 251. An
individual’s exclusive, unjustified possession of the stolen goods shortly following a burglary
supports both the inference of breaking and entering and of larceny. Sullivan, 210 Va. at 203.
2
The Commonwealth presented evidence at trial indicating the value of the stolen jewelry
as $20,000. On appeal, Banks does not dispute that the value of the goods stolen exceeded
$1000.
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The Commonwealth’s evidence sufficiently proved that a larceny at Robey’s home
occurred because the evidence showed that jewelry, a jewelry box, and a jewelry receipt were
removed from her home after someone entered her home without her consent. The evidence also
justified the inference that the theft and the breaking and entering occurred simultaneously by the
same individual as part of the same criminal enterprise. When she came home from work,
Robey saw a blue Oldsmobile parked in her driveway and observed a “shadow” inside her home.
After going inside the home, she discovered some of her jewelry missing. When she went back
outside to call 911, the blue Oldsmobile was gone. A few days later, the jewelry was recovered
from the Oldsmobile. Finally, the Commonwealth sufficiently proved that the stolen goods were
in Banks’s possession. The evidence showed that the police found Robey’s stolen items in the
Oldsmobile and that the Oldsmobile had been in Banks’s exclusive possession at the time of the
burglary and after, until the police impounded the vehicle. The trial court could properly infer
from the evidence that Banks committed both grand larceny and burglary. See Bright, 4
Va. App. at 252 (“Once the Commonwealth establishes a prima facie case, ‘[i]t is the province of
the [fact finder] to determine the inferences to be drawn from [the] evidence.’” (alterations in
original) (quoting Cook v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 427, 432 (1983))).
Once the Commonwealth has met its initial burden, “although the ultimate burden of
proof remains with the Commonwealth, the burden of going forward with the evidence shifts to
the accused.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 213 Va. 748, 750 (1973). The accused may explain
how he came into possession of the stolen goods and, in doing so, “bears the burden of proving
the truth of his evidence in justification of possession and if he fails, his failure is another such
inculpatory circumstance.” Id.
Banks argues that the Commonwealth offered no evidence of fingerprints or DNA, nor
any eyewitness testimony identifying him as the criminal agent. However, Banks cites no
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authority supporting his contention that biological evidence and eyewitness testimony are
necessary to prove Banks committed the crimes of which he is accused. Circumstantial evidence
is as competent as direct evidence to prove the identity of a criminal agent. See Crawley v.
Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 372, 375 (1999); Christian v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 1078, 1081
(1981) (citing Graham v. Commonwealth, 140 Va. 452, 457 (1924)). And a trial court may infer
criminal agency if an individual possesses stolen property close in time to the actual theft. See
Winston v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 746, 757 (1998) (holding an observation of an
appellant’s exclusive possession of a stolen vehicle within hours of the theft justified the
inference that the appellant was the thief). Here, the Commonwealth put forth competent
evidence that an individual operating a blue 1994 Oldsmobile stole Robey’s jewelry and related
items and, within a short time thereafter, police found some of the stolen jewelry and related
items in the blue 1994 Oldsmobile recovered from Banks. By his own admission, Banks was
alone in the Oldsmobile from approximately 4:00 p.m. on September 18, 2020 until his arrest the
next day. On cross-examination, Banks acknowledged possession of the jewelry found in the
Oldsmobile. The trial court was entitled, as a matter of law, to infer from this evidence that the
same person who committed the larceny also committed the related burglary and that Banks was
that person. See Commonwealth v. Moseley, 293 Va. 455, 465 (2017).
A conviction can be supported with circumstantial evidence, provided it excludes every
reasonable hypothesis of innocence. See Tucker v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 141, 143
(1994). Thus, as the Supreme Court of Virginia has frequently iterated, “the
reasonable-hypothesis principle . . . is ‘simply another way of stating that the Commonwealth
has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Moseley, 293 Va. at 464 (quoting
Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514 (2003)). Banks contends that the trial court failed
to exclude his reasonable hypothesis of innocence. At trial, he advanced the theory that
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“someone else, possibly Lewis Kellum” committed the burglary. He testified that on the day of
the burglary he lent the Oldsmobile to Kellum, and later purchased from Kellum an assortment
of tools and jewelry—ultimately identified as Robey’s stolen items—for $500. However, on
cross-examination Banks could not identify any specific piece of jewelry he purchased from
Kellum. Further, Banks admitted that Kellum returned the vehicle at “about four o’clock” that
day and that from that time Banks maintained exclusive possession of the vehicle. Banks’s
exclusive possession includes during the time of the burglary, which occurred at 5:00 p.m. that
day. Thus, by his own admission, Banks possessed the Oldsmobile at the time of the crime. His
testimony not only fails to establish his innocence, it implicates him as the most likely individual
to have committed the offenses.
Moreover, the evidence shows that Banks told Investigator Perry that “everything that
was in the car was already in the car” and that “everything in the car” belonged to Arangio. This
statement directly contradicts Banks’s explanation that he purchased the jewelry from Kellum.
After the Commonwealth established their prima facie case, Banks bore the burden of justifying
his possession of the stolen items. See Brown, 213 Va. at 750. But his statement to Investigator
Perry and his trial testimony present incongruent theories of innocence that, together, serve only
to inculpate him. See id. Therefore, “a rational factfinder could have found [that] the
incriminating evidence renders [Banks’s] hypothesis of innocence unreasonable.” James v.
Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 671, 682 (2009). Here, the trial court did so find, and its judgment
was neither plainly wrong nor unsupported by the evidence.
IV. CONCLUSION
We hold that the evidence before the trial court was sufficient to prove Banks’s
commission of grand larceny and burglary. Accordingly, we affirm the convictions.
Affirmed.
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