RENDERED: MAY 27, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2021-CA-0398-MR
ROBERT ALAN BATES APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON FAMILY COURT
v. HONORABLE ANGELA JOHNSON, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 13-CI-501538
KINSEY HEAD BATES (NOW
COWAN) APPELLEE
AND
NO. 2021-CA-0596-MR
ROBERT ALAN BATES APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON FAMILY COURT
v. HONORABLE ANGELA JOHNSON, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 13-CI-501538
KINSEY HEAD BATES (NOW
COWAN) AND ARMAND JUDAH,
ESQ. APPELLEES
OPINION
REVERSING IN PART,
VACATING IN PART, AND REMANDING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: LAMBERT, MAZE, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.
LAMBERT, JUDGE: Robert Alan Bates has appealed from two sets of rulings of
the Jefferson Family Court. The first modified his child support obligation from
$675.00 to $1,014.30, and the second directed him to pay $5,000.00 as an
advancement on attorney fees for the appeal to the attorney representing his former
wife. We vacate the order relating to child support and remand for an appropriate
calculation of child support, and we reverse the award of attorney fees.
Robert and Kinsey Head Bates (now Cowan) were married on August
17, 2002, in Paradise Island, Bahamas, and together they have three children (two
sons, born in 2001 and 2009, and one daughter, born in 2006). The parties
separated in January 2013, and Robert filed a petition to dissolve the marriage on
May 20, 2013. In addition to the assignment of non-marital property and equitable
division of marital property, debts, and obligations, Robert sought an award of
joint custody of the three minor children and a determination of child support.
Kinsey filed a counter-petition seeking sole custody of the children. At the time
the petitions were filed, Kinsey was the owner of a boutique, The Prickly Pear, and
worked as a leasing agent earning $150.00 every two weeks. In a later disclosure,
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Kinsey listed her income as a leasing agent as $150.00 to $200.00 every two weeks
and that she had started Initial Me Pink, a home business in embroidery and
graphic design. Robert was employed as an MRI Technologist earning a net pay of
$1,950.43 every two weeks (gross pay of $2,540.03), including overtime. He had a
second job working as a PRN earning a net pay of $290.00 every two weeks (gross
pay $375.00), including overtime. A mediation attempt was unsuccessful.
In October 2013, the parties reached an agreement as to custody. The
parties agreed to share joint legal custody of the minor children with shared
parenting time and an equal division of holidays. The court entered a decree
dissolving the marriage on December 3, 2013, in which it also awarded the parties
joint custody of the minor children pursuant to their agreement. On January 29,
2014, the family court entered an order approving the parties’ agreement as to the
remaining issues, including the division of personal property, the marital residence,
and an equalization payment for Kinsey. Both parties waived claims for
maintenance and were to pay their respective attorney fees. Kinsey surrendered
any claim to Robert’s 401K account, and Robert waived any claim to Kinsey’s
business, Initial Me Pink. The parties’ debts had been discharged in a Chapter 7
bankruptcy proceeding, and each would be responsible for the debt he or she
incurred that was not listed.
As to child support, the agreement provided in paragraph 4:
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Rob shall pay child support of $675.00 per month
commencing January 15, 2014. Child support for
January shall be paid February 1, 2014, and regular
monthly child support shall continue thereafter. Child
support shall be paid via 2 equal monthly installments.
Child support was based upon Kinsey $30,000 and
Rob $77,000 gross annual income. Rob pays $244.50
per month for the children’s health insurance. Uninsured
or extraordinary medical expenses shall be paid: Rob
71.9%, Kinsey 28.1%. The parties shall settle up on
extraordinary medical expenses every 3 months if not
sooner. Failure to present medical reimbursement claims
and proof thereof to the other within 90 days of billing
forfeits that party’s claim for reimbursement. Payment to
be made to the other within 30 days.
In paragraph 7, the parties addressed the children’s education:
Children to remain enrolled at St. Aloysius for
2013/2014 school year with each party paying ½ of
monthly tuition. Parties will renew enrollment for
following school year on same basis if parties [are]
financially able. Otherwise, children will be enrolled in
public school. Parties to confer on all education
decisions. Each party [is] solely responsible for their
50% share of monthly tuition payment – 50% each.
Finally, the parties addressed claiming the children for income tax purposes.
In July of 2014, the parties entered into an agreed order regarding
parenting issues. Among other topics, they agreed that “[m]ajor decisions about
the children’s education will be made by both parties together. They will decide
together which schools the children will attend.”
