[Cite as In re J.N., 2022-Ohio-2109.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: J.N., a minor child. : APPEAL NOS. C-210317
C-210387
: TRIAL NO. 19-275Z
: O P I N I O N.
Appeals From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court
Judgments Appealed From Are: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: June 22, 2022
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Mary Stier, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee State of Ohio,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Jessica Moss, Assistant
Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant J.N.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
WINKLER, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant J.N. has appealed the Hamilton County Juvenile
Court’s orders continuing his classification as a Tier I juvenile offender registrant
under Ohio’s version of the Adam Walsh Act (“AWA”) and releasing him from
reporting probation and placing him on nonreporting probation with monitored time.
We affirm the juvenile court’s judgments.
Facts and Procedure
{¶2} On January 15, 2019, a complaint was filed against J.N. in the Hamilton
County Juvenile Court, alleging that he was delinquent for having committed acts
which, had they been committed by an adult, would have constituted the offense of
rape. He admitted to a reduced charge of gross sexual imposition. J.N., who was 14
years old at the time of the offense, and the victim, his 12-year-old cousin, were
spending the night at a relative’s home. J.N. entered the victim’s bedroom, attempted
to have vaginal intercourse with her, and forced her to perform fellatio on him.
{¶3} After a dispositional hearing on May 14, 2019, the juvenile court
imposed a suspended commitment to the Ohio Department of Youth Services (“DYS”)
until age 21, placed J.N. on probation, and ordered him to complete the sex-offender
residential program at Lighthouse Youth Services (“Lighthouse”). The commitment
was suspended on the condition, among other things, that J.N. “obey all laws and
orders of this Court.” Subsequently, J.N. was classified as a Tier I juvenile offender
registrant and was notified of his duties to register as a sex offender.
{¶4} Two probation violations were filed against J.N. One alleged that he
had consumed two Percocets while at Lighthouse; the other alleged that he was to be
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
removed from the program due to behavioral issues, but he was ultimately allowed to
remain in the program.
{¶5} Eventually, a dependency proceeding was initiated in connection with
the delinquency case because J.N. could not return home to live as there were young
children in the home. J.N. was ultimately moved to a different program in the same
facility. In the dependency portion of the case, a caseworker for the Hamilton County
Department of Job and Family Services (“JFS”) filed a progress report that stated that
J.N. had attacked a smaller resident, that J.N.’s temper was of concern, and that J.N.
had choked a resident until he “passed out” and then “threw him on the floor.” The
report also stated that the staff and J.N.’s therapist had seen “much improvement” in
J.N.
{¶6} After J.N. had completed the Lighthouse program, the juvenile court
held an end-of-disposition hearing to determine whether his Tier I classification
should be continued. Following a hearing, the juvenile court determined that J.N.’s
classification should continue. J.N. has appealed that judgment in the appeal
numbered C-210317.
{¶7} On June 24, 2021, the juvenile court entered an order releasing J.N.
from “official probation” and placing him on nonreporting probation with monitored
time. J.N. has appealed that order in the appeal numbered C-210387. The appeals
have been consolidated. J.N. has raised four assignments of error for our review.
Assignments of Error
{¶8} Before addressing J.N.’s assignments of error, we turn to the state’s
argument that the orders from which J.N. has appealed are not final orders.
The Orders are Final Appealable Orders
{¶9} The state asserts that the orders from which J.N. has appealed are not
final appealable orders. The state argues that because the juvenile court held the end-
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
of-disposition hearing too early, i.e., before the actual end of J.N.’s disposition, which
was age 21, the orders are not final and appealable. We note that neither party
objected below to the timing of the end-of-disposition hearing and neither party has
raised an assignment of error on appeal challenging the timing of the hearing. Further,
the Ohio Supreme Court held in In re R.B., 162 Ohio St.3d 281, 2020-Ohio-5476, 165
N.E.3d 288, ¶ 49, that R.C. 2152.84’s “statutory directive that the hearing be held
‘upon completion of the disposition’ is not a jurisdictional requirement.”
{¶10} An order is final and appealable when it “affects a substantial right made
in a special proceeding or upon a summary application in an action after judgment.”
R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). Juvenile court proceedings are special proceedings. State ex rel.
Fowler v. Smith, 68 Ohio St.3d 357, 360, 626 N.E.2d 950 (1994). A “substantial right”
is a right that the United States Constitution, the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the
common law, or a rule of procedure entitles a person to enforce or protect. R.C.
