(dissenting).
Not concurring in the judgment in this case, I file without revision, to express my views, the following opinion prepared by me, but which did not meet with the approval of the court, as will appear in opinions prepared by Judges Dent and Holt :
1. Freehold Qualification for Town Officers.
2. Test for Officers.
3. Who is a Freeholder ?
4. Curtesy in Separate Fstatc.
5. Qualification for Officers.
6. Two Uniting in one Mandamus.
7. Is Mandamus the Remedy in this Case ?
John M. Thompson and C. A. Smith were elected on January 5, 1893, at a municipal election for the town of Hurricane, Putnam county, as members of its council; but the council refused to allow them to enter into office, upon the ground that at the date of, the election they were not freeholders, and allowed W. L. Losee, and W. S. Turley, incumbents in said office, to continue to act therein until their successors should be elected and qualified. • Upon a writ of mandamus the Circuit Court gave judgment for the claimants Thompson and Smith. The writ ran to the mayor, recorder, and couneilmen,including Losee and Turley and they, except Mynes and Dunfee, couneilmen, bring the case here by writ of error. A number of important questions arise on the record, involving principles of great practical import:. -
First question: .If the claimants were not freeholders, would that fact disqualify them from being couneilmen ? The town was incorporated under the general law found in chapter 47 of the Code, and as section 13 inquires the mayor, recorder, and couneilmen to be freeholders, it is claimed that claimants are disqualified., If this be so, then a resident of this town may be a voter, and qualified to be elected governor of the state, and yet be ineligible to the town-council. The claimants are qualified voters. Are they qualified to hold these offices? Is the freehold qualification demanded by the statute unconstitutional?
Section 1, Art. IV, of the constitution reads.. “The *500male citizens of the state shall be entitled to vote at all elections held within the counties in which they respectively reside,” with various exceptions in that section specified. Here is a broad declaration that all male citizens shall be entitled to vote, with specific exceptions. Other exceptions can not be made by the legislature. Plainly, it was the purpose, by this section in the organic law, to point out and make clear and certain, in what particular persons among the people of the state the sovereign power of the ballot resides. If we wish to know who is the voter, we look here, and here alone. It vests in the citizen this great right. It can not be taken from him by legistion. If he falls within the general grant in the opening-clause of the section, and not within any of its exceptions, he is a suffragan, over any power that would deny his right or add another qualification. Cooley, Const. Lim. 753. lie is a voter, though as poor as Lazarus. But has he another great privilege — right, I should say? — for it is hard to say which is the higher right in the freeman — that of voting, or that of being voted for. The constitution has granted the citizen the ballot. Has it forgotten his right to hold public office? It has carefully defined the qualification of voters, in the well-drawn section quoted. Has it failed to define the qualification of officers? Having defined the qualifications of voters, it was not to be supposed that it would omit the very important matter of defining who might be officers. It has not omitted to do so: It makes the one right practically the correlative of the other. To the citizen clothed with the right of suffrage is given also the right of holding office. It should be so, and it is so.
Section 4 of article IV provides that “no person except citizens entitled to vote, shall be elected or appointed to any state, county or municipal office ; but the governor and judges must have attained the age of thirty, and the attorney-general the age of twenty five yeai-s, at the beginning of their respective terms of service; and must have been citizens of the state for five years next preceding their election or appointment, or be citizens at the time this constitution goes into operation.”
