IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0914
Filed August 17, 2022
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
ALEXANDER SHANTEE THOMAS ROSS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Madison County, Martha L. Mertz,
Judge.
Alexander Shantee Thomas Ross appeals his convictions and sentences
for two counts of sexual abuse in the second degree. CONVICTIONS AND
SENTENCES VACATED AND CASE REMANDED.
John C. Heinicke of Kragnes & Associates, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Thomas J. Ogden, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Greer and Ahlers, JJ.
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AHLERS, Judge.
Alexander Shantee Thomas Ross was convicted of two counts of sexual
abuse in the second degree following a jury trial. See Iowa Code
§§ 709.1, .3(1)(b), (2) (2017) (establishing the elements of sexual abuse in the
second degree and making it a class “B” felony). The convictions stem from
allegations that he sexually abused his girlfriend’s two daughters, both under age
twelve at the time. On this direct appeal, Ross contends there was insufficient
evidence supporting the guilty verdicts; the district court considered an improper
sentencing factor; and the district court erred in giving the jury noncorroboration
instructions relating to the alleged victims’ testimony.
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Ross’s first contention is that there was insufficient evidence to support the
guilty verdicts. In response, the State insists there was sufficient evidence but first
challenges error preservation. The State contends Ross failed to preserve this
issue he raises on appeal because, in making his motion for judgment of acquittal,
he failed to mention the specific grounds of insufficient evidence he now claims.
See, e.g., State v. Brubaker, 805 N.W.2d 164, 170 (Iowa 2011) (“To preserve error
on a claim of insufficient evidence for appellate review in a criminal case, the
defendant must make a motion for judgment of acquittal at trial that identifies the
specific grounds raised on appeal.” (quoting State v. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d 611,
615 (Iowa 2004))).
The State’s error-preservation challenge may have been a winning one at
the time the parties submitted their briefs in this case. However, since the filing of
the briefs, our supreme court clarified—or, in the view of the dissenters, changed—
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the landscape on error preservation of sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges. In
State v. Crawford, the supreme court held:
Iowa’s appellate courts can review a defendant’s challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence raised on direct appeal without regard to
whether the defendant filed a motion for judgment of acquittal. A
defendant’s trial and the imposition of sentence following a guilty
verdict are sufficient to preserve error with respect to any challenge
to the sufficiency of the evidence raised on direct appeal.
972 N.W.2d 189, 202 (Iowa 2022). Accordingly, we do not need to address
whether Ross’s motion for judgment of acquittal offered sufficient specificity, as the
guilty verdicts following trial preserve his claims for our review. See id.
We review sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges for correction of errors at
law. Id. In doing so, we are highly deferential to a jury’s verdict, and we are bound
by that verdict if it is supported by substantial evidence. Id. Evidence is substantial
if it is sufficient to convince a rational factfinder that the defendant is guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt. Id. In assessing whether a jury’s verdict is supported by
substantial evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State
and grant all legitimate inferences and presumptions that may be fairly and
reasonably deduced from the evidence. Id.
In claiming the verdict was not supported by sufficient evidence, Ross relies
heavily on State v. Smith, 508 N.W.2d 101, 102–05 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993). Smith
involved claims of child sexual abuse that led to the jury finding the defendant
guilty. Id. On review, our court found the evidence insufficient to support
conviction because the children’s testimony was “inconsistent, self-contradictory,
lacking in experiential detail, and, at times, border[ed] on the absurd.” Smith, 508
N.W.2d at 103.
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Ross’s reliance on this case is unpersuasive. To begin, our supreme court
has disapproved of Smith as follows:
Smith is an outlier case. It has been criticized in the commentary,
and it has not been followed in any sexual abuse case in Iowa since.
The primary flaw in Smith is that it is inconsistent with the standard
of appellate review of jury verdicts, which requires that the evidence
be viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict and which
requires deference to the jury’s resolution of disputed factual issues.
State v. Mathis, 971 N.W.2d 514, 518 (Iowa 2022). The court went on to find “no
fatal contradictions or deficiencies” in the children’s testimony, so Smith provided
no relief to the defendant in Mathis. Id.
