In the Interest of A.G., a Child

FOURTH DIVISION
DILLARD, P. J.,
MERCIER and MARKLE, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

May 2, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A22A0459. IN THE INTEREST OF A. G., a child.

DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

Following an incident in which then 16-year-old A. G. shot his mother’s

boyfriend, the State filed a delinquency petition in the Juvenile Court of Chatham

County, alleging that he committed acts that—if committed by an adult—would

constitute attempted murder, aggravated assault, aggravated battery, cruelty to

children, and criminal trespass. Thereafter, the State filed a motion to transfer A. G.’s

case to the superior court for prosecution; but after a hearing, the juvenile court

denied the motion. On appeal, the State contends the juvenile court erred in excluding

evidence of A. G.’s prior bad acts, admitting evidence of the victim’s prior bad acts,

and improperly weighing the factors it was required to consider in determining
whether to transfer the case under OCGA § 15-11-562. For the reasons set forth infra,

we affirm.

The record shows that Elijah Winn began dating A. G.’s mother in 2014, and,

not long thereafter, moved in with her and her five children (including A. G.). At the

time Winn moved in with the family, A. G. was 16 years old, had dropped out of

school, and did not get along with Winn. Eventually, A. G.’s home life deteriorated

to the point that, on October 26, 2020 (after a dispute with his mother about his

curfew), he ran away from home—allegedly staying with either his grandmother or

friends. Then, late in the evening on November 1, 2020, A. G. called his mother and

asked if he could come by the house to pick up a package containing some clothes

that he ordered online. His mother told him it was too late in the evening but that he

could stop by the house the next day.

Around 11:00 a.m. the next morning, A. G. showed up at the family house to

retrieve his package (Winn was not there at that time). After doing so, A. G. asked his

mother if he could come inside to take a shower; but still angry about his behavior,

she refused his request, telling him that he should shower at his grandmother’s house

instead. A. G. became upset, and after a brief argument, his mother shut the door.

Now further enraged, A. G. began kicking the door, significantly damaging it in the

2
process. At this point, his mother—who was scared because of A. G.’s

actions—called Winn and loudly demanded that he immediately return home to help.

Over the next fifteen minutes, a surveillance camera system on the front door

of a neighbor’s home across the street showed A. G. pacing back and forth on the

front porch before sitting down in a chair. Then, nearly 20 minutes after A. G’s

mother’s call for help, Winn arrived and parked his vehicle in the driveway. As he

exited the vehicle and walked toward the porch, A. G. drew a handgun and fired

seven shots at Winn, all of which struck him. And while Winn lay on the ground, A.

G. reloaded the handgun, walked closer, and ultimately fired three more shots at him.

Severely wounded, Winn said to A. G., “I probably about to die,” to which A. G.

responded, while smirking, “No, you’re not.” A. G. then walked back to the porch,

picked up his package, and started walking down the street toward a friend’s house

before eventually running in that direction.

When the shooting started, A. G.’s mother took his younger siblings upstairs

and barricaded them in a bedroom while calling 911. Shortly thereafter, police and

emergency medical technicians arrived on the scene, and Winn was transported to the

hospital, where doctors were successful in stabilizing him. Nevertheless, Winn

sustained serious injuries, remained hospitalized for over a month, and underwent

3
numerous surgeries to treat the results of his gunshot wounds. Meanwhile, although

he left the scene before police arrived, a detective was able to contact A. G. that

afternoon and convince him to surrender to authorities. Two months later, the police

recovered the handgun from A. G.’s friend down the street, who admitted he had

recently purchased the weapon from a private seller but did not know how A. G.

acquired it.

Subsequently, the State filed a petition of delinquency in the juvenile court,

charging A. G. with acts that—if committed by an adult—would constitute attempted

murder, aggravated assault, aggravated battery, cruelty to children, and criminal

trespass. Several months later, the State filed a motion to transfer the case to the

superior court, arguing that the seriousness of the crimes, inter alia, warranted trying

A. G. as an adult. Thereafter, A. G. filed a notice of intent to introduce evidence of

Winn’s prior act of violence—specifically, a domestic abuse incident involving A.