This does notin affirmative express terms declare that a *501voter shall be competent to hold office, as does the first section say that all male citizens shall be voters. It could have been hotter drawn, for present purposes, by declaring that any one who is a voter shall be competent tobe elected or appointed to office, but the section means that. We must read sections 1 and 4 'together, as if in pari materia, because they deal with two kindred subjects, and they are located close together. Section 1 has just defined the qualifications of voters. Section 4’takes up the subject of qualifications of officers, and in saying that no person but citizens entitled to vote shall be eligible to office, it., by implication — by strong and plain implication — means to declare that a citizen entitled to vote shall likewise, because of his quality of voter, be entitled.to be elected or appointed to office. In saying that none but voters shall be officers, it means to assert, the converse — that voters shall have right, to be officers. It is a negative pregnant. A reading of the two sections will more strongly impress one that snch is the meaning of the fourth section than can he conveyed in words of explanation or construction. The negative mode of expression was used in the section, likely, to exclude all persons not voters from office; for, if it had said'that all voters should be eligible to office, it might have been contended that persons not voters might be made eligible to office, while under the section as it is, in,the negative form, that is prohibited. But surely it did not mean to leave the gate swinging, so as to let any power disable a voter from holding office. When it says that one not a voter shall not. hold an office, does it not impliedly say that a voter may hold office? That it meant, not simply to exclude those not voters from office, but at the same time to confer upon voters the right to hold office, is shown by the fact that the section goes on to prescribe certain qualifications for governor, judges, attorney-general, and senators. Why touch the subject of qualification for office at all, if the section had for its aim only "to exclude non-voters? The convention, knowing that by delaring that none but voters should become officers, it had vested in voters the right to become officers, and desiring to require, as to governor, judges, and senators, certain qualifications in addi*502tion to their being Voters, made the specific additional requirements as to them.
Comparing this section 4, art. Ill, as found in the constitution of 1863, with that in the present one, we notice the insertion in the present constitution of the word “but,” not till then found in the section. In the former constitution, it read: .“No persons, except citizens entitled to vote, shall be elected or appointed to any state, county or municipal office. Judges must have attained the age of thirty five years, the governor the age of thirty years,” etc. In the present constitution it reads : “No person except citizens entitled to vote, shall be elected or appointed to any state, county or municipal oflicci; but the governor and judges must have attained the ago of thirty,” etc. The insertion of the word “but” indicates that the convention knew that the first clause expressed a general rule or definition of qualification for office, admitting all voters to the right; and as governor, judges, senators, and attorney-general would fall within it, unless excepted, and desiring to except them, it, for safety, inserted the word, to make it more clear than it had been. In other words, it is an exception, the same as if, after allowing all voters to be chosen to office, it had said, “except that the governor and judges must have attained the age,” etc. Why the necessity of exception, if there is no general rule? Thus, to be a voter is to be also qualified to take office; to be a voter is the correlative of the right to be an officer, except as regards governor, judges, senators, and attorney-general, to the extent, as to them, specified in section 4. Judge Brown so construed a similar section in the constitution of 1863, in Phares v. State, 3 W. Va. 569, saying: “The constitution prescribes who are entitled to vote, and it also provides that any person so entitled to vote shall be eligible to office.”
I will propound two questions, which I will assume to think are decisive. Can-the legislature enact that the governor, judges, or senators must be freeholders ? No, because the constitution only requires that they be voters, and of certain age, and no other qualifications can be exacted. The naming those shows that no others were *503intended. Can the legislature enact that the auditor and treasurer must be freeholders? I answer no, as I do as to governor, because the constitution has only required that they be voters. The only difference is that as to governor, judges, and senators,further qualifications are exacted. Will it bo contended by any one that the legislature may exclude a voter from the auditorship because he is not an owner of realty? If it can not, it is only because of this constitutional provision-.
Section 8 empowers the legislature to “prescribe by general laws, the terms of office, powers, duties and compensation of all public officers and agents, and the manner in which they shall he elected, appointed and removed.” It docs not give the legislature power to prescribe the qualifications of officers. Tf the convention had left open that important matter, it would be expected that it would, in the section just quoted, grant to the legislature the necessary function or power of prescribing such qualification; but it did not so, and simply because it had itself done so in section 4. Can wo suppose that the framers of the constitution intended to leave open that most important matter — important as it concerns the rights of individual citizens, and more important as it concerns the vital interests of all the people of the state in the administration of its government — •namely, the qualification for office, leaving it subject to the-fluctuation of sentiment, the caprices of constantly changing legislatures, the passions of the hour? The very idea of a written constitution of government tells us that the definition of eligibility to official station should he, and would he, one of the very first subjects dealt with in it. If section 4 does not perform this function, where do we find it? There is no statute defining qualification for office. The legislature has always understood that the constitution did this work ; for the legislature of 1803, passing a general election law under the constitution of 1863. which contained a like section to section 4 now under discussion, did not define the qualifications for office. Neither did the legislature of 1872-73, passing a general election law under the present constitution. Neither did the legislatures of 1882 and 189.1, in the general election laws passed in those years. Four general election *504laws have been passed in twenty eight years, none defining the qualifications for office. I have not found where the legislature has done so in any act, Thus, we have the contemporaneous construction by the legislative department of government through many years and a great mass of legislation to the effect that the constitution prescribed and fixed the qualifications of officers. This has great effect. Cooley, Const. Lim. 81.