2505.02(A)(1). “[A] substantial right is, in effect, a legal right that is enforced and
protected by law.” State v. Coffman, 91 Ohio St.3d 125, 127, 742 N.E.2d 644 (2001);
see In re B.D., 2020-Ohio-4128, 157 N.E.3d 400, ¶ 6 (1st Dist.). An order that affects
a substantial right “has been perceived to be one which, if not immediately appealable,
would foreclose appropriate relief in the future.” In re Adams, 115 Ohio St.3d 86,
2007-Ohio-4840, 873 N.E.2d 886, ¶ 44.
{¶11} J.N. appeals from the juvenile court’s order continuing his classification
under R.C. 2152.84 as a Tier I juvenile offender registrant, and the court’s order
modifying his order of probation from reporting probation to nonreporting probation
with monitored time. Both of these orders, made in a special proceeding, affect J.N.’s
penal interest. Therefore, they are final appealable orders.
{¶12} Our holding in In re R.B., 2021-Ohio-2112, 174 N.E.3d 480 (1st Dist.),
does not require a different result. In that case, we did point out that R.B.’s disposition
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
continued until age 21 or until his community control was terminated, but we did not
hold that the timing of the end-of-disposition hearing affected the finality of the
juvenile court’s orders. In fact, we have found nothing to support the state’s argument
that the timing of the end-of-disposition hearing, even if erroneous, affects the finality
of the juvenile court’s orders. We hold that the orders from which J.N. appeals are
final appealable orders.
{¶13} Having determined that the orders from which J.N. has appealed are
final appealable orders, we turn now to his assignments of error. For purposes of
clarity, we will address J.N.’s assignments of error out of order.
The JFS Progress Report
{¶14} In his second assignment of error, J.N. argues that the juvenile court
abused its discretion when it considered a “JFS Children’s Services Progress Report,”
dated September 30, 2020, in determining whether to continue J.N.’s classification,
because it had not been admitted into evidence at the R.C. 2152.84 end-of-disposition
hearing. Further, J.N. argues that he was prejudiced because the court considered the
report and his delinquency counsel was not a part of the dependency proceeding for
which the report was generated.
{¶15} During the pendency of this delinquency case, a dependency proceeding
was initiated because J.N. could not return to his father’s home as there were young
children living there. As part of his dependency placement, progress reports were
generated. One stated that J.N. had attacked a smaller resident and choked another
resident. The delinquency magistrate, who was not the magistrate who presided over
the dependency portion of the case, and the juvenile judge considered the report when
deciding whether to continue J.N.’s Tier I classification.
{¶16} The dependency proceeding was intertwined with, and had its genesis
in, the delinquency proceeding. As part of the dependency proceeding, the progress
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
report contained the same case number as the delinquency proceeding. All
proceedings took place in and were filed under the delinquency case number. The
same juvenile court judge presided over all the delinquency and dependency
proceedings in this case.
{¶17} R.C. 2152.84(A)(2) requires the juvenile court to consider “all relevant
factors,” and the fact that J.N. attacked two other residents while in placement was
certainly relevant to the effectiveness of J.N.’s disposition and treatment and whether
J.N. was at risk to reoffend. We hold that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion
in considering the JFS progress report in determining whether to continue J.N.’s Tier
I classification. The assignment of error is overruled.
The Research Articles
{¶18} J.N.’s third assignment of error alleges that the trial court erred in
excluding from evidence two research articles. At the end-of-disposition hearing, J.N.
offered into evidence two research articles cited by psychologist Dr. Carla Dreyer in
her risk assessment/psychological evaluation report on J.N. Dr. Dreyer had evaluated
J.N. prior to the end-of-disposition hearing and had placed him in the low-risk-to-
reoffend category. The first article, the Caldwell study, concluded that juvenile sex
offenders have an extremely low level of recidivism. The second article, the
Letourneau study, detailed the negative effects of sex-offender registries on juveniles
and the failure of those registries to increase public safety. The juvenile court
acknowledged that the studies “explain Dr. Dreyer’s opinion on juvenile sex
offenders,” but ultimately excluded them from evidence, finding that they were “not
relevant because they further a policy argument and not an argument supplementing
[J.N.’s] case.” J.N. argues that the juvenile court abused its discretion in refusing to
admit the articles into evidence.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶19} The state argues that the articles were not relevant to the issue before
the juvenile court, which was J.N.’s specific risk of reoffending. Nothing in the articles,
the state argues, tended to make more or less probable any fact in J.N.’s specific case.
Further, the state argues that J.N. was not prejudiced because Dr. Dreyer had placed
J.N. in the low-risk category for reoffending.