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Several years later, on October 9, 2020, Robert moved the family
court to modify his child support obligation. There had been a substantial and
continuing change of circumstances pursuant to Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS)
403.213 when their oldest child reached the age of 18 and graduated from high
school. At that time, the parties were exercising equal parenting time with the two
remaining minor children. Robert included a child support worksheet imputing an
annual gross income of $30,000.00 to Kinsey as he did not have her financial
information. And he listed his gross income as $69,504.00, using financial data
from 2019. His calculation resulted in his owing Kinsey $363.00 per month in
child support. In an attached affidavit, Robert stated that he had earned somewhat
more than usual in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Robert renewed his motion in November and attached Kinsey’s 2019
tax return and her three most recent paycheck stubs along with a revised child
support worksheet. In an affidavit, Robert indicated that he was paying for the
children’s insurance at a monthly cost of $178.00 and that he was continuing to
make more money than usual due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kinsey was
earning $20.00 per hour working about 40 hours per week pursuant to her
paycheck stubs but was claiming to only work 30 hours per week. Robert included
a child support worksheet using the Craig Ross software.1 Based on Kinsey’s net
1
The parties used this software program throughout the modification proceedings.
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monthly income of $2,876.00 (31.26%) and his net monthly income of $3,858.00
(68.74%), Robert calculated that he owed Kinsey $339.00 per month in child
support using the June 27, 2019, tables. He based this on the following calculation
for shared custody: “Sum Of Days Formula (Using 1.5 Times Base [Base support
was $1,404.00, and 1.5 times base was $2,106.00, with $178.00 in additional
expenses]). (.500 Of $1392) Minus (.500 Of $714) Is The Net Transfer.”
Kinsey objected to Robert’s motion to reduce his child support
obligation, arguing that his calculation was incorrect, although she agreed that
child support should be recalculated based upon the emancipation of the oldest
child. She said her hours and rate of pay had changed due to her new role in the
same company due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The paycheck stubs she attached
showed that she worked 38.17 hours at a rate of $20.00 per hour from September
19 through September 25, 2020; 41.33 hours at a rate of $20.00 per hour ($30.00
for her overtime hours) from September 26 to October 2, 2020; and 39 hours at a
rate of $20.00 per hour from October 3 through October 9, 2020. In her child
support worksheet, Kinsey listed her gross income as $23,124.00 and Robert’s as
$88,836.00. By her calculation, Robert would owe $611.00 per month based on
her net monthly income of $2,422.00 (20.65%, or half of a $492.00 obligation) and
his net month income of $4,806.00 (79.35%, or half of a $1,713.00 obligation).
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Like Robert, Kinsey included a calculation based on their equally shared custody
arrangement.
By order entered November 25, 2020, the family court temporarily
modified Robert’s child support obligation to $1,713.00 per month. Robert moved
the court to reconsider or alter, amend, or vacate this temporary order, stating that a
child support obligation of $1,713.00 was not supported by the evidence. He
pointed out that Kinsey requested the amount be modified to $611.00 per month.
Robert did not believe the family court took into account the 50/50 shared
parenting schedule. In addition, Robert argued that the financial documents
Kinsey attached showed that she was earning $41,600.00 per year and had not
substantiated the lower income she listed on her child support worksheet. In the
2014 agreement, Kinsey’s income had been imputed at $30,000.00 per year. He
also disputed Kinsey’s use of an annual salary for him of $88,836.00 as he had
been working unusually long hours in the healthcare field due to the COVID-19
pandemic. He suggested that basing child support on their pre-COVID-19 incomes
would be more just.
In her response, Kinsey agreed with Robert that the family court was
incorrect in the amount of child support it ordered Robert to pay. Instead, she
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stated that the proper amount of child support he owed was $1,212.00 per month. 2
She stated that while the child support chart showed $611.00 per month, that was
only a suggestion based on the way the program computed child support with a
shared parenting schedule and was up to the court’s discretion. She did not have
any objection to Robert’s paying $1,212.00 per month in child support. Kinsey
then discussed her income that she said had decreased due to the COVID-19
pandemic.
The court held a hearing on the motion to alter, amend, or vacate on
December 7, 2020. And on December 14, 2020, the court entered a temporary
order amending the November order to provide that Robert’s child support
obligation was $1,212.00 per month effective that date and scheduled a hearing on
Robert’s motion for early in 2021 where the parties could put evidence on the
record.