Counsel for appellee argues that the fact that-section 6 requires officers to take an oath, and closes with the injunction that “no other oath, or declaration or test shall be required as a qualification, unless herein otherwise provided,” -would forbid the freehold requirement. It would, if we could consider it a “test,” within the meaning of this provision ; but, from the first thought, I doubted whether it would apply to a property qualification or an educational qualification, though the words “unle-s herein otherwise provided” might favor, slightly, such contention. My inclination was to regard matters of opinion or bias or political action as here referred to. We-know that this prohibition had its birth and suggestion in the existence of test oaths springing from the passions and excitement of the civil war, designed to exclude participants 'therein, on the Confederate side, from holding office. English history tells us of test acts, and they relate to matters of opinion, cheifiy religious opinion, like that in 25 Car. II., requiring an oath from officers against transubstantiation, and requiring them to take the sacrament under the English church ; and-that earlier in the same reign, called the “Corporation Act,” requiring officers to renounce the covenant; and also the uniformity act, requiring clergymen to assent to everything in the Book of Common Prayer. So far as advised, from authority here accessible, I think thisprovision against tests relates to opinion, and not such as a property qualification. See Story, Const. §§ 1847, 1849, and 6th Vol. Hume’s History of England, 117, 187. I have met with the cases of Attorney General v. Detroit Common Council, 58 Mich. 213 (24 N. W. Rep. 887) where it is held, that a provision in the Michigan constitution just like the one in ours does not apply to those special qualifications re*505quired for particular offices. The opinions in that case, and also the opinion on pages 91, 92, in the case of People v. Hurbut, 24 Mich., will sustain the view I have just expressed us to the meaning of the word “test” as here used. 1 have also met with Rogers v. Common Council, 123 N. Y. 173 (25 N. E. Rep. 274) holding same view.
Therefore, as section 4 confers upon the votef the capacity to take office, with the exceptions therein stated, the legislature does not possess the power to add to those exceptions, any more than it possesses power to disfranchise a citizen froni voting by prescribing qualifications or ex.-eeptions beyond thosestated in section 1.
The legislature can not establish arbitrary exclusions from office, or any general regulations requiring qualifications not required by the constitution, except for crime. Cooley, Const. Lim. (4th Ed.) 78; Barker v. People, 3 Cow. 686; Black v. Trower, 79 Va. 123; Thomas v. Owens, 4 Md. 189; Page v. Hardin, 8 B. Mon. 648. Chancellor Sanford, in Barker v. People, supra, used this, language:
“Eligibility to-public trusts is claimed as a constitutional right which can not be abridged or impaired. The constitution establishes and defines the right of suffrage, and gives to the electors and to various authorities the power to confer public trusts. It declares that'ministers of religion shall lie ineligible to any office. .It prescribes, in respect to certain officers, particular circumstances without which a person is not eligible to tiróse stations (as does ours) and it provides that persons holding certain offices shall hold no other public trust. (So does ours.) Excepting particular exclusions thus established,the electors and the appointing powers are, by the constitution, wholly free to confer public station upon any person, according to their pleasure. The constitution giving the right of election and tiie right of appointment, these rights consisting essentially in the freedom of choice, and the constitution also declaring that certain persons are not eligible to office, it follows from those powers and provisions that all other persons are eligible. Eligibility to office is not declared as a right or principle by any express terms of the constitution, but it results as a just deduction from the express powers and pro*506visions of the system. The basis of the principle is the absolute liberty of the electors and the appointing authorities to choose and to appoint any person who is not made ineligible by the constitution. Eligibility to office, therefore, belongs not exclusively or especially to electors enjoying the right of suffrage. It belongs to all persons whomsoever, not excluded by the constitution. I therefore conceive it to be entirely clear that the legislature can not establish arbitrary exclusion from office, or any general regulations requiring qualifications which the constitution has not required.. If, for example, it should be enacted by law that all physicians, or all persons of a particular religious sect, should be ineligible to public trusts, .or that all persons not possessing a certain amount of property should be excluded, or that a member of the assembly must be a freeholder, any such regulation would be an infringement, of the constitution; and it would be so because, should it prevail, it would be, in effocl, an alteration of the constitution.”