G.’s mother. In addition, A. G. filed a motion to preclude the State from introducing

a prior bad act he allegedly committed, arguing, inter alia, that the State failed to

provide proper notice of its intent to introduce such evidence.

On April 19, 2021, the juvenile court began a hearing on the State’s motion to

transfer. At the start of the hearing, the court heard argument on A. G.’s request to

4
admit evidence of Winn’s prior act of domestic violence against his mother and his

motion to exclude evidence of his own prior bad act, which consisted of an Instagram

video of him allegedly brandishing a handgun at a charity event one week before.

Following those arguments, the juvenile court ultimately ruled to admit evidence of

Winn’s prior bad act but exclude the evidence pertaining to A. G.

The hearing then proceeded, during which the juvenile court heard testimony

from Winn; A. G.’s mother; one of his younger brothers (who witnessed his mother’s

argument with A. G.); and the investigating detective, who recounted the

aforementioned evidence. In addition, a forensic psychologist submitted a behavioral

health evaluation of A. G., in which he opined that—although A. G. exhibited

difficulty managing his anger—he might be amenable to treatment and should

therefore receive it (including counseling and occupational training). And at the

conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court denied the State’s motion to transfer,

affirming that ruling in an order a few days later. This appeal follows.1

1
With regard to the State’s right to a direct appeal, OCGA § 15-11-564 (a)
provides: “The decision of the court regarding transfer of the case shall only be an
interlocutory judgment which either a child or the prosecuting attorney, or both, have
the right to have reviewed by the Court of Appeals.” But the Supreme Court of
Georgia has clarified that, under this statute, “decisions regarding the transfer of
juveniles to superior court, though interlocutory in nature, are directly appealable to
the Court of Appeals.” In the Interest of K. S., 303 Ga. 542, 546 (814 SE2d 324)

5
 1. We first address the State’s contention that the juvenile court erred in

denying its transfer motion. Specifically, the State argues the court improperly

weighed the factors it was required to consider in determining whether to transfer the

case under OCGA § 15-11-562. We disagree.

OCGA §§ 15-11-561 and 15-11-562 address the transfer of a juvenile’s case

to superior court for criminal prosecution. OCGA § 15-11-561 (a) provides, in

relevant part, that before transferring jurisdiction from juvenile court to superior

court, the juvenile court must determine that

(1) There is probable cause to believe that a child committed the alleged
offense; (2) Such child is not committable to an institution for the
developmentally disabled or mentally ill; and (3) The petition alleges
that such child (A) Was at least 15 years of age at the time of the
commission of the offense and committed an act which would be a
felony if committed by an adult . . . .

Upon making those determinations, and “[a]fter consideration of a probation report,

risk assessment, and any other evidence the court deems relevant, including any

evidence offered by a child,” the juvenile court “may determine that because of the

(2018); accord In the Interest of C. M., 356 Ga. App. 368, 370 (847 SE2d 374)
(2020).

6
seriousness of the offense or such child’s prior record, the welfare of the community

requires that criminal proceedings against such child be instituted” and transfer the

case to superior court.2 And in determining whether such a transfer is appropriate, the

juvenile court must also consider “the non-exhaustive list of eleven criteria set forth

in OCGA § 15-11-562 (a),”3 which includes:

(1) The age of such child; (2) The seriousness of the alleged offense,
especially if personal injury resulted; (3) Whether the protection of the
community requires transfer of jurisdiction; (4) Whether the alleged
offense involved violence or was committed in an aggressive or
premeditated manner; (5) The impact of the alleged offense on the
alleged victim, including the permanence of any physical or emotional
injury sustained, health care expenses incurred, and lost earnings
suffered; (6) The culpability of such child including such child’s level
of planning and participation in the alleged offense; (7) Whether the
alleged offense is a part of a repetitive pattern of offenses which
indicates that such child may be beyond rehabilitation in the juvenile
justice system; (8) The record and history of such child, including
experience with the juvenile justice system, other courts, supervision,
commitments to juvenile institutions, and other placements; (9) The
sophistication and maturity of such child as determined by consideration

2
OCGA § 15-11-561 (c).
3
In the Interest of K. S., 348 Ga. App. 440, 441 (823 SE2d 536) (2019); see
OCGA § 15-11-561 (c) (“The court shall also consider the criteria listed in subsection
(a) of Code Section 15-11-562.”).