Robert provided an updated child support worksheet in February 2021
in which he calculated his obligation would be $330.00 per month. He based this
on Kinsey’s net monthly income of $2,679.00 representing 32.24% of the
combined adjusted gross income (her annual gross income was listed as
$34,992.00) and his net monthly income of $4,655.00 representing 67.76% (his
2
Based upon Kinsey’s worksheet, Robert’s obligation of $1713.00 minus Kinsey’s obligation of
$492.00 actually equals $1,221.00, not $1,212.00
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annual gross income was $73,541.00). The base total support was $1,450.00, 1.5
times the base was $2,175.00, and there was $177.00 in additional expenses from
Robert’s payment of the children’s health insurance premiums. Kinsey’s presumed
obligation was $758.00 (her base obligation of $701.00 plus her expense obligation
of $57.00). Robert’s presumed obligation was $1,417.00 (his base obligation of
$1,474.00 plus his expenses obligation of $120.00 minus his expense credit of
$177.00). With their shared custody arrangement, half of $1417.00 minus half of
$758.00 resulted in a net transfer of $330.00 from Robert to Kinsey.
Kinsey also filed an updated child support worksheet prior to the
hearing using $34,992.00 as her gross income and $84,540.00 as Robert’s gross
income. Robert’s presumed obligation of $1,555.00 minus Kinsey’s presumed
obligation of $717.00 resulted in a difference of $838.00 per month. Using the
shared parenting time calculation, the amount Robert owed was $419.00 per
month.
The court held an evidentiary hearing via Zoom on February 5, 2021.
Robert testified first. He discussed their original agreement as to child support and
that it was based on Kinsey having an income of $30,000.00 and Robert having an
income of $77,000.00. Robert was responsible for the children’s health insurance,
and he had been paying half of the private school tuition for the youngest child.
He moved the court to modify child support in October 2020 when their oldest
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child became emancipated. His W-2 forms showed that his total gross income
from both of his jobs in 2020 was $73,541.18. This was slightly less than what he
was earning when they entered into the 2014 agreement. The COVID-19
pandemic had slightly increased his income due to his having to cover third shift
when other employees were out due to sickness or quarantine. He paid $177.45
per month for the children’s health insurance. He and Kinsey had been exercising
50/50 shared parenting time every other week. He wanted the court to take this
into consideration in setting child support. Robert’s latest child support worksheet
was based upon his 2020 income and what he was told was Kinsey’s income.
Based on this calculation, he requested that child support be set at $330.00 per
month and that he receive a credit for overpaid support from the previous three
months.
Kinsey testified next. She was working at Bottom Sign Company,
where she had been employed for about one and one-half years. She earned
$20.00 per hour, and she worked between 30 to 40 hours per week. She thought
she would be making $30,000.00 per year. Her 2020 W-2 showed that she earned
$26,633.64 from her employment that year. She had also earned some
unemployment benefits. She denied having any other income.
When she and Robert divorced, Kinsey had a company called Initial
Me Pink, which had closed in 2018. The PayPal account still had that name, but
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she did not know how to change that. She did not receive any income from any
other side businesses. Kinsey had provided copies of her checking account
statements beginning on December 27, 2019. The statements showed several
deposits from Etsy from her sale of the children’s old clothes and toys. She had
received between $600.00 and $800.00 from those sales. Her Etsy income was
periodic, not regular. She said the website for Initial Me Pink was no longer
active; she had sold the domain on GoDaddy.com when she closed out the business
in 2018. Kinsey’s bank records showed that she had received $13,880.00 in
unemployment benefits in 2020. She said their son had been on unemployment so
it could be mixed in with that as they shared the same account, but she was not
sure. She said there were a few weeks where she received an additional $600.00 in
benefits. She did not know how much she received versus how much her son
received in unemployment benefits. She did not include her unemployment
payments and her PayPal accounts as sources of income in discovery because she
did not consider that income from another job. She had submitted the
unemployment payments separately. She said she was not trying to hide that or her
income from selling the children’s old toys and clothing.
Kinsey went on to testify about the children’s private school tuition
and expenses. She paid $900.00 per month in tuition for their daughter; Robert did
not pay any of this. Robert paid half of the tuition for their youngest child but had
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told her he was not paying for any next year. Kinsey stated that she and Robert
had a verbal agreement to share the cost of the children’s private school tuition
through 8th grade, and then it was up to her discretion moving forward. She also
testified about other sports expenses she covered for the children’s participation in
lacrosse (the daughter) and football, soccer, and basketball (the son). She also paid
for book and uniform fees.
Kinsey agreed it would be fair to impute income to her in the amount
of $35,000.00. Based on her latest child support worksheet, Kinsey believed
$838.00 in child support was appropriate.
On March 4, 2021, the family court entered an order ruling on
Robert’s motion to reconsider. As to Robert’s annual income, the court opted to
use the average of what he earned in 2019 ($69,509.00) and 2020 ($84,497.58),
which was $77,003.29. The court believed this was a fair and equitable
representation of his annual gross income. We note that Robert has not disputed
this amount in his appeal. As to Kinsey’s income and expenses, the court found:
[Kinsey] is employed and earns $20 per hour and
works an average of thirty-one (31) hours per week.