Now, observe that Oh.au cell or Sanford goes beyond where I need go ; for he says that, without anything in the con-stitución expressly defining qualifications for officers, the mere fact that certain persons were by the New York constitution excluded, as is the case with us, is sufficient, alone, to vest in others not excluded the right to take office, or in the voters the range of choice from all not excluded. There was no such section as our section 4 for the chancellor to rely upon. If his-proposition was right, how much more can I assert that the position hero taken is right, where we have a section 4 excluding only non voters, and leaving it to be understood that all who are voters shall be allowed to .receive office? This common principle of construction is illustrated in Donaldson v. Voltz, 19 W. Va. 156, holding that as the constitution, after granting exemption from execution, had specified certain exceptions, the legislature could not add rent. The expression of certain exceptions excluded others.
Wo have been under the impression that the property qualification for office had been, many years ago, abolished by change in constitutional law. It surely has not been restored, and can not be, but by a change in the constitution. *507It will not do to say that, while it may not be demanded as to state and county office, it may be as to municipal offices ; for section 4 includes them in terms. Were this not so, I would hold a different opinion. So I hold that the want of freehold qualification does not exclude from holding- the position of councilman. It can not be true that aman may be elected governor, and yet can not be elected a town councilman, merely because though a voter he is not a freeholder. This would impress one as an absurdity and injustice. Ought the local taxing power be vested only in the property owner? Members of the legislature, vested with greater taxing powers, need not be freeholders.
The only cases cited in support of the contention that the freehold qualification is not unconstitutional are State v. Covington, 29 Ohio St. 102, and Darrow v. People, 8 Col. 417 (8 Pac. 661). ín the former it is held that the provision in the Ohio constitution that “no person shall be elected or appointed to any office unless he possesses the qualifications of an elector’ does not forbid, by implication, the legislature to require other reasonable qualifications for office. The reasoning on the point is short and unsatisfactory. The judge says the power of the legislature should not be denied by mere implication, unless clear. lie thought it was not clear. I think.it very clear.. But I add that it does not appear that the clause in the Ohio constitution containing the negative words had, as ours has, the feature of prescribing qualifications as to governor, judges, and senators, nor the section giving the legislature power only to prescribe terms, compensation, and manner of choice of officers, but failing to give it power to fix qualifications. The Colorado constitution is the same in effect as that of Ohio. The remarksjustma.de apply to the Colorado case; and I note the fact specially, that in neither the Ohio nor the Colorado constitutions did the clause include municipal offices, as ours does. The Colorado court says that the clause in the Colorado constitution had no relation to municipal officers. The decisions are of less authority because of that fact. Tf one additional material qualification may be prescribed, -why not another? Why not many others ?
*508Tlio constitution is fundamental law, and should be strictly construed in defence of the citizen’s rights. Itistheüía<¡r)?a Charla of his freedom and rights, political and civil. Admit once that it does not fix his qualification for office. Where would his disfranchisement end ? That would depend upon uncertain political, religious, or other winds. Would we limit the act within the bounds of the reasonable? That would bev indefinite, unsafe, precarious—dependent upon the times and motives and aims dominating them. Against these things it was intended to imbed the right in the solid rock of the constitution. If we say it might have been imbedded in plainer language, yet we must look'at the policy — the evil against which it was intended to provide.