{¶20} This court reviews questions regarding the admission or exclusion of
evidence under an abuse-of-discretion standard. State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 64,
752 N.E.2d 904 (2001); State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972
N.E.2d 528. A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts “unreasonably, arbitrarily, or
unconscionably in determining the evidentiary issue at hand.” State v. O’Connell,
2020-Ohio-1369, 153 N.E.3d 771, ¶ 14 (1st Dist.). This court “will not disturb a trial
court’s ruling on evidentiary issues on appeal absent an abuse of discretion and proof
of material prejudice.” State v. Lavender, 2019-Ohio-5352, 141 N.E.3d 1000, ¶ 9 (1st
Dist.).
{¶21} Dr. Dreyer’s report explained that there may be a difference between the
factors for reoffending in adolescents and those of adult male sex offenders. According
to Dr. Dreyer, adolescents are still developing “cognitively and psychologically, and
their life circumstances may be unstable.” Her report states, “Given the
developmental issues inherent in juvenile offenders, risk status may change somewhat
dramatically and in a brief period of time, such that reassessment of risk is
recommended at regular intervals.” Dr. Dreyer goes on to explain that there “are no
well-validated actuarial instruments designed to assess risk of sexual recidivism
among juveniles” and that “there is not a clear consensus among clinicians or
researchers about how to weigh each risk factor or how to deal with combinations of
factors.” Dr. Dreyer stated that in her opinion, J.N. “is at a low risk to sexually
reoffend.”
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶22} Following a review of the record, we hold that any error in the exclusion
of the two articles was harmless. The information contained in the articles, as it relates
to J.N.’s risk for sexual reoffending, was essentially before the court in the form of Dr.
Dreyer’s report, which placed J.N. in the low-risk-to-reoffend category. The third
assignment of error is overruled.
Continuing Classification as a Tier I Offender
{¶23} J.N.’s first assignment of error states, “The juvenile court abused its
discretion by continuing J.N.’s classification as a Tier I offender.” J.N. argues that the
juvenile court erred in continuing J.N.’s Tier I juvenile-offender-registrant
classification because J.N.’s treatment and disposition were effective, the undisputed
expert opinion was that he posed a low risk to reoffend, and the statutory factors
supported discontinuing the classification.
{¶24} R.C. 2152.84(A)(1) provides that “upon completion of the
disposition * * * made for the sexually oriented offense * * * on which
the juvenile offender registrant order was based,” the juvenile court
“shall conduct a hearing to review the effectiveness of the disposition
and of any treatment.” The purpose of this hearing is to determine
the “risks that the child might re-offend” and decide whether the
initial tier classification should be continued, modified, or
terminated “under division (A)(2) of this section.” R.C.
2152.84(A)(1). Division (A)(2) requires the juvenile court to reach
its decision after considering “all relevant factors, including but not
limited to” the factors in R.C. 2152.83(D). In turn, the R.C.
2152.83(D) factors include, but are not limited to: (1) the nature of
the offense, (2) whether the offender has shown remorse, (3) the
public interest and safety, (4) the results of any treatment and follow-
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
up professional assessments, and (5) additional factors set forth in
R.C. 2150.11(K) and 2929.12(B) and (C).
Adding to this litany of factors, R.C. 2150.11(K) requires the
juvenile court to consider the offender’s age, the offender’s prior
criminal or juvenile record regarding all offenses including sex
offenses, the victim’s age, whether there were multiple victims, any
usage of alcohol or drugs, whether any prior offense was a sex offense
and whether the offender received treatment, whether the offender
served a sentence or dispositional order for the prior offense, any
mental illness or disability of the offender, the nature of the sexual
conduct and any pattern of abuse, whether the offense involved
cruelty or the threat of cruelty, and any additional behavioral
characteristics contributing to the offender’s conduct.
In re R.B., 2021-Ohio-2112, 174 N.E.3d 480, at ¶ 41-42.
{¶25} The juvenile court must also consider the R.C. 2929.12(B) and (C)
factors, including the victim’s physical or mental injury, whether the victim
suffered serious harm, whether the offender’s relationship with the victim
facilitated the offense, whether the victim induced or facilitated the offense,
whether the offender was acting under strong provocation, whether the offender
expected to cause physical harm, and whether there are substantial grounds to
mitigate the offender’s conduct. Id.