7
 of his or her home and environmental situation, emotional condition,
and pattern of living; (10) The program and facilities available to the
juvenile court in considering disposition; and (11) Whether or not a
child can benefit from the treatment or rehabilitative programs available
to the juvenile court.4

Importantly, in reviewing a juvenile court’s ruling on the State’s motion to transfer,

this Court is “limited to ascertaining whether there was some evidence to support the

juvenile court’s determination, and absent an abuse of discretion, we will affirm [its

ruling].”5

In this matter, the juvenile court noted in its order that it considered the criteria

outlined in OCGA § 15-11-562, and immediately thereafter recounted its

findings—discussing all 11 of the foregoing factors. The court specifically focused

on the eleventh factor, finding that based on the psychologist’s report, A. G. could

benefit from the services it could provide. In further explaining its decision, the court

4
OCGA § 15-11-562 (a).
5
In the Interest of C. M., 356 Ga. App. at 369 (punctuation omitted) (emphasis
supplied); see In the Interest of T. S., 336 Ga. App. 352, 352-53 (785 SE2d 32) (2016)
(“On appeal from an order transferring a case from juvenile court to superior court,
the function of this Court is limited to ascertaining whether there was some evidence
to support the juvenile court’s determination that the requirements of . . . OCGA §
[15-11-561] have been met, and absent an abuse of discretion, we will affirm the
order transferring jurisdiction.”).

8
again emphasized that it considered “all the above factors,” and that while it did not

discount the severity of the incident and its impact on Winn, it found A. G. was

capable of being rehabilitated—particularly noting that he was only 16 years old at

the time of the incident, had no prior history with the juvenile court system or prior

charges, and had never previously been provided rehabilitative services. As a result,

the court concluded that the community’s interests would be better served by treating

A. G. as a juvenile.

Nevertheless, the State maintains the juvenile court erred in denying its motion

to transfer, noting that Georgia caselaw has held that a balancing test of the juvenile’s

amenability to treatment against the interests of the community is required “when the

State seeks a transfer to superior court under a theory that, even though the juvenile

might be amenable to treatment within the juvenile court system, the seriousness of

the crime warrants it.”6 But the State does not assert the juvenile court failed to

conduct such a balancing test,7 and indeed, such an assertion would be belied by the

6
In the Interest of C. M., 356 Ga. App. at 372 (3) (c).
7
Cf. In the Interest of B. J. W., 247 Ga. App. 437, 440 (2) (543 SE2d 811)
(2000) (holding that failure of juvenile court’s order to set forth required balancing
interests of juvenile and community, necessitated remand of case to juvenile court to
make such necessary findings).

9
record. To the contrary, the court explicitly acknowledged the severity of A. G.’s

actions and the interests of the community in prosecuting him as an adult but,

nonetheless, placed greater weight on the evidence indicating the juvenile’s

amenability to treatment. Essentially, the State’s position amounts to reiterating the

same evidence the juvenile court considered in its order and arguing that it reached

the wrong conclusion. But this position conflates disagreement with abuse of

discretion, and this Court is limited to “ascertaining whether some evidence exists to

support the juvenile court’s determination.”8 Importantly, determinations of a juvenile

court “made on an exercise of discretion, if based upon evidence, will not be

controlled by this Court.”9 So, while we certainly understand and appreciate the

State’s position, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in denying the State’s

motion to transfer A. G.’s case to the superior court.

2. The State also contends the juvenile court erred in excluding evidence of A.

G.’s prior bad acts. Again, we disagree.

OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) provides:

8
In the Interest of K. S., 348 Ga. App. at 450 (3) (punctuation omitted); see
supra note 5 & accompanying text.
9
In the Interest of K. S., 348 Ga. App. at 450 (3) (punctuation omitted).