F do not say that no provision or qualification whatever that is reasonable — essential to fit the party for the duty • — may not he prescribed. I lay down a general rule. .But T say this freehold test, is not reasonable or necessary to make a man a competent or suitable officer. The Virginia court, passing on the constitutional clause giving all voters the right to hold office, held void an act requiring members of electoral boards to be freeholders. It admitted that there might be cases where, by implication, an additional qualification might be imposed, when it was essential to the discharge of the duties of the place, but the qualification of freehold could not be justified on this theory. Black v. Trower, 79 Va. 153.
Another question: Were Thompson and Smith freeholders when elected ? Pmith held land under a purchase evidenced by a title-bond providing for a conveyance on payment of purchase-money, and was in possession, but had not paid for the land, lie thus had an equitable estate in fee simple. A freehold may be in an equitable estate as well as legal estate,. as authorities below cited show. There is nothing, then, to prevent his being a freeholder, but non-payment of purchase-money. Shall aman owning land, in possession, who happens to owe yet a little purchase-money, be deemed not a freeholder? The only reason is that he is not entitled to call for a conveyance of the legal estate. JBut he has a vested interest or property *509in the land, recognized by law. In llio eye of equity, be is the owner of the laud, holding in trust for his vendor only for purchase-money, while the vendor holds the legal estate in trust for him, and is entitled only to the money. A court of law would recognize his right by giving him an action of trespass. If the law were that, to be a freeholder he must have legal title, it would be different, but Virginia cases of binding authority repel that idea. It is ancient law that the cestui que use is a freeholder, so as to be a good juror. Co. Litt. 272b; 4 Bac. Abr. 556, tit. “Juries.” But as to such cases I think the statute of uses would execute the use to the possession, and give good legal title.
Helmondollor's Case, 4 Gratt. 536, held that one having the equitable interest in land, entitled to call for the legal title, is a freeholder; and it is stated that, among many Virginia cases, no one denies that a cestui que trust of a freehold estate is a good grand juror, who is required to be a freeholder. In Cunningham’s Case, 6 Gratt. 695, a purchaser, by oral contract, in possession, who had paid for the land, was held tobe a freeholder. In Carter’s Case, 2 Va. Cas. 319, it was held that a grantor, who had passed away the legal title by deed of trust and had merely the equity of redemption, was a freeholder. In Moore’s Case, 9 Leigh. 639, the owner conveyed the land to a trustee to secure a debt,- and then such owner cpuveyod to another person his equity of redemption, and put him in'possession, and this person was held to bo a freeholder.
So the legal title in the person is clearly not necessary to constitute him a freeholder. And upon the strength of Burcher’s Case, 2 Rob. (Va.) 826, T conclude that the fact, that Smith owed yet some purchase-money, docs not prevent his being a freeholder. It decided that a person was a freeholder who was in possession under a purchase, the deed to him not being delivered to him, but in the hands of another, as an escrow, to be delivered on payment of purchase-money, which remained partially unpaid. The opinion said, as I now say: “It seems sufficient if the juror is in possession of a freehold estate, and enjoying the profits and substantial ownership thereof;” that he was in lawful possession, and a court of equity would regard the land as *510the purchaser’s property, and, if be failed to pay,' would not turn him out, but give him a day to pay, and then sell the land as Ins, and pay him any surplus of its proceeds after payment of the debt.
If that was so at the date of that decision, when the court of law did not recognize the equitable title, or its owner as having any title, but would turn the purchaser out by ejectment at the suit of the vendor, how much more should we hold it to be law now, when section 20, c. 90, of the Code compels the court of law to view the purchaser’s right as a substantial right, by declaring that a vendor shall not at law recover against the vendee laud sold by the vendor to such vendee, when there is a writing stating the purchase and its terms ?