[Kinsey] sells the children’s old toys and equipment
online and earns an estimated $800 in total but does not
depend on that as income and it is periodic and
inconsistent. [Kinsey] has not owned or operated her
previous business since 2018, despite repeatedly being
questioned by [Robert] as to the current operation status
of that company. [Kinsey] does maintain a PayPal
account with the same name as the former company, but
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it does not receive or transfer funds to or from that
business. [Kinsey] does not maintain any other financial
accounts and a mutual fund she was awarded in the
divorce was cashed out and put towards their oldest
child’s education. [Kinsey] pays $900 per month for
their daughter’s private school tuition, with the assistance
of financial aid. [Kinsey] also pays for the other half of
their son’s private school tuition but believes after this
year she will be solely responsible for those payments as
[Robert] no longer wishes to contribute to private school.
[Kinsey] pays for the children’s extracurricular activities,
which varies based upon the sport. [Kinsey] testified that
she believes it would be fair and equitable to impute her
annual gross income at $35,000 for the purposes of child
support.
The court calculated child support based on Robert’s gross income of $6,416.94
per month and Kinsey’s gross income of $2,916.66, representing 69% and 31%,
respectively, of the combined incomes. Robert’s pro rata share of the base child
support of $1,470.00 was $1,014.30, which the court stated was his base monthly
child support, minus his health insurance payment.
The court considered Robert’s request that it deviate from the child
support guidelines based on their equal parenting time. The court opted not to do
so for the following reasons:
Based upon [Robert’s] testimony and the cross-
examination of [Kinsey], it is apparent to this Court that
[Robert] is seeking to limit his financial obligation to the
children. He is lessening his obligation to pay for their
private school, he has lessened his obligation to pay or
reimburse [Kinsey] for the children’s extracurricular
activities, and conversely he [is] seeking to present
[Kinsey’s] income to appear inflated or that she is
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concealing some liquid accounts or resources, all the
while presenting his income to be less than what his tax
forms are reporting and requesting this Court utilize his
2019 income as it is lesser than 2020, with no supporting
legal basis. The hard numbers reflect that [Robert] earns
nearly double what [Kinsey] earns and continues to be
the higher income earner, as he was during the marriage.
These factors are the exact antithesis of the factors that
would allow this Court to deviate child support based
upon parenting time. Despite these facts, [Robert] did
not present any evidence that the children’s lifestyle in
his home are equal to the lifestyle in [Kinsey]’s home
and otherwise equal resources for the children. [Robert]
merely bases his request for a deviation on the sole fact
that he and [Kinsey] have equal parenting time and that is
not sufficient when taken in with the totality of the facts
– namely that [Kinsey] is solely responsible for many of
the children’s expenses.
Therefore, the family court ordered Robert’s monthly child support obligation to
be $1,014.30 made retroactive to the date he filed his motion. Robert filed a notice
of appeal from the November 25, 2020, December 14, 2020, and March 4, 2021,
orders (Appeal No. 2021-CA-0398-MR).
After Robert filed his notice of appeal, Kinsey moved the family court
pursuant to KRS 403.220 for an advancement of $5,000.00 to go toward her
attorney fees to defend Robert’s appeal. She stated that she would incur significant
fees, which would create a severe financial hardship for her. Robert objected to
the motion, noting that the court had not held a hearing on the parties’ respective
financial resources, which had not been before the court since 2014. In addition,
his hours at his second job had been cut from 48 hours per month to 24 hours per
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month, equating to a loss of $770.00 monthly. He also discussed the children’s
expenses that he had paid without reimbursement from Kinsey and Kinsey’s lack
of candor regarding unemployment benefits appearing in her bank statements as
well as the continued operation of her business, Initial Me Pink. By order entered
April 23, 2021, the court ordered Robert to pay an advancement of Kinsey’s
attorney fees in the amount of $5,000.00 and to remit that amount to her attorney,
Armand I. Judah, within fifteen days.
Robert moved the court to alter, amend, or vacate the April 23, 2021,
order, stating that he did not have the resources to pay the amount all at once and
that his objection had demonstrated that Kinsey had misrepresented her own
financial resources. He also requested specific findings in the event his motion to
vacate was denied. Following a court appearance on May 10, 2021, the court
denied Robert’s motion. Robert filed his second notice of appeal from the April 23
and May 13, 2021, orders, naming both Kinsey and her counsel as appellees.3
On appeal, Robert argues that the family court abused its discretion
and committed error in determining the amount of child support he owed and
abused its discretion in ordering him to advance attorney fees to Kinsey’s attorney.
Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (CR) 52.01 provides the general
framework for the family court as well as review in the Court of Appeals:
3
The two appeals were consolidated by order entered June 23, 2021.
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In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with
an advisory jury, the court shall find the facts specifically
and state separately its conclusions of law thereon and
render an appropriate judgment[.] . . . Findings of fact,
shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due
regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court
to judge the credibility of the witnesses.
See Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003) (footnote omitted) (An
appellate court may set aside a lower court’s findings made pursuant to CR 52.01
“only if those findings are clearly erroneous.”). The Asente Court went on to
address substantial evidence:
“[S]ubstantial evidence” is “[e]vidence that a reasonable
mind would accept as adequate to support a conclusion”
and evidence that, when “taken alone or in the light of all
the evidence, . . . has sufficient probative value to induce
conviction in the minds of reasonable men.” Regardless
of conflicting evidence, the weight of the evidence, or the
fact that the reviewing court would have reached a
contrary finding, “due regard shall be given to the
opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of
the witnesses” because judging the credibility of
witnesses and weighing evidence are tasks within the
exclusive province of the trial court. Thus, “[m]ere doubt
as to the correctness of [a] finding [will] not justify [its]
reversal,” and appellate courts should not disturb trial
court findings that are supported by substantial evidence.
Id. (footnotes omitted).
Regarding our review of child support obligations, we stated in
C.D.G. v. N.J.S., 469 S.W.3d 413, 418 (Ky. 2015):
As the courts of this Commonwealth have
repeatedly stated, trial courts have broad discretion in
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determining child-support matters. See Artrip v. Noe,
311 S.W.3d 229, 232 (Ky. 2010) (“The trial court is
vested with broad discretion in the establishment,
enforcement, and modification of child support.”); Van
Meter v. Smith, 14 S.W.3d 569, 574 (Ky. App. 2000)
(“[T]his state’s domestic relations law is founded upon
general statutory guidelines and presumptions within
which the trial court has considerable discretion. The
trial court has discretion in many instances, moreover, to
deviate from the statutory parameters, but only if it
makes findings clearly justifying the deviation.”).
“[T]hat discretion extends, pursuant to KRS 403.211(2)-
(4), to deviations from guidelines-determined child
support amounts.” Commonwealth, Cabinet for Health
and Family Services v. Ivy, 353 S.W.3d 324, 329 (Ky.
2011).
“The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial judge’s decision was arbitrary,
unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” C.D.G. v. N.J.S.,
469 S.W.3d. at 421) (quoting Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945
(Ky. 1999)).
Robert’s overriding argument in the first appeal is that the family
court abused its discretion in setting the amount of child support and, more
specifically, when it did not deviate from the child support guidelines to take into
account his shared custody with Kinsey. The family court increased his obligation
from $675.00 per month for three children to $1,014.30 per month for two
children, an increase of $339.30 per month. We agree with Robert that this
constituted an abuse of discretion.
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KRS 403.213 sets forth the criteria necessary to modify an order for
child support:
(1) The Kentucky child support guidelines may be used
by the parent, custodian, or agency substantially
contributing to the support of the child as the basis for
periodic updates of child support obligations and for
modification of child support orders for health care. The
provisions of any decree respecting child support may be
modified only as to installments accruing subsequent to
the filing of the motion for modification and only upon a
showing of a material change in circumstances that is
substantial and continuing.
(2) Application of the Kentucky child support guidelines
to the circumstances of the parties at the time of the filing
of a motion or petition for modification of the child
support order which results in equal to or greater than a
fifteen percent (15%) change in the amount of support
due per month shall be rebuttably presumed to be a
material change in circumstances. Application which
results in less than a fifteen percent (15%) change in the
amount of support due per month shall be rebuttably
presumed not to be a material change in circumstances.
For the one (1) year period immediately following
enactment of this statute, the presumption of material
change shall be a twenty-five percent (25%) change in
the amount of child support due rather than the fifteen
percent (15%) stated above.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed in writing or expressly
provided in the decree, provisions for the support of a
child shall be terminated by emancipation of the child
unless the child is a high school student when he reaches
the age of eighteen (18). . . .
Accordingly, in order for Robert to be entitled to a modification of his child
support of $675.00 per month, he must establish that there had been “a material
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change in circumstances that is substantial and continuing” that resulted in a 15%
or greater change in the amount of support he owed to Kinsey. KRS 403.213(1).
Here, their oldest child had reached the age of 18 and had graduated from high
school.
