NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 124,309
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
KURT GARRISON,
Appellant,
v.
CITY OF OTTAWA, et al.,
Appellees.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Franklin District Court; ERIC W. GODDERZ, judge. Opinion filed August 12, 2022.
Affirmed.
Kurt Garrison, of Ottawa, appellant pro se.
Andrew D. Holder, of Fisher, Patterson, Sayler & Smith, L.L.P., of Overland Park, for appellees.
Before HILL, P.J., MALONE, J., and PATRICK D. MCANANY, S.J.
PER CURIAM: This appeal arises from a dispute between Kurt Garrison and the
City of Ottawa (City) as to whether a residential garage Garrison was building for clients
in Ottawa was in compliance with the City's building and electrical codes. Garrison filed
suit, but his suit was dismissed on motion of the defendants. Garrison objected to the
draft journal entry prepared by defense counsel that memorialized the ruling on the
motion to dismiss, but the district court approved the journal entry without a hearing on
Garrison's objections. Garrison then moved for a change of judge, which the court
denied. Garrison appeals all three actions by the district court.
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The parties are well acquainted with the facts leading to this appeal so we need not
recount them here in detail. The following brief summary will suffice.
The City had in effect throughout the relevant time period both the International
Building Code (IBC) that applied to buildings and structures generally and the
International Residential Code (IRC) that applied specifically to single and two-family
homes and accessory structures such as garages. The City had also adopted the National
Electrical Code (NEC). The City established a Construction Board of Appeals (CBA) "to
hear and decide appeals of orders, decisions or determinations made by the Code
Inspector(s) relative to the application and interpretation of the [IRC], the [IBC], . . . [and
the NEC] presently adopted by the City of Ottawa."
Garrison prepared the building plans and applied for a building permit for the
residential garage he was building for clients in Ottawa. He claimed his plans satisfied
the IBC. But the City notified Garrison that his building plans must satisfy the IRC, not
the IBC, and that the plans the City needed for its review must be "sealed plans" from a
licensed Kansas engineer. Ultimately, Garrison submitted a set of plans which the City
accepted in part, but not the roof truss plans for the garage which were not sealed by a
licensed Kansas engineer. The City issued a building permit, which stated that Garrison
had to submit sealed truss plans prior to installation.
When it came time for a rough-in inspection, the City building inspector did not
approve the work because (1) there were violations of the NEC and (2) the truss drawings
were not sealed by a licensed Kansas engineer. The City notified Garrison to cease the
project until the electrical problem was corrected and until Garrison submitted sealed
truss plans. Garrison responded with his own cease and desist letter, a draft petition, and a
settlement offer regarding his tort claims. The parties were at a standstill. This suit
followed.
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Garrison sued the City and various City officials individually for various counts of
"interfer[ing] with and restrain[ing] Garrison's legal occupation" and libel and
defamation, seeking relief in the form of damages under the Kansas Tort Claims Act and
writs of mandamus and prohibition.
The defendants moved to dismiss, and the district court ultimately granted the
motion. The court ruled that Garrison's various tort claims were barred because of his
failure to comply with the notice of claim provisions of the Kansas Tort Claims Act by
properly serving the notice and by providing the necessary information about the claim in
the notice. The court also ruled that Garrison's mandamus claim must be dismissed
because Garrison failed to avail himself of the "adequate alternate remedy" of appealing
to the CBA.
The district court's ruling was memorialized in a journal entry prepared by defense
counsel. Garrison objected under Supreme Court Rule 170 (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 236) to
the wording of the draft journal entry. The district court judge approved and filed the
journal entry without a hearing on Garrison's objections.
Garrison then moved for a change of judge, and that motion was denied. This
appeal followed. We have determined that we have jurisdiction to consider this appeal.
RULING ON MOTION TO DISMISS
Compliance with K.S.A. 12-105b Notice of Tort Claims
Garrison argues on appeal that the district court erred in dismissing his tort claims
for failure to comply with K.S.A. 12-105b, which sets forth the requirements for giving
notice to a municipality before bringing suit against it.