Besides questions of whether Smith even remains a viable precedent, we
find the case inapplicable. Ross points to the children’s reluctance to say words
such as “penis” and “vagina” to conclude that their testimony is akin to that in
Smith. He also contends the children’s testimony is contradictory, but he points to
no specific examples. We disagree with Ross that these claims make this case
similar to Smith, and, like the supreme court in Mathis, we find this case
distinguishable from Smith. See id. After reviewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the State, there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict. The
children testified in detail about the abuse they suffered from Ross. We need not
recount it here. The jury found their testimony to be credible, and we will not disturb
that finding. The children’s testimony alone is substantial evidence to support the
guilty verdicts, and Ross’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence fails.
II. Improper Sentencing Factor
Ross contends the district court considered an improper sentencing factor
when determining his sentence. Due to our resolution of the case based on the
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next issue, it becomes unnecessary to address this issue.
III. Noncorroboration Jury Instructions
For his final challenge, Ross contends the court erred in giving jury
instructions sixteen and seventeen. Except for each instruction identifying a
separate alleged victim by initials, the instructions were identical and read:
You should evaluate the testimony of [the alleged victim] the same
way you evaluate the testimony of any other witness. The law does
not require that the testimony of [the alleged victim] be corroborated
in order to prove that she was sexually abused. You may find the
Defendant guilty of Sexual Abuse if [the alleged victim’s] testimony
convinces you of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Ross contends it was error to give these instructions because they are not
approved uniform instructions and because they create a different standard for the
alleged victims’ testimony. The State contends inclusion of the noncorroboration
instructions was proper and, even if it wasn’t, any error was harmless.
We review challenges to jury instructions for correction of legal error. Id. at
519.
In conducting our review, we review the instructions as a whole to
determine their accuracy. A challenged instruction is judged in
context with other instructions relating to the criminal charge, not in
isolation. An incorrect or improper instruction can be cured if the
other instructions properly advise the jury as to the legal principles
involved.
Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
This challenge raises another issue that has been decided by our supreme
court since the parties submitted their briefs. In State v. Kraai and State v. Mathis,
our supreme court addressed jury instructions in sexual-abuse cases that referred
to the lack of a legal requirement that an alleged victim’s testimony be
corroborated—so-called noncorroboration instructions. Id. at 516; State v. Kraai,
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969 N.W.2d 487, 490 (Iowa 2022). The noncorroboration instruction in both cases
was nearly identical. In Kraai, the instruction stated “[t]here is no requirement that
the testimony of a complainant of sexual offenses be corroborated.” 969 N.W.2d
at 490. In Mathis, the instruction stated “[t]here is no requirement that the
testimony of an alleged victim of sexual offenses be corroborated.” 971 N.W.2d at
516.
The supreme court found the instructions in Kraai and Mathis “materially
indistinguishable.” Id. at 519. It also found them to be correct statements of the
law. Id. at 521. It rejected the claim that the instructions violated Iowa Code
section 709.6, which prohibits an instruction in sexual-abuse cases “cautioning the
jury to use a different standard relating to a victim’s testimony than that of any other
witness to that offense or any other offense.” Id. at 519. Nevertheless, the court
found the instruction in each case to be improper. The court noted “instructions
that set apart, highlight, or accentuate the testimony of a particular witness or a
particular piece of evidence are improper.’” Id. (quoting Kraai, 969 N.W.2d at 492).
The court found the particular instruction improper for two reasons. First, the
“instruction set apart the victim’s ‘testimony as not requiring corroboration in the
absence of a symmetrical instruction regarding the noncorroboration of [the
defendant’s] testimony.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Kraai, 969 N.W.2d at
493). Second, the “instruction particularized the victim’s ‘testimony as not requiring
corroboration in the absence of a universal instruction regarding the
noncorroboration of all other witness testimony.’” Id. (quoting Kraai, 969 N.W.2d
at 493).