KRS 403.211 addresses child support and provides courts with an
option to deviate from the guidelines set forth in KRS 403.212 under certain
circumstances:
(2) At the time of initial establishment of a child support
order, whether temporary or permanent, or in any
proceeding to modify a support order, the child support
guidelines in KRS 403.212 shall serve as a rebuttable
presumption for the establishment or modification of the
amount of child support. Courts may deviate from the
guidelines where their application would be unjust or
inappropriate. Any deviation shall be accompanied by a
written finding or specific finding on the record by the
court, specifying the reason for the deviation.
(3) A written finding or specific finding on the record
that the application of the guidelines would be unjust or
inappropriate in a particular case shall be sufficient to
rebut the presumption and allow for an appropriate
adjustment of the guideline award if based upon one (1)
or more of the following criteria:
(a) A child’s extraordinary medical or dental
needs;
(b) A child’s extraordinary educational, job
training, or special needs;
(c) Either parent’s own extraordinary needs,
such as medical expenses;
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(d) The independent financial resources, if
any, of the child or children;
(e) Combined monthly adjusted parental
gross income in excess of the Kentucky
child support guidelines;
(f) The parents of the child, having
demonstrated knowledge of the amount of
child support established by the Kentucky
child support guidelines, have agreed to
child support different from the guideline
amount. However, no such agreement shall
be the basis of any deviation if public
assistance is being paid on behalf of a child
under the provisions of Part D of Title IV of
the Federal Social Security Act; and
(g) Any similar factor of an extraordinary
nature specifically identified by the court
which would make application of the
guidelines inappropriate.
(Footnote omitted.)
In Plattner v. Plattner, 228 S.W.3d 577, 579-80 (Ky. App. 2007), this
Court discussed the flexibility of the child support guidelines:
While Kentucky’s child support guidelines do not
contemplate such a shared custody arrangement, they do
reflect the equal duty of both parents to contribute to the
support of their children in proportion to their respective
net incomes. They also provide a measure of flexibility
that is particularly relevant in this case. Under the
provisions of KRS 403.211(2) and (3), a trial court may
deviate from the child support guidelines when it finds
that their application would be unjust or inappropriate.
The period of time during which the children reside with
each parent may be considered in determining child
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support, and a relatively equal division of physical
custody may constitute valid grounds for deviating from
the guidelines. Brown v. Brown, [] 952 S.W.2d 707 (Ky.
App. 1997); Downey v. Rogers, 847 S.W.2d 63 (Ky.
App. 1993).
In Downey v. Rogers, 847 S.W.2d 63 (Ky. App.
1993), we declined to conclude that a trial court had
abused its discretion by awarding child support where the
parties shared legal custody and shared equal or almost
equal physical custody of their children. However, our
conclusion was based, in part, upon the fact that the
children’s father had agreed to pay a portion of his child
support obligation to the children’s mother. We also
noted that the children’s father earned twice as much
annually as did their mother; thus, her share of the
children’s expenses was proportionately more
cumbersome.
The evidence as described in Plattner’s brief is
notably different and distinguishable and does not
support the conclusion that his child support obligation as
reflected in the guidelines should be paid to Levoir. The
parties were awarded joint custody of the children, and
neither of them was designated as the primary residential
custodian. Because physical custody of the children is
evenly divided between the parents, they bear an almost
identical responsibility for the day-to-day expenses
associated with their care. And since there is no
significant disparity between the parties’ annual income,
the expenses necessary to provide a home for the children
(even when they are not in residence) are also incurred
by each party in equal proportion.
The statutory guidelines offer sufficient flexibility
to allow the trial court to fashion appropriate and just
child support orders. Under the unique circumstances of
this case, we conclude that the trial court erred by
awarding child support to Levoir.
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Robert argues that such circumstances exist in this case that justify a deviation
from the child support guidelines.
First, we agree with Robert that the parties essentially agreed to
deviate from the child support guidelines in their 2014 agreement that the court
adopted. At that time, the parties had three minor children, and Robert’s support
obligation was set at $675.00 per month. This was based upon Robert’s gross
annual income of $77,000.00 and Kinsey’s gross annual income of $30,000.00. In
addition, Robert paid $244.50 per month in health insurance premiums for the
children. And uninsured or extraordinary medical expenses were to be split 71.9%
to Robert and 28.1% to Kinsey. We note that in the 2021 modification order, the
family court based its ruling that Robert owed $1,014.30 in child support on an
annual gross income of $77,003.29 for Robert (which has not been contested) and
$35,000.00 for Kinsey, resulting in a 69%/31% split in the combined incomes.
Robert’s income has stayed essentially the same, while Kinsey’s has increased.