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The district court dismissed Garrison's tort claims under this statute because (1)
Garrison did not properly serve the notice on the clerk or governing body of the
municipality, and (2) Garrison's notice did not substantially comply with the
requirements of the statute. We have unlimited review over a district court's granting of a
motion to dismiss. Platt v. Kansas State University, 305 Kan. 122, 126, 379 P.3d 362
(2016). Whether Garrison substantially complied with K.S.A. 12-105b is a question of
law over which we have de novo review. See Sleeth v. Sedan City Hospital, 298 Kan.
853, 863, 317 P.3d 782 (2014).
K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 12-105b(d) provides in part:
"Any person having a claim against a municipality or against an employee of a
municipality which could give rise to an action brought under the Kansas tort claims act
shall file a written notice as provided in this subsection before commencing such action.
The notice shall be filed with the clerk or governing body of the municipality and shall
contain the following: (1) The name and address of the claimant and the name and
address of the claimant's attorney, if any; (2) a concise statement of the factual basis of
the claim, including the date, time, place and circumstances of the act, omission or event
complained of; (3) the name and address of any public officer or employee involved, if
known; (4) a concise statement of the nature and the extent of the injury claimed to have
been suffered; and (5) a statement of the amount of monetary damages that is being
requested. In the filing of a notice of claim, substantial compliance with the provisions
and requirements of this subsection shall constitute valid filing of a claim."
"'Substantial compliance' under Kansas law means compliance in respect to the essential
matters necessary to assure every reasonable objective of the statute." Southwestern Bell
Tel. Co. v. Board of Comm'rs, 41 Kan. App. 2d 346, 349, 202 P.3d 54 (2009). Substantial
compliance with K.S.A. 12-105b(d) "is a jurisdictional prerequisite to suing a
municipality under the [Kansas Tort Claims Act]." Nash v. Blatchford, 56 Kan. App. 2d
592, 596, 435 P.3d 562 (2019).
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Service of the Notice of Claims was Proper Under K.S.A. 12-105b(d)
The district court ruled that Garrison's notice was insufficient under K.S.A. 12-
105b(d) because he did not address or mail it "directly to the city clerk or mayor."
Garrison's notice was addressed to the members of the Ottawa City Commission. The
relevant statute—K.S.A. 12-150b(d)—requires notice to be filed with the clerk or the
governing body of the municipality. Sending the notice to the clerk or the governing body
is the equivalent of filing the notice. Governing body, as defined in K.S.A. 2021 Supp.
12-105a, includes the Ottawa City Commission.
The district court erred by requiring Garrison to comply with K.S.A. 2021 Supp.
60-304(d)(3). When determining whether a person properly serves notice of a claim
under K.S.A. 12-105b(d), courts should refer to the plain language of the statute, which
requires that the notice be provided to the clerk or governing body of the municipality,
not to the language of Chapter 60 which relates to service of process. Garrison was
sending the City a notice of claim, not serving it with process—a summons and a copy of
the petition. Garrison's notice sent to the Ottawa City Commission substantially complied
with the plain language of K.S.A. 12-105b(d).
The Contents of the Notice of Claims Were Adequate
The district court also determined that the contents of Garrison's notice to the City
of his tort claims did not substantially comply with K.S.A. 12-105b. We disagree.
"The purpose of the statutory notice requirement is to sufficiently advise the
proper municipality of the time and place of the injury and give the municipality an
opportunity to ascertain the character and extent of the injury sustained." Southwestern
Bell, 41 Kan. App. 2d at 349. A claimant satisfies the statute when "the claimant has
given to the respondent a clear indication of the claim that would be raised against it,
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along with information that would allow the respondent to adequately investigate the
basis for that claim." 41 Kan. App. 2d at 349. Here, Garrison included all the information
required by K.S.A. 12-105b(d).
First, Garrison provided his name and address, which are listed in his letter to the
City Commissioners. Second, Garrison adequately described the factual basis for his
claim in a section of his letter entitled "City and Employees Have Acted Unlawfully." He
also provided the City with a draft of the petition he planned to file. Third, Garrison
included the names of each City employee he believed was involved in the case. He did
not provide home addresses, but this information about the City's own employees was
otherwise readily available to it. Fourth, Garrison provided a list of claimed injuries. And
fifth, he provided a statement of the amount of monetary damages he was requesting by
including his settlement offer.
