The instant case requires us to determine when a workers’ compensation proceeding or claim has been “instituted” or “pursued” against a self-insured employer for purposes of the retaliatory discharge prohibition of R.C. 4123.90. The appellate court herein ruled that an actual filing of a written claim is required to trigger the protections of the statute. We read the statute more broadly and thus reverse and remand.
In Bryant v. Dayton Casket Co. (1982), 69 Ohio St. 2d 367 [23 O.O.3d 341], this court held that an employee’s mere expression of his intent to file a workers’ compensation claim was insufficient to constitute the “institution” or “pursuance” of a claim for purposes of R.C. 4123.90. As Justice Holmes stated in his opinion for the court at page 371: “We conclude * * * that * * * [R.C. 4123.90] applies only if the employee had been discharged after taking some action which would constitute the actual pursuit of his claim, not just an expression of his intent to do so.”
Notwithstanding appellee’s arguments otherwise, we did not hold in Bryant that the protection of R.C. 4123.90 is triggered only upon the actual filing of a written claim. Justice William B. Brown wrote in his Bryant concurring opinion at page 372:
“Indeed, a requirement that an actual filing of a claim is the only means by which a proceeding can be instituted or pursued would frustrate the legislative intent as evinced in R.C. 4123.90.”
We agree with the foregoing reasoning, and therefore find that the court of appeals misinterpreted Bryant in holding that an actual claim must be filed before the employee is protected.
The question not answered in Bryant was this: What does constitute the “institution” or “pursuance” of a workers’ compensation claim for purposes of R.C. 4123.90? Unlike the situation in Bryant, where the employer was a state fund insured employer, we make our present determination in the context of a self-insured employer. We find this distinction to be material for purposes of R.C. 4123.90. Due to the differences in the role an employer assumes depending on the method of coverage, that which would constitute an “actual pursuit” of a claim differs as well.
The degree to which an employer becomes involved in the distribution of workers’ compensation to a qualifying employee depends in great part upon his status as being either a state fund insured employer or a self-insured employer. In the case of a state fund insured employer, as in Bryant, claims are normally filed with and processed through the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation. The employer’s involvement consists only of premium payments. On the other hand, a self-insured employer normally receives and processes his own employees’ claims. The bureau or commission then becomes involved only in the event of a disputed claim, as apparently happened in this case.
*144R.C. 4123.841 presents an analogous distinction between such employers. Under this section, claims against self-insured employers are timely if, within two years of the injury, either (1) written notice is given to the commission or bureau, or (2) the employer provides specified medical care, or (3) specified benefits are paid by the employer. Claims against state fund insured employers, howéver, are ordinarily timely only if written notice is given to the commission or bureau within two years of the injury. The two additional methods in the case of self-insured employers reflect a legislative intention to broaden the definition of an “institution” or “pursuance” of a claim when the employer is self-insured.
Since the self-insured employer is the party distributing the benefits or compensation, it is sound reasoning to trigger the R.C. 4123.90 protections once the employer becomes involved with the compensation process. This gives the self-insured employer sufficient notice that an actual pursuit of a claim or proceeding is being made by the injured employee. As in Bryant, this requires more than the mere oral communication of an intent to pursue a claim.2
Appellant urges a finding that the mere reception of treatment with the employer’s knowledge is sufficient to establish a claim for purposes of R.C. 4123.90. In Bryant, supra, however, we held that an “actual pursuit” of the claim must be made before the statute’s protection attaches. Reception of treatment is not such an actual pursuit.
We therefore hold that a workers’ compensation claim or proceeding for medical expense benefits has been “instituted” or “pursued” against a self-insured employer for purposes of R.C. 4123.90 if: (1) a formal written claim is filed by the employee with the employer, the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation, or the Industrial Commission of Ohio, or (2) the employer agrees to *145pay or has paid for medical care provided to an injured employee, or (3) the employer receives written notice from an independent health care provider in the form of a bill for medical services rendered to an injured employee on account of his employment-related injury, or (4) the employer becomes similarly involved with the compensation process.
The first situation is true for all employers subject to the Workers’ Compensation Act. The second circumstance binds the self-insured employer who acquiesces in the employee’s compensation entitlement; all that remains is the actual filing of a written claim, the failure of which to occur should not be the sole reason to prevent recovery. The written notice in the third situation is identical in effect to a written claim filed by the employee, and thus should not be given any less weight. Finally, the fourth test will cover all other situations where the employer’s involvement in the compensation process should invoke the protection of R.C. 4123.90.
In the present case, it is undisputed that a claim had not been filed prior to discharge. An examination of the record, especially the June 27, 1979 termination letter received by appellant, indicates that one of the other tests may have been met, however. Since appellant’s complaint was dismissed prior to trial, we must remand for a determination on the merits.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Celebrezze, C.J., W. Brown, Sweeney and J. P. Celebrezze, JJ., concur. C. Brown, J., concurs in part. Holmes, J., dissents.R.C. 4123.84 reads, in pertinent part, as follow:
“(A) In all cases of injury or death, claims for compensation or benefits for the specific part or parts of the body injured shall be forever barred unless, within two years after the injury or death:
“(1) Written notice of the specific part or parts of the body claimed to have been injured has been made to the industrial commission or the bureau of workers’ compensation;
“(2) the employer, with knowledge of a claimed compensable injury or occupational disease, has paid wages in lieu of compensation for total disability;
“(3) In the event the employer has elected to pay compensation or benefits directly, one of the following has occurred:
“(a) Written notice of the specific part or parts of the body claimed to have been injured has been given to the commission or bureau, or the employer has furnished treatment by a licensed physician in the employ of an employer; providing, however, that the furnishing of such treatment shall not constitute a recognition of a claim as compensable, but shall do no more than satisfy the requirements of this section;
“(b) Compensation or benefits have been paid or furnished equal to or greater than is provided for in sections 4123.52, 4123.55 to 4123.62, and 4123.64 to 4123.67 of the Revised Code.”
We make no determination, however, as to what constitutes the “institution” or “pursuance” of a claim when the employer is a state fund insured employer.