In addition, during the modification proceedings, both parties had
filed child support worksheets using the Craig Ross program, calculating the child
support due with a shared custody formula that also included expense obligations
and a credit for Robert’s payment of the children’s health insurance. In his
worksheet filed in 2020 using financial records from both parties, Robert used
gross annual incomes of $69,509.00 and $31,606.00 to calculate that he owed
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Kinsey $339.00 in a shared custody arrangement (his presumed obligation was
$1,392.00 and hers was $714.00). Kinsey’s 2020 worksheet reflected gross annual
incomes of $88,836.00 and $23,124.00 resulting in a calculation that Robert owed
her $611.00 per month in a shared custody arrangement (the presumed obligations
were $1,713.00 and $492.00). Robert’s February 2021 worksheet used gross
annual incomes of $73,541.00 and $34,992.00 to calculate that he owed $330.00 in
monthly child support (his presumed obligation was $1,417.00 and hers was
$758.00). Kinsey’s February 2021 worksheet used gross annual incomes of
$84,540.00 and $34,992.00 to calculate that Robert owed $419.00 per month in
child support (his presumed obligation was $1,555.00 and hers was $717.00).
The family court, however, declined to deviate from the child support
guidelines, citing its belief that Robert was seeking to limit his financial obligation
to the children related to private school tuition and extracurricular activities and
that he tried to present his income as less than it appeared to be while inflating
Kinsey’s income. Their shared, equal parenting time, the court concluded, was not
sufficient to support a deviation from the guidelines. We agree with Robert that
the considerations the court listed as the basis for its decision not to deviate from
the guidelines constituted an abuse of discretion.
As to private school tuition, this Court held in Ridgeway v. Warren,
605 S.W.3d 567, 570 (Ky. App. 2020), that “in the absence of an agreement, a trial
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court cannot order a parent to pay private school tuition without a showing that
public schools are inadequate for a child’s educational needs.” We note that the
parties’ 2014 agreement only addressed the 2013/2014 school year and that they
only agreed to renew their enrollment if they were financially able to do so. As to
extracurricular activity fees, the parties had not addressed such fees in the 2014
agreement, and Kinsey had never moved the court to increase child support or to
order Robert to pay a share of these fees. Finally, Robert had every right to
examine Kinsey about her financial documents, including the deposit of
unemployment benefits and payments from Etsy, and the court should not have
penalized Robert for doing so.
Furthermore, as Robert pointed out in his brief, the General Assembly
recently enacted a new section of KRS Chapter 403, KRS 403.2121, which
mandates an adjustment of child support obligations based upon the amount of
parenting time each parent has. This section, part of House Bill (HB) 404, was
approved on March 19, 2021, and became effective on March 1, 2022. It provides,
in relevant part:4
(1) Except as provided in subsection (4) of this section or
otherwise provided in this chapter, the child support
obligation determined under KRS 403.212 shall be
subject to further adjustment as follows:
4
In HB 501, approved on April 8, 2022, the General Assembly repealed and reenacted KRS
403.2121. The new version of the statute has an effective date of March 31, 2023.
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(a) If the parents share equal parenting time,
the child support obligation determined
under KRS 403.212 shall be divided
between the parents in proportion to their
combined monthly adjusted parental gross
income, and the parent with the greater
proportional child support obligation shall
pay the parent with the lesser proportional
obligation the difference in the value of each
parent’s proportional obligation[.]
Based upon this legislative enactment, we agree with Robert that the General
Assembly codified the practice of calculating child support by considering the
number of nights each parent is exercising parenting time with the minor child or
children. This represents Kentucky’s public policy as to the calculation of child
support.
As we stated in Plattner, “[w]ithin statutory parameters, the
establishment, modification, and enforcement of child support obligations are left
to the sound discretion of the trial court. However, this discretion is not unlimited.
It must be fair, reasonable, and supported by sound legal principles.” 228 S.W.3d
at 579 (citations omitted). Our review establishes that the family court’s
modification of Robert’s monthly child support obligation from $675.00 for three
children to in excess of $1,000.00 for two children cannot be said to be fair,
reasonable, or supported by sound legal principles. The parties had agreed to a
support obligation that deviated from the child support guidelines and had
submitted child support worksheets including calculations based upon shared
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parenting, albeit using varying incomes. Robert’s income had not increased from
the time of the 2014 agreement while Kinsey’s had. And the family court’s
reasons for not deviating from the guidelines were not legally proper under the
circumstances of the case. We further note that the amount the family court set as
Robert’s obligation did not subtract his payment of the children’s health insurance
premiums, despite a statement in the order that this amount had been subtracted
from it.