The heading in Reynold’s Case, 4 Leigh, 663, says that it seems that one who lias contracted, by article under seal, to sell his land, but has not conveyed it, and still holds the legal title, is a freeholder — that is, the vendor; and therefore it may be said that if the vendor is a freeholder the vendee can not be a freeholder in the self-same land. But that statement is not binding, because the court says it did not decide it, as that question was not adjourned to it; and, secondly, it is true, as said by Judge Gholson in Burcher’s Case, supra, that the vendor only agreed to sell on certain conditions precedent to be complied' with by the vendee, and the record did not .show that they had been performed, or a dollar paid, or that any title had been made, or even that possession had passed to the vendee. I hold that the want of legal title or failure to pay purchase-money does not settle that the party is not a freeholder. Is he in possession of land, claiming freehold estate, by right, legal or equitable, recognized by law, whether the purchase-money had been paid or not? If yes, then hois a, freeholder. Therefore, Smith was a freeholder.
Another question : Was Thompson a freeholder when elected ? llis wife owned an estate in fee in land. We do not know by record when she acquired it, so as to say whether it was separate estate, nor whether there was issue by the marriage. But in no conceivable víoav upon the record as it is was Thompson a freeholder Avhon elected. If we *511could see that the wife acquired the laud, aud the marriage took place before the married woman’s separate estate.act (April 1, 1869) we could say that he was a freeholder, because by marriage simply he was entitled to possession and rents and profits during the joint lives of himself and wife. Pickens’ Ex'rs v. Kniseley, 36 W. Va. 794, 800 (15 S. E. Rep. 997). It would be a freehold, as it would continue during their joint lives, at least. 2 Kent. Comm. 130; Dejarnatte v. Allen, 5 Gratt. 499, 513; Schou. Husb. & Wife, §§ 167, 181; Schou. Dom. Rel. §§ 89, 201. Thompson would also be a freeholder by reason of being invested with an estate by the curtesy initiate, though it does not appear that there was issue of the marriage, as such an estate is freehold, since it exists for the life of husband. It is true that at common-law there must be issue, to create an estate by curtesy initiate. 2 Bl. Comm. 126; 2 Min. Inst. 103. And under our statute (Code, c. 65, § 15) as it stood up to the act of March 20, 1882, notwithstanding it broadly declared that “if a married woman die seized of an estate of inheritance in lands, her husband shall be tenant by the cur-tesy in the same,” yet Winkler v. Winkler, 18 W. Va. 455, construed it as not dispensing with any of the four common-law requisites of curtesy. But chapter 86, Acts 1882, amended said Code, § 15, by utterly dispensing with issue as an element in curtesy; and I think it would operate to vest in the husband an estate by curtesy initiate, as here would be an estate of inheritance, not separate estate, vest-oil in the wife during coverture But we can not say that the land vested in the wife, and the marriage took place before April 1, 1869.
If, on the other hand, we suppose that the wife acquired this land after April 1, 1869, it being thus separate estate under section 2, c. 66, Code 1891 (chapter 65, § 3, Code 1887) the wife yet living, the husband Could not be tenant by the curtesy initiate. It has been seriously questioned whether a husband could, by force of common-law, take an estate by curtesy in the separate real estate of his wife; but the bettor opinion — -and the law here, as settled in Winkler v. Winkler, 18 W. Va. 455—is that ho can. That question — that is, whether the common-law would, alone, *512give him such estate — is, however, unimportant practically, because the statute would certainly give it. Code, c. 65, s. 15; opinion in case just cited (page 468.)
But there is this distinction between an estate by curtesy in lands of the wife, not separate estate, and lauds that are her separate estate, namely, that in lands not her separate estate there is eurtosy initiate, whereas, in lauds that are separate estate, there can not be curtesy initiate, but only curtesy consummate. In other words until the death of the wife no estate whatever in her lands vests in the husband. He has, while she lives, only a chance or possibility of becoming clothed with an estate upon the event of the death of the wife before his death. This is because the separate estate statute declares that the wife shall hold her separate estate and its issues, rents, and profits to her sole and separate use, as if she were single, free from the control or disposal of her husband. Tliis statute is in letter, spirit, and purpose plainly inconsistent with the existence of any substantial estate of the husband in her land while she lives. See Breeding v. Davis, 77 Va. 639; Alexander v. Alexander, 85 Va. 344 (7 S.E. Rep. 335); Wells, Mar. Wom. 106; Hill v. Chambers, 80 Mich. 422; Porch v. Fries, 18 N. J. Eq. 204; Thurber v. Townsend, 22 N. Y. 517; Beach, v. Miller, 51 Ill. 206; Cole v. Van Riper, 44 Ill. 58; Stewart v. Ross, 50 Miss. 776; 4 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 967; Billings v. Baker, 28 Barb. 343. Therefore, Thompson was not a freeholder when elected.