10
 Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts shall not be admissible to
prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including,
but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. The prosecution
in a criminal proceeding shall provide reasonable notice to the defense
in advance of trial, unless pretrial notice is excused by the court upon
good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends
to introduce at trial. Notice shall not be required when the evidence of
prior crimes, wrongs, or acts is offered to prove the circumstances
immediately surrounding the charged crime, motive, or prior difficulties
between the accused and the alleged victim.

And the Supreme Court of Georgia has adopted a three-part test by which we evaluate

the admissibility of so-called “other acts” evidence: “(1) the evidence must be

relevant to an issue other than defendant’s character; (2) the probative value must not

be substantially outweighed by its undue prejudice; [and] (3) the government must

offer sufficient proof so that the jury could find that defendant committed the act.”10

10
Smart v. State, 299 Ga. 414, 417 (2) (788 SE2d 442) (2016) (punctuation
omitted); accord Webb v. State, 359 Ga. App. 453, 458 (2) (858 SE2d 546) (2021).

11
Importantly, a trial court’s evidentiary rulings “must be affirmed absent an abuse of

discretion.”11

In this matter, a few days before the evidentiary hearing on the State’s motion

to transfer, A. G. filed a motion to preclude the State from introducing evidence of

a prior bad act by him—i.e., an Instagram video, recorded nearly a week before

Winn’s shooting, allegedly depicting A. G. brandishing a handgun at actors working

in a charity haunted house sponsored by a local Shriners chapter. But nothing in the

record indicates this incident resulted in any complaint or report to authorities. Thus,

in his motion, A. G. argued the source of the video—i.e., the person who filmed

it—was unknown and that the State failed to provide sufficient notice of its intent to

introduce such evidence as required by OCGA § 24-4-404 (b). A. G. then reiterated

the argument he made at the beginning of the transfer hearing. The juvenile court

agreed, noting its questions about authentication but focusing on the State’s failure

to provide notice, and then issuing an order excluding the evidence on that latter

ground.

11
Jones v. State, 352 Ga. App. 380, 388 (2) (b) (834 SE2d 881) (2019)
(punctuation omitted).

12
 On appeal, the State maintains the notice provision does not apply to transfer

hearings. But OCGA § 24-1-2 (b) provides that “[t]he rules of evidence shall apply

generally to all nonjury trials and other fact-finding proceedings of any court in this

state subject to the limitations set forth in subsections (c) and (d) of this Code

section.” Indeed, in construing that statute, our Supreme Court has held that “under

our . . . Evidence Code, unless a fact-finding proceeding involves one of the twelve

situations enumerated in OCGA § 24-1-2 (c) and (d), the rules of evidence fully

apply[.]”12 And it is undisputed that a transfer hearing is a fact-finding proceeding and

none of the limitations outlined in OCGA § 24-1-2 (c) and (d) are applicable.13 Given

these circumstances, we cannot conclude the juvenile court abused its discretion by

excluding this prior act evidence.

3. The State further contends the juvenile court erred in admitting evidence of

Winn’s prior act of domestic violence, but we disagree that this decision constitutes

reversible error.

Prior to the transfer hearing, A. G. filed a notice of his intent to admit evidence

that Winn was arrested for an act of domestic violence against A. G.’s mother

12
Parker v. State, 296 Ga. 586, 594 (3) (a) (769 SE2d 329) (2015).
13
See OCGA § 24-1-2 (c) and (d).

13
approximately three years before the shooting incident. Following argument on the

issue, the juvenile court admitted the evidence, and the State now appeals that ruling.