For these reasons, we hold that the family court abused its discretion
in setting the modified amount of child support Robert owed to Kinsey. The
family court should have calculated a modified amount considering their shared
parenting arrangement. Therefore, we must vacate the March 4, 2021, order
modifying child support and remand for a new calculation of Robert’s obligation.
Robert’s second appeal addresses the family court’s order directing
him to advance $5,000.00 in attorney fees for the appeal to Kinsey’s counsel on
her behalf. KRS 403.220 provides a court with the discretion to award costs and
attorney fees in proceedings under KRS Chapter 403:
The court from time to time after considering the
financial resources of both parties may order a party to
pay a reasonable amount for the cost to the other party of
maintaining or defending any proceeding under this
chapter and for attorney’s fees, including sums for legal
services rendered and costs incurred prior to the
commencement of the proceeding or after entry of
judgment. The court may order that the amount be paid
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directly to the attorney, who may enforce the order in his
name.
In Rumpel v. Rumpel, 438 S.W.3d 354, 363 (Ky. 2014), the Supreme Court of
Kentucky addressed this statute, observing:
The purpose of the fee-shifting statute, we have noted, is
simply to ensure the fairness of domestic relations
proceedings: “to prevent one party to a divorce action
from controlling the outcome solely because he or she is
in a position of financial superiority,” Neidlinger [v.
Neidlinger, 52 S.W.3d 513, 521 (Ky. 2001)], and “to
equalize the status of the parties to a dissolution
proceeding . . . in an effort to eliminate the inequities
resulting from the termination of the relationship.”
Sullivan [v. Levin, 555 S.W.2d 261, 263 (Ky. 1977)]. To
that end, if the parties’ resources are disparate, the trial
court enjoys a broad discretion under the statute to
allocate costs and award fees, Wilhoit v. Wilhoit, 521
S.W.2d 512, 514 (Ky. 1975), including “wide latitude to
sanction or discourage” “conduct and tactics which waste
the court’s and attorneys’ time.” Gentry [v. Gentry, 798
S.W.2d 928, 938 (Ky. 1990)].
A few years later, the Supreme Court clarified that a financial disparity does not
have to exist for a court to award fees; rather, it may be considered:
[A]fter a trial court considers the parties’ financial
resources, it may order one party to pay a reasonable
amount of the other party’s attorney’s fees. The statute
does not require that a financial disparity must exist in
order for the trial court to do so; rather, that language is a
creature of case law born out of this Court’s decisions –
and today, we slay this forty-year-old dragon hatched
from precedent.
While financial disparity is no longer a threshold
requirement which must be met in order for a trial court
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to award attorney’s fees, we note that the financial
disparity is still a viable factor for trial courts to consider
in following the statute and looking at the parties’ total
financial picture.
Smith v. McGill, 556 S.W.3d 552, 556 (Ky. 2018).
Kinsey based her motion for an advancement of attorney fees on the
disparity in their income, with Robert earning 69% of their combined income, and
her assertion that she would incur significant attorney fees to defend the appeal of
the child support issue. Robert, in both his response to Kinsey’s motion below and
his appellate brief, pointed out that the family court had not held a hearing to
consider their respective financial resources before awarding the fees and therefore
did not have sufficient evidence to properly award fees. While Kinsey argues that
the family court had recently held a hearing on child support modification that
involved the parties’ incomes and expenses, we agree with Robert that the family
court did not specifically take any proof regarding the extent of their financial
resources. And Robert again points to inconsistences in Kinsey’s testimony as to
the true amount of her income based upon the unemployment benefits deposited
into her checking account and her Initial Me Pink page on Etsy. In addition, we
note that the parties agreed to pay their own attorney fees in the 2014 agreement.
The family court did not offer any reason for its award of fees, despite Robert’s
request in his motion to alter, amend, or vacate the fee award.
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Because the family court did not hear any evidence as to the extent of
the parties’ financial resources, other than as to their respective income and some
of the children’s expenses, we hold that it was an abuse of discretion for the family
court to award $5,000.00 in attorney fees on behalf of Kinsey to her counsel under
these circumstances. Therefore, we must reverse the family court’s April 23, 2021,
order requiring Robert to pay $5,000.00 as an advancement of Kinsey’s attorney
fees for the appeal.
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the Jefferson Family Court
modifying Robert’s child support obligation is vacated, the order directing Robert
to pay an advancement of Kinsey’s attorney fees is reversed, and this matter is
remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this Opinion.
THOMPSON, L., JUDGE, CONCURS.
MAZE, JUDGE, CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
M. Thomas Underwood Armand I. Judah
Louisville, Kentucky Louisville, Kentucky
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