Another question: But both Hmith and Thompson, after election and before their term of office began, acquired land and became freeholders. This raises the question whether, though they were not freeholders when elected, it is enough that they wore when their terms began. Much difference of opinion has existed in the courts upon this question. "Where the constitution or statute declares that only certain persons shall be elected or be eligible to office, it may be plausibly contended that it refers to the date of the election, and that one not so qualified can not be elected to and can not hold the office, though he become so qualified before his term begins. But, even in such case, highly respectable authorities hold that, it is sufficient if *513he be so qualified at the commencement ot the term. Some authorities for the former view are Searcy v. Crow, 15 Cal. 117; State v. McMillen, 23 Neb. 385 (36 N. W. Rep. 587); Taylor v. Sullivan, 45 Minn. 309 (47 N. W. Rep. 802); State v. Clarke, 3 Nev. 566; State v. Williams, 99 Mo. 291 (12 S. W. Rep. 905). Some authorities for the latter view are Smith v. Moore, 90 Iud. 294; Brown v. Goben, 122 Ind. 113 (23 N. E. Rep. 519); State v. Murray, 28 Wis. 96; State v. Trumpf, 50 Wis. 103 (5 N. W. Rep. 876, and 6 N. W. Rep. 512). The latter view derives additional force by the fact that the votes cast for the ineligible candidate are not necessarily void. If they were, there would be more reason to say that he could not even be voted for; but they are so far votes, so far effectual, that if the ineligibility be not known to the voters, or be not such as they are bound to know, the minority candidate, is not elected, and can not claim the office. Dryden v. Swinburne, 20 W. Va. 89.
But we are not called upon to say which of those views is correct, because in this case the statute cited to disable these claimants from holding their offices does not say that only freeholders shall be chosen or elected or be' eligible, but says, “The municipal authorities of such city, town or village shall be a mayor, recorder and councilmen, who shall be freeholders therein.” This simply says that to be such officers they must be freeholders. It only means that the powers and functions of these offices shall be wielded only by freeholders. Why defeat the popular will, this being the language, by mere construction, simply because, when elected, the persons elected were not freeholders, when at the time they actually act in office they are-? The letter of the act does not require it, neither does its spirit, since its object is only to keep noufreeholders from acting in office. It was meant, not as a prohibition against their election, but against their holding office. Authority will sustain this position.
In Privett v. Bickford, 26 Kan. 52, the constitution provided that- no person, who had borne arms against the United States, should be “qualified to vote or hold office unless his disability should be removed,” and it was held that though disqualified when elected, if the person’s dis*514abilities be removed before taking office, it was sufficient.
In State v. Murray, 28 Wis. 96 it was held that an alien at date of election, but naturalized at beginning of term, could bold.
In De Turk v. Com., 129 Pa. St. 159 (18 Atl. 757) the constitution provided that no one holding office under the United States should “hold or exercise any office in this state.” A postmaster, when chosen county commissioner, resigned as postmaster, even after quo warranto begun to oust him as commissioner, and it was held he was competent to hold.
In Com. v. Pyle, 18 Pa. St. 519, it was held that, “where one would be ineligible to office on account of disqualification, he must get rid of the disqualification before he is appointed or elected; but, where the prohibition extends only to the enjoyment or exercise of an office, it is sufficient that the person be qualified before he is sworn.”
The United States constitution says, “No one shall be a representative” who is not of a certain age, or has engaged in rebellion; but John Young Brown, under age at date of election, and othei’s.under disability when elected, but becoming of age, and whose disabilities had been removed, have been admitted to the house of repi’esentatives and senate. McCrary Elect. § 258.
Therefore, I conclude that it is sufficient that the plaintiffs were freeholders at the commencement of their terms.