The district court erred in dismissing Garrison's tort claims due to claimed
deficiencies in the notice of claim to the City.
Nevertheless, the Dismissal of Garrison's Tort Claims Was Right, Albeit for the
Wrong Reasons
While the district court erred in dismissing Garrison's tort claims for
noncompliance with K.S.A. 12-105b, this does not mean that reversal must follow. See
K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 60-261 ("Unless justice requires otherwise, no error in admitting or
excluding evidence, or any other error by the court or a party, is ground for granting a
new trial, for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modifying or otherwise disturbing a
judgment or order. At every stage of the proceeding, the court must disregard all errors
and defects that do not affect any party's substantial rights."); Russell v. May, 306 Kan.
1058, 1081, 400 P.3d 647 (2017) (applying harmless error test in the context of a
judgment as a matter of law).
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Garrison makes two types of claims: (1) claims for restraining him in engaging in
his lawful trade or business and (2) claims of libel and defamation. These claims are
predicated on either K.S.A. 74-7033, the IBC, or some combination of them.
Claims Under K.S.A. 74-7033
With respect to his claims under K.S.A. 74-7033, Garrison argues that this statute
prohibits the City from requiring him to submit plans sealed by a licensed professional
engineer. If Garrison is incorrect, these claims fail as a matter of law.
The burden of establishing harmless error is on the party benefitting from the
error. State v. McCullough, 293 Kan. 970, 983, 270 P.3d 1142 (2012). Here, the City
convincingly explains in its appellate brief why Garrison's claims regarding K.S.A. 74-
7033 lack merit. We conclude that in dismissing Garrison's claims based on K.S.A. 74-
7033, the district court was right for the wrong reason.
K.S.A. 74-7001(a), which governs technical professions, provides, subject to
certain exceptions, that it is unlawful to practice technical professions without a license or
certificate of authorization. K.S.A. 74-7033—the lynchpin in Garrison's analysis of his
claim that he does not have to provide the City with sealed plans—provides exemptions
from licensure or certification in certain situations. It states:
"The provisions of K.S.A. 74-7001 et seq., and amendments thereto, requiring
licensure or the issuance of a certificate of authorization under K.S.A. 74-7036, and
amendments thereto, to engage in the practice of engineering shall not be construed to
prevent or to affect:
"(a) Except as provided by subsection (b), the design or erection of any structure
or work by a person who owns the structure or work, upon such person's own premises
for such person's own use if the structure or work is not to be used for human habitation,
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is not to serve as a place of employment, and is not to be open to the public for any
purpose whatsoever.
"(b) Persons designing or erecting or preparing plans, drawings or specifications
for buildings housing no more than two dwelling units in one contiguous structure or for
agricultural buildings.
"(c) Persons engaged in planning, drafting and designing of products
manufactured for resale to the public.
"(d) The performance of services by a licensed landscape architect in connection
with landscape and site planning for the sites, approaches or environment for buildings,
structures or facilities." K.S.A. 74-7033.
Garrison asserts that his construction of the garage falls under this statute. We fail
to see how it does. But even if it does, we fail to see how that fact precludes the City from
requiring a licensed engineer's approval of design plans. The statute only operates to
exempt people from the general rule set forth in K.S.A. 74-7001, which would have made
Garrison's actions unlawful. The statute says "[t]he provisions of K.S.A. 74-7001 et seq.
. . . shall not be construed to prevent or to affect" the conduct identified in the statute.
K.S.A. 74-7033. It does not say that other laws that limit the conduct identified in the
statute are preempted.
Garrison relies on State ex rel. Schneider v. City of Kansas City, 228 Kan. 25, 612
P.2d 578 (1980). There, the City of Kansas City sought to enforce its local building codes
on the construction of a new facility at the University of Kansas Medical Center. But
state law provided comprehensive building codes which were mandatory in the
construction of all school buildings, which included the new Medical Center facility, and
which conflicted with the city's local building codes, making it impossible to comply
with both. The Supreme Court held that the Legislature's comprehensive state building
codes precluded the City from enforcing its local building codes. 228 Kan. at 38.
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Schneider does not apply. Here, we do not have conflicting state and local
building codes. There are no comprehensive statewide laws controlling construction of a
residential garage. Unlike in Schneider, it is possible to comply with both the City's local
building codes and the state's statutory scheme for licensing of various technical
professionals.