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Here, the instructions at issue are slightly different from those in Kraai and
Mathis because they include an introductory sentence informing the jury “[y]ou
should evaluate the testimony of [the alleged victim] the same way you evaluate
the testimony of any other witness.” The inclusion of this statement makes the
instruction here materially indistinguishable from the instruction given in State v.
Altmayer, an unpublished decision by our court finding no error in giving the
instruction. No. 18-0314, 2019 WL 476488, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 6, 2019).
Inclusion of this introductory statement also gives the instruction an appearance of
neutrality.
In Kraai, the supreme court seemed to approve giving a neutral instruction
“that stated no witness’s testimony needs to be corroborated,” as such an
instruction “would correctly state the law and help dispel any misconceptions
regarding uncorroborated witness testimony.” Kraai, 969 N.W.2d at 495. In doing
so, the court cited Altmayer, seemingly with approval. Id. However, we do not
interpret Kraai’s reference to Altmayer as approval of the entire instruction given
in Altmayer. We interpret the reference as suggesting approval only of that part of
the instruction that is “a nonparticularized instruction applicable to all witness
testimony.” See id. We interpret Kraai’s reference to Altmayer in this limited
fashion because the only part of the Altmayer instruction cited with approval was
that part informing the jury that it “should evaluate the testimony of [the alleged
victim] the same way [it] evaluate[d] the testimony of any other witness.” Id.
(alterations in original).
With this interpretation of Kraai in mind, we express no opinion on whether
the initial sentence of the instructions given here, standing alone, would have been
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appropriate. Regardless of whether the first sentence is sufficiently neutral and
nonparticularized, any neutrality formed or preserved by the first sentence is
immediately negated by the second sentence—the sentence informing the jury that
the law does not require that the testimony of an alleged victim be corroborated in
order to prove that she was sexually abused. This sentence is materially
indistinguishable from the instruction condemned in Kraai and Mathis. For the
same reasons error was found in giving the condemned instruction in Kraai and
Mathis, it was error to give the instruction here. The fact that the instruction
included a neutral first sentence does not remove the taint of the improper second
sentence.
Finding the instructions erroneous does not end the inquiry, as the error
“does not warrant reversal unless it results in prejudice to” Ross. Id. at 496–97
(quoting State v. Plain, 898 N.W.2d 801, 817 (Iowa 2017)). In Kraai, the faulty
instruction was determined to not have resulted in prejudice because there was
strong evidence of the defendant’s guilt, including substantial corroboration of the
victim’s testimony. Id. at 497. In contrast, in Mathis, the faulty instruction was
determined to have resulted in prejudice because there was not strong evidence
of the defendant’s guilt sufficient to overcome the presumption of prejudice.
Mathis, 971 N.W.2d at 521.
We conclude that this case is more akin to Mathis than Kraai. While there
is sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction, “there is not strong evidence of guilt
sufficient to overcome the presumption of prejudice.” Id. The children here each
testified to the abuse they suffered at the hands of Ross. However, they could not
testify as to the abuse allegedly suffered by the other. There was also no physical
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evidence to corroborate the abuse, and the mother did not corroborate the abuse.
While none of these are required to affirm the defendant’s convictions, without any
such evidence in addition to the alleged victims’ testimony, it is insufficient to
overcome the presumption of prejudice. Id. (“In this case, unlike Kraai, neither
[child’s] testimony is corroborated by other evidence. Both children testified to
separate instances of sex abuse, but neither witnessed nor testified about the sex
abuse allegedly committed against the other child. Both children eventually told
their mother about the sexual abuse, but there is no evidence their mother
independently corroborated the children’s accounts of abuse. And there is no
physical evidence of any sort corroborating the children’s testimony.”). This
requires a different outcome than in Kraai. In Kraai, there was physical evidence
to corroborate the child’s testimony, and the child testified to specific details
regarding that physical evidence so that the presumption of prejudice was
overcome. Kraai, 969 N.W.2d at 497. Here, the convictions are based almost
entirely on the children’s testimony, which has been clouded by the erroneous
noncorroboration instructions. The evidence is not strong enough to overcome the
presumption of prejudice stemming from giving the faulty instructions. Accordingly,
we vacate Ross’s convictions and sentences, and we remand for a new trial.