Another question : Can both Smith and Thompson unite in one writ of mandamus ? The rule is that, where the interests of several relators are separate and independent, they can not join in one writ of mandamus, any more than in another form of action. High, Extr. Item. § 439; 14 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 219. But this is a peculiar case, as to this point; and, if any case would justify a joinder of two interests, this would. The offices may be deemed separate, it is true ; but they are claims to seats in a body composed of numerous members, elected simply to that body, not to any particular places or seats therein, not by separate wards, but for the whole toxvn, by all its voters, at one election. Their places are held by Losee and Turley. Which one of those parties holds Thompson’s place ? *515Neither one more than the other. Suppose Thompson to sue alone, simply for the admission to the board of councilmen. If he were admitted, whom would he oust — Losee or Turley? Would the council say which .one? If it did, it would simply do so arbitrarily, or by lot, for it would have no rule to go by. Perhaps-Thompson might ask Lo-see’s place alone, and have order for his amotion. But what if Smith, also, asked the place of Losee? And perhaps, if he sued for Losee’s place, Losee might say that he did not withhold his place, any more thau did Turley. Would not, if we assert that both should sue separately, either be entitled simply to ask admission generally, without asking the place of either Losee or Turley? If so, is it not better to tolerate a joint application for both Losee’s and Turley’s seats ? Precedents are found fully justifying this joint writ.
Two persons joined in one writ to be sworn in as church wardens. Reg. v. Guise, 2 Ld. Raym. 1008; Reg. v. Twitty, 2 Salk, 433; King v. Middlesex, 30 E. C. L. 286; Reg. v. Heathcote, 10 Mod. 48. In Manns v. Givens, 7 Leigh. 689, seven persons held as slaves, claiming manumission under one and the same deed, joined in one mandamus to compel its recordation, and no objection was thought of, for mis-joinder. True, they all claimed under one deed, but each one’s freedom was a separate right annexed to his person only. These parties claim under oue election, which is one element for consideration. Nineteen persons appointed as a board of visitors to a college sued out, without objection, a joint writ against that number, constituting the old board, to try title. Lewis v. Whittle, 77 Va. 415. In a case reported in 43 La. Ann. 92, (8 South. 893) State v. Shakespeare several eouncilmen of New Orleans, turned out of the board, took one mandamus to obtain restoration, and it was held that they could so sue. The opinion in Haskins v. Board, 51 Miss. 410, using language probably of Merrill, (Maud. § 232) state's the principle that “relators must have a right common to all of them; must have a joint benefit in the performance of the act of duty recpiired of respondent, and be joint sufferers because of the non-doing. Otherwise, they can not unite in this suit.” Does not the plaintiffs’ case come within that statement of the principle?
*516Though I have had some- question on this point, 1 conclude that there is no error in the use of the writ jointly by Smith and Thompson.
Another question: It is contended that mandamus does not lie, but that certiorari is the proper remedy. The council canvassed the election returns, and declared by its order that Smith and Thompson received the highest number of votes. There was no complaint of error in its action touching the election to call for certiorari, but after declaring them elected, the council refused to admit them. This called for mandamus, not certiorari. That mandamus has been long used in the Virginias as a proper process to try title to office, and compel admission of him who has title 'to it, is well settled. In the great, I may say historic, case of Bridges v. Shallcross, 6 W. Va. 562, where every inch, of ground of the slightest value was hotly contested, wherein .Bridges sought to enforce his title and admission to the office of superintendent of the penitentiary, the efficacy of the writ was not even questioned; and Judge Haymond said that, if it had been, the.objection could not have been maintained. I shall not discuss the matter, being satisfied that that case, and others I cite, will sustain the remedy by mandamus. Cross v. Railway Co., 34 W. Va. 742 (12 S. E. Rep. 765) Id. 35 W. Va. 174 (12 S. E. Rep. 1071); Booker v. Young, 12 Gratt. 303; Dew v. Judges, 3 Hen. & M. 1; Hutch. Treat. W. Va. § 1278; Lewis v. Whittle, 77 Va. 415. I would affirm the judgment.