Garrison's tort claims premised on the contention that K.S.A. 74-7033 precluded
the City from requiring him to submit plans sealed by a licensed professional engineer
lack merit. Accordingly, while the district court dismissed these claims for lack of
compliance with the notice provisions of the Kansas Tort Claims Act, it could have—and
should have—dismissed these claims because the licensing exemption found in K.S.A.
74-7033 did not preclude the City from enforcing its local building codes. The district
court's dismissal of these claims was not error. The court was right but for the wrong
reason.
Claims Under the IBC
Garrison also premised a number of his tort claims on his contention that the City
erroneously notified Garrison that his building plans must satisfy the IRC, not the IBC.
The City did not err in applying the IRC to Garrison's project. The IRC plainly
applies to the construction of "one- and two-family dwellings . . . and their accessory
structures." IRC R101.2. The IBC also states that "one- and two- family dwellings . . .
and their accessory structures shall comply with the International Residential Code." IBC
101.2. The garage is an accessory structure as defined by these codes, so it was proper for
the City to require Garrison to comply with the IRC.
Garrison argued below that Section 104.11 of the IRC required the City to accept
his IBC-compliant plans. He argues that this section makes the IRC and the IBC
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interchangeable for residential structures. We do not find this to be a reasonable
interpretation of the rule. The rule gives the City discretion to accept alternative
materials, designs, or methods of construction but does not require it to do so. The district
court did not err in dismissing Garrison's claims based on his contention that the IRC did
not apply to his project.
Garrison's Claims for Relief in the Form of Writs of Mandamus or Prohibition for
His Claims Based on K.S.A. 74-7033 and the IBC Are Now Moot
Garrison claims that the district court erred when it held that Garrison's claims for
which he sought mandamus relief must be dismissed because "Plaintiff had an adequate
alternate remedy to redress his grievances, which Plaintiff did not avail himself of." The
"adequate alternative remedy" was an appeal to the CBA. This issue is one over which
we have unlimited review. State ex rel. Slusher v. City of Leavenworth, 285 Kan. 438,
Syl. ¶ 1, 172 P.3d 1154 (2007).
"Mandamus is a proceeding to compel some inferior court, tribunal, board, or
some corporation or person to perform a specified duty, which duty results from the
office, trust, or official station of the party to whom the order is directed, or from
operation of law." K.S.A. 60-801. Mandamus is only appropriate where "there is a clear
legal right in the plaintiff" and "a corresponding duty in the defendant." State v.
McDaniels, 237 Kan. 767, 771, 703 P.2d 789 (1995).
Regardless of whether the CBA had the authority to address Garrison's claims
based on K.S.A. 74-7033 because to do so would require the CBA to construe a state
statute, we have already determined that K.S.A. 74-7033 did not preempt the City's
building codes and did not preclude the City from enforcing them. Thus, with respect to
the City's enforcement of its requirement for sealed plans, there is no wrong that needs to
be remedied—by mandamus or otherwise.
10
Likewise, we have determined that the IRC—not the IBC—applies to Garrison's
project. Because the IBC is the building code that applied to Garrison's project, Garrison's
claims based on the application of the IBC fail and he is not entitled to any form of relief.
Garrison is Not Entitled to Relief in the Form of Writs of Mandamus or
Prohibition for His Claims Based on the NEC and His Claims of Defamation
The district court's dismissal of Garrison's mandamus claims properly included
Garrison's claim that the City erred in applying the NEC. Garrison alleged that after
conducting a rough-in inspection, the City inspector failed to approve the structure based,
in part, on the electrical installation not meeting the NEC. Whether the City inspector
properly applied the NEC to Garrison's garage project was clearly an issue that fell within
the CBA's wheelhouse. Garrison should have sought relief before the CBA.
Garrison based one of his defamation claims on the allegation that the City
"falsely state[d] that the work done by Garrison was not in conformity to local
ordinance." Another defamation claim relates to the language in the building permit,
which required sealed truss plans before installation. Finally, Garrison also claimed that a
letter from the City stating his work on the garage did not conform to the building code
was defamatory. These claims, like the others discussed above, relate to interpretation of
the local ordinances and were within the power of the CBA to decide. The district court
did not err in determining that Garrison should have sought relief from the CBA rather
than filing suit.