IV. Conclusion
There was sufficient evidence to affirm Ross’s convictions for sexual abuse.
Due to giving improper noncorroboration jury instructions, Ross’s right to a fair trial
was prejudiced. We vacate his convictions and sentences, and we remand for a
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new trial. Because we grant a new trial, it is not necessary for us to reach the
merits of his challenges to the sentences imposed.
CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES VACATED AND CASE REMANDED.
Tabor, P.J., concurs; Greer, J., dissents.
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GREER, Judge (dissenting).
I dissent to bring attention to a question presented here that is not directly
answered by our supreme court. While the majority “assumes” they know the
answer, I cannot be so sure. If State v. Altmayer is good law, then the instruction
here is not improper. See No. 18-0314, 2019 WL 476488, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App.
Feb. 6, 2019). First, the instruction at play was essentially identical to the one
found in Altmayer. Id. In both instances, the instruction read:
You should evaluate the testimony of [the alleged victim] the
same way you evaluate the testimony of any other witness. The law
does not require that the testimony of [the alleged victim] be
corroborated in order to prove that she was sexually abused. You
may find the Defendant guilty of Sexual Abuse if [the alleged victim’s]
testimony convinces you of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. The instruction referenced a particular witness, the victim, but also confirmed
that the testimony should not be treated differently from the other witnesses.
But as to the assumption of what our supreme court might think about the
noncorroboration instruction found here, I return to State v. Kraai for guidance; it
observed:
An instruction that stated no witness’s testimony needs to be
corroborated (with some exceptions not applicable here) would
correctly state the law and help dispel any misconceptions regarding
uncorroborated witness testimony. Cf. State v. Altmayer,
No. 18-0314, 2019 WL 476488, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 6, 2019)
(approving noncorroboration instruction that provided the jury
“should evaluate the testimony of [the alleged victim] the same way
[it] evaluate[d] the testimony of any other witness”).
969 N.W.2d 487, 495 (Iowa 2022). It left open the possibility that some instruction
might “cure” the “improper instructional taint” involved when singling out a specific
witness’s testimony. Id. at 496 (“In the absence of any other instruction regarding
the uncorroborated testimony of other witnesses, the instruction unduly
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emphasized the complainant witness’s testimony.”). Because Altmayer approved
the entire noncorroboration instruction quoted above and Kraai does not
distinguish that its approval would not extend to the full instruction as given, I
cannot make the analysis jump the majority makes. Compare Altmayer, 2019 WL
476488, at *5, with Kraai, 969 N.W.2d at 495. Thus, because the specific reference
made in Kraai to the “noncorraboration instruction” found in Altmayer purports to
offer a stamp of approval, I cannot sign on to the majority opinion. See Kraai, 969
N.W.2d at 495. Here, as in Altmayer, when the full instruction is read together, the
jury is told to evaluate the witnesses the same way, so any call out to a particular
witness purportedly would be cured, yet would still address attitudes displayed by
jurors in voir dire.
In what is still good law, the legislature determined that “[n]o instruction shall
be given in a trial for sexual abuse cautioning the jury to use a different standard
relating to a victim’s testimony than that of any other witness to that offense or any
other offense.” Iowa Code § 709.6 (2020). Arguably, the instruction was to level
the playing field in sexual abuse cases where, like here, potential jurors voice that
some folks require corroboration of the victim’s version to convict. Afterall, no one
likes to think sexual abuse really happens in our society. We now know that using
a noncorrobation instruction, without a symmetrical instruction, could risk giving
the victim “special status” and “an extra element of weight.” Kraai, 969 N.W.2d at
493. But both here and in Kraai, potential jurors’ statements during voir dire
suggested that corroboration of the victim’s story would be required by some jurors
in order to convict. See id. at 495. So, whether the route used in Altmayer is a
good method or whether a general symmetrical instruction saying “the law does
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not require the testimony of witnesses to be corroborated to be believed” is
required is unclear to me based on the use of Altmayer as an example in Kraai.
Based on this history, I would affirm the conviction.