Importantly, both the State and A. G. suggest in their briefs that this evidence was

admitted under OCGA § 24-4-404 (a);14 but that is not clear from the record. Indeed,

in his notice, A. G. sought to admit a prior act by Winn, rather than reputation or

opinion evidence pertaining to his character.15 And while the Supreme Court of

Georgia has noted that, under OCGA § 24-4-405 (b),16 it may be possible that “a

victim’s specific acts of violence of which the defendant had personal knowledge

may be admissible to show the defendant’s state of mind with respect to a claim of

14
See OCGA § 24-4-404 (a) (“Evidence of a person’s character or a trait of
character shall not be admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity
therewith on a particular occasion, except for [as permitted under subsections (1) -
(3)]”).
15
See OCGA § 24-4-405 (a) (“In all proceedings in which evidence of
character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof shall be made by
testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion.”); Mohamud v.
State, 297 Ga. 532, 536 (3) (773 SE2d 755) (2015) (noting that “as a general rule,
character evidence of a victim is limited to reputation or opinion, not specific bad
acts”).
16
See OCGA § 24-4-405 (b) (“In proceedings in which character or a trait of
character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense or when
an accused testifies to his or her own character, proof may also be made of specific
instances of that person’s conduct.”).

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self-defense,”17 A. G. has not claimed he acted in self defense in this matter.

Consequently, the admission of this evidence is governed by OCGA § 24-4-404 (b),

which in addition to prescribing the manner for admitting prior act evidence against

a defendant,18 similarly—for the most part—controls the admission of a victim’s prior

acts.19

Here, during the transfer hearing, the juvenile court agreed with A. G. that the

evidence of Winn’s arrest was relevant to his home life and to rebut the State’s

argument that he was a danger to the community—doing so via the implication that

the shooting incident pertained solely to his poor relationship with Winn. But in its

order admitting Winn’s prior arrest for domestic violence, the juvenile court stated

only that it found the evidence relevant to OCGA § 15-11-562 (a) (9), which requires

the court—when determining whether to transfer the case—to consider “[t]he

sophistication and maturity of such child as determined by consideration of his or her

17
Strong v. State, 309 Ga. 295, 314 (3) n.22 (845 SE2d 653) (2020).
18
See Smart, 299 Ga. at 417 (2) (explaining admissibility of defendant’s prior
acts under OCGA § 24-4-404 (b)).
19
See Ronald L. Carlson & Michael Scott Carlson, Carlson on Evidence, p. 173
(6th ed. 2018) (noting that as other acts evidence of alleged victims is generally
controlled by Federal Rules of Evidence 404 (b), OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) is the best
vehicle for introducing such evidence under Georgia law).

15
home and environmental situation, emotional condition, and pattern of living[.]” It

is not clear, then (to say the least), that the juvenile court admitted this evidence under

OCGA § 24-4-404 (b). But even if the court erred in admitting Winn’s prior act of

domestic violence, such an error does not warrant reversal of the court’s ruling to

deny the State’s transfer order. Indeed, under OCGA § 24-1-103 (a), “[e]rror shall not

be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial

right of the party is affected.” In fact, even assuming that transferring the case

implicated a “substantial right” held by the State, here, the juvenile court’s order

denying the motion to transfer only briefly mentions Winn’s prior domestic abuse

and, instead, focuses on the evidence—supported by the psychologist’s report—that

A. G. was capable of being rehabilitated—particularly because he was only 16 years

old at the time of the incident, had no prior history with the juvenile court system or

prior charges, and had never previously been provided rehabilitative services. Thus,

we find it highly unlikely that the exclusion of Winn’s prior act of domestic violence

perpetrated against A. G.’s mother and subsequent arrest would have resulted in the

juvenile court granting the State’s motion to transfer the matter to the superior court.20

20
See In the Interest of I. C., 300 Ga. App. 683, 687 (2) (b) (686 SE2d 279)
(2009) (holding that even if one of juvenile court’s factual findings was not supported
by evidence, court’s restrictive custody order was not required to be vacated given

16
Accordingly, the juvenile court did not commit reversible error in this regard, and we

therefore affirm its denial of the State’s motion.

For all these reasons, the juvenile court’s judgment is affirmed.

Judgment affirmed. Mercier and Markle, JJ., concur.

that court’s other findings of fact were supported by evidence and showed
circumstances that authorized the order); In the Interest of D. T. C., 226 Ga. App.
364, 366 (1) (487 SE2d 21) (1997) (declining to reverse juvenile court’s adjudication
of delinquency despite arguable error in admitting juvenile’s custodial statement
given evidence in support of court’s determination).

17