Garrison also claimed in his petition that "the City is subject to court order
compelling mandamus and prohibition for unlawful acts of its officers and employees."
The district court failed to address Garrison's claim that he is entitled to relief in the form
of a writ of prohibition. A writ of prohibition has been recognized in the past as an
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extraordinary remedy when a public officer attempts to act beyond his or her legal
authority. But we have no provision for a writ of prohibition in our modern code of civil
procedure—Chapter 60. Historically, a writ of prohibition—like a writ of mandamus—
was inappropriate when a party had an adequate remedy at law. See Bushman Const. Co.
v. Schumacher, 187 Kan. 359, 362-63, 356 P.2d 869 (1960). Thus, our analysis regarding
Garrison's claims for mandamus relief equally apply to bar his attempts to obtain relief
through a writ of prohibition, to the extent such extraordinary relief may still be available.
SETTLING THE JOURNAL ENTRY UNDER SUPREME COURT
RULE 170 WITHOUT A HEARING
Garrison claims that the district court erred by not holding a hearing to settle the
journal entry dismissing his claims. Garrison objected to the draft journal entry prepared
by defense counsel at the court's direction and responded with a "Motion for Facts and
Conclusions of Law" and a 10-page "Objections to Defendant's Proposed Journal Entry."
Thereafter, the district court signed and filed the draft journal entry prepared by defense
counsel without conducting a hearing.
Because Kansas Supreme Court Rule 170 (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 236) gives the
district court discretion as to whether to hold a hearing to settle a journal entry, we apply
the abuse of discretion standard in our review. A judicial action constitutes an abuse of
discretion if (1) it is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable; (2) it is based on an error of law;
or (3) it is based on an error of fact. Biglow v. Eidenberg, 308 Kan. 873, 893, 424 P.3d
515 (2018).
Garrison contends that in being denied a hearing he was denied his right to be
heard on the adequacy of the journal entry. But he was heard through the court's
consideration of the motion and objections Garrison filed. It was within the discretion of
12
the district court to resolve the matter based on the documents filed without the necessity
of a hearing in court. There was no abuse of that discretion.
GARRISON'S MOTION FOR CHANGE OF JUDGE
Garrison appeals the district court's denial of his motion for change of judge. We
find no error in the district court's disposition of this motion.
"Under K.S.A. 20-311d, a party must first file a [nonspecific] motion for change
of judge; if that motion is denied, then the party must file a legally sufficient affidavit
alleging grounds set forth in the statute." State v. Sawyer, 297 Kan. 902, 908, 305 P.3d
608 (2013). We have unlimited review over the legal sufficiency of the affidavit. When
engaging in such a review, we "'examine whether the affidavit provides facts and reasons
pertaining to the party or his attorney which, if true, give fair support for a well-grounded
belief that he or she will not obtain a fair trial.'" 297 Kan. at 908.
We note in passing that under the statute, K.S.A. 20-311d, a motion for change of
judge is available when "a party . . . believes that the judge to whom an action is assigned
cannot afford that party a fair trial in the action." Here, the case had ended. There would
be no trial, absent a reversal of the district court's ruling on the motion to dismiss. If that
happened, Garrison then could move to replace Judge Godderz. But at the time Garrison
filed his motion, the proceedings in the district court had ended.
In any event, Garrison's affidavit setting forth his grounds for a change of judge
did not list a legally sufficient basis for granting the motion. K.S.A. 20-311d(d) provides
that an affidavit that merely recites previous rulings or decisions by the judge on legal
issues "shall not be deemed legally sufficient for any belief that bias or prejudice exists."
In his affidavit in support of a motion for change of judge, Garrison stated that Judge
Godderz presided over four other cases in which Garrison was a party and ruled against
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him in each case. He then recited the facts and Judge Godderz' rulings in each case (as
well as in the instant case) and argued that the rulings showed bias or prejudice. As the
district court noted in ruling on this motion, these allegations are legally insufficient
based on K.S.A. 20-311d(d). The district court did not err in denying Garrison's motion.
Affirmed.
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