{¶26} J.N. argues that the juvenile court abused its discretion in continuing
his classification because Dr. Dreyer’s expert report indicated that he was at a low risk
to reoffend and the statutory factors supported declassifying him. He argues that he
was only 14 at the time of the offense, he had completed all aspects of his treatment,
he had made progress in his ability to take responsibility for his actions, and he had
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
apologized for his conduct. Dr. Dreyer’s report stated that he had reduced his risk for
reoffending to the lowest possible level. The Lighthouse staff lauded his progress, and
he did well in treatment. He had no other sexual offenses and he did not exhibit any
sexually inappropriate behavior while at Lighthouse. Even though he had some
“behavioral hurdles” the staff recognized that he had changed his behavior for the
better. His probation officer was satisfied with his progress.
{¶27} The state notes that J.N. does not argue that the juvenile court failed to
consider any of the required factors, but he challenges the court’s conclusions with
respect to some of the factors. J.N. entered the bedroom of his 12-year-old cousin and
raped her, although he admitted to the lesser charge of gross sexual imposition. The
state argues that J.N.’s contention that he was remorseful is belied by his continued
placement of blame on the victim, in particular his claim that she had “pressured” him.
{¶28} The juvenile court acknowledged that Dr. Dreyer considered J.N. a low
risk to reoffend, but the court was concerned about whether J.N. was sufficiently
rehabilitated. The court noted that J.N. had violent tendencies, impulse issues, and
disregard for the rules of the Lighthouse placement. Staff noted that J.N. would leave
placement and return whenever he wanted, often after curfew. J.N. was diagnosed
with “Unspecified Disruptive, Impulsive Control, and Conduct Disorder; an encounter
for mental health services for perpetrator of non-parental sexual abuse; and Cannabis
Use Disorder.” The juvenile court noted that there was serious harm to the victim,
J.N.’s relationship to the victim facilitated the offense, and the victim had not
facilitated the offense, in spite of J.N.’s assertions to the contrary.
{¶29} Our review of the juvenile court’s decision is “highly deferential.” In re
R.B., 2021-Ohio-2112, 174 N.E.3d 480, at ¶ 46. The record shows that the juvenile
court carefully considered the factors in continuing J.N.’s classification. Following a
complete review of the record, and considering the “wide discretion afforded to the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
juvenile court,” see id. at ¶ 47, we hold that the juvenile court did not abuse its
discretion in continuing J.N.’s classification as a Tier I juvenile offender registrant.
The first assignment of error is overruled.
Monitored Time
{¶30} J.N.’s fourth assignment of error asserts that the “juvenile court’s
decision terminating J.N. from official probation and placing him on non-reporting
probation with monitored time was not valid, exceeded the juvenile court’s jurisdiction
and violated J.N.’s right to due process.” J.N. argues that the juvenile court’s order
placing him on nonreporting probation with monitored time without holding a
hearing exceeded the court’s authority and violated J.N.’s due-process and double-
jeopardy rights.
{¶31} In In re R.B., this court held that because R.B.’s 2011 dispositional order
suspended his commitment to DYS until age 21 on the dual conditions of monitored
time and probation, the juvenile court’s 2013 order subjecting him to “non-reporting
probation with monitored time” did not impose any new penalties in violation of due
process or double jeopardy. The 2013 order left the original disposition, including a
suspended commitment to DYS until age 21, in place; the order did not impose a new
condition of community control or any new penalties where monitored time had
always been a part of the disposition because the dispositional order had conditioned
the suspension of the DYS commitment on the condition that R.B. obey all laws and
orders of the court. Although the original dispositional orders did not include the
phrase “monitored time,” they effectively imposed monitored time by requiring R.B.
to “obey all laws and orders of this Court.” Therefore, R.B. was properly on notice of
the requirements of his disposition from the outset.
{¶32} Because probation is a subcategory of community control, “the
termination of a juvenile’s ‘probation’ does not automatically strip the juvenile court
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
of continuing jurisdiction.” In re R.B., 2021-Ohio-2112, 174 N.E.3d 480, at ¶ 25. “
‘[A]s long as other community-control sanctions remain in effect, the juvenile remains
subject to the court’s supervision.’ ” Id. at ¶ 25, quoting In re J.F., 121 Ohio St.3d 76,
2009-Ohio-318, 902 N.E.2d 19, ¶ 10.
{¶33} In this case, J.N.’s original dispositional order suspended his
commitment to DYS until age 21, among other things, on the condition that he “obey
all laws and orders of this Court.” Therefore, like R.B., J.N. was subject to monitored
time from his initial disposition. No new conditions or penalties were imposed
because monitored time had always been a part of his disposition. And like R.B., J.N.
was properly on notice of the requirements of his disposition from the outset. The
fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶34} The judgments of the juvenile court are affirmed.
Judgments affirmed.
MYERS, P.J., and CROUSE, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.
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