Stephen Lee Holland v. Maria Elisabeth Holland

AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed August 29, 2022

S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-21-00597-CV

STEPHEN LEE HOLLAND, Appellant
V.
MARIA ELISABETH HOLLAND, Appellee

On Appeal from the 303rd Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DF-18-09635

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Myers, Carlyle, and Goldstein
Opinion by Justice Myers
Stephen Lee Holland appeals the trial court’s order granting the motion for

enforcement of the divorce decree filed by Stephen’s former wife, Maria Elisabeth

Holland. Stephen brings four issues on appeal contending (1) the trial court erred

by not rendering judgment for Stephen on his claim that Maria acted as a debt

collector and violated the Texas Finance Code; (2) the enforcement order altered the

substantive division of property in the divorce decree; (3) the enforcement order was

an unenforceable order for debt; and (4) the trial court erred by not admitting

Stephen’s exhibit 9. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
 BACKGROUND

On August 9, 2018, the trial court signed the agreed divorce decree. The

decree provided that each party “shall pay” half the debt owed on the Kohl’s credit

card account in the amount of $146.14, half the debt owed on the Citi Double Cash

Card account in the amount of “$8556.07 (less the parties[’] attorney’s fees),” and

half the debt owed on the Citi Thankyou Preferred account “in the amount of

$4885.96 (less the parties[’] attorney’s fees).”

Subsequently, Maria filed a motion to enforce the divorce decree alleging

Stephen had not paid his share of the debt for the two Citi accounts. She prayed that

the trial court order Stephen to pay his share of the debt and the accrued interest.

Stephen’s response to the motion to enforce included allegations that Maria’s

actions in trying to get Stephen to pay his share of the assigned debts violated the

Texas Finance Code’s provisions concerning debt collection. He requested actual

damages, civil penalties, and injunctive relief.

The trial court held a hearing on the motion to enforce. At the hearing, the

parties were pro se. The hearing was held remotely via video-conferencing due to

the COVID-19 pandemic. Maria testified she had paid the Citi accounts and that

Stephen had paid the Kohl’s account. The parties testified that Stephen was entitled

to credit for paying the Kohl’s credit card, paying all of an appraisal fee that the

decree ordered was to be paid by both of them, and for Maria’s inappropriate

withdrawals from the health savings account.

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 Stephen testified about various documents he had with him, but he did not

offer them into evidence, and the trial court did not admit them into evidence.

The trial court rendered judgment at the conclusion of the hearing determining

that after giving Stephen credit for his paying the Kohl’s account and the appraisal

fee and for Maria’s inappropriate withdrawals from the health savings account,

Stephen owed Maria $2,200 for her paying the Citi accounts.

STANDARD OF REVIEW OF ENFORCEMENT ORDER

We review a trial court’s order on a motion for enforcement under an abuse

of discretion standard. Hollingsworth v. Hollingsworth, 274 S.W.3d 811, 815 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in an

arbitrary or unreasonable manner without reference to guiding rules or principles.

Hightower v. Baylor Univ. Med. Ctr., 348 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2011, pet. denied). A trial court does not abuse its discretion merely because it

decides a discretionary matter differently than we would in a similar circumstance.

Id.

When a trial court makes no separate findings of fact or conclusions of law,

we must draw every reasonable inference supported by the record in favor of the

trial court’s judgment. See Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990)

(per curiam). Additionally, “the judgment of the trial court must be affirmed if it

can be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence.” Lassiter v.

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Bliss, 559 S.W.2d 353, 358 (Tex. 1977), overruled on other grounds, Cherne Indus.,

Inc. v. Magallanes, 763 S.W.2d 768 (Tex. 1989); Hollingsworth, 274 S.W.3d at 815.

VIOLATIONS OF THE FINANCE CODE

In his first issue, Stephen contends the trial court erred by not rendering

judgment for him on his claim that Maria acted as a debt collector and violated

Chapter 392 of the Texas Finance Code, his claim for fraud, and his claim of

“equitable subrogation for attorney’s fees.” Although his stated issue is that we

should render judgment for him, his argument is that we should remand his claims

to the trial court for trial.

At the beginning of the hearing on the motion to enforce, the court told the

parties they each had forty-five minutes to present their respective cases. Appellant

testified about the interest charges Maria asked him to pay and her many requests

for payment. He also testified his lawyer charged him $900 for responding to

Maria’s demands for payment she sent to the lawyer. When the trial court told

Stephen he had used all his time, he said, “I did not get the chance to even get into

the debt collection issue.” The trial court’s order granting the motion to enforce did

not mention Stephen’s counterclaim for violations of the Finance Code, and the

order did not contain language denying all claims on which relief was not granted.

Stephen argues his claim for violations of the Finance Code should be

remanded to the trial court because the trial court did not rule on them. In Northeast

Independent School District v. Aldridge, 400 S.W.2d 893 (Tex. 1996), the supreme

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court held that a judgment following a trial on the merits is usually presumed to have

disposed of all claims before the court:

When a judgment, not intrinsically interlocutory in character, is
rendered and entered in a case regularly set for a conventional trial on
the merits, no order for a separate trial of issues having been entered
pursuant to Rule 174, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, it will be
presumed for appeal purposes that the Court intended to, and did,
dispose of all parties legally before it and of all issues made by the
pleadings between such parties.

Id. at 897–98.

Stephen agrees that pursuant to Aldridge, the judgment is deemed final with

all claims disposed of for purposes of making the judgment final for appeal, but he

argues the case should be remanded to the trial court because the final judgment does

not expressly or by implication dispose of his claims. Stephen relies on Bishop

Petroleum, Inc. v. Railroad Commission of Texas, 751 S.W.2d 485 (Tex. 1988) (per

curiam), in support of his argument.

Bishop Petroleum holds that when there is a counterclaim or third party claim

as well as the plaintiff’s claim, and the trial court’s ruling on the plaintiff’s claim

moots the other claim, if the court of appeals reverses the trial court’s ruling on the

plaintiff’s claim, the court of appeals must remand the other claim to the trial court.

In Bishop Petroleum, Wiggins Brothers asked the Railroad Commission to

force-pool its acreage into an adjacent tract operated by Bishop Petroleum. Id. at

486. Bishop Petroleum opposed the forced pooling, but the Railroad Commission

granted it. Bishop Petroleum filed suit against the Railroad Commission to appeal

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the Railroad Commission’s forced-pooling order. Wiggins Brothers intervened

seeking an accounting from Bishop Petroleum of the sums due to it from the

production under the new force-pooled unit. The trial court determined the Railroad

Commission lacked jurisdiction to order the forced-pooling, and it set aside the

Railroad Commission’s order. This mooted Wiggins Brothers’ claim for an

accounting. The Railroad Commission and Wiggins Brothers appealed the trial

court’s ruling. The court of appeals disagreed with the trial court’s ruling, reversed

the judgment of the trial court, and reinstated the forced-pooling order. However,

the court of appeals refused to remand the case to the district court for trial of

Wiggins Brothers’ claim for an accounting. The court of appeals stated Wiggins

Brothers’ claim was never presented to the trial court and was not ruled on by the

trial court. Id. The supreme court reversed the court of appeals’ decision not to

remand Wiggins Brothers’ claim. The supreme court stated the claim was presented

to the trial court because Wiggins Brothers urged its claim in open court, but the trial

court declined to hear evidence on the claim until it ruled on Bishop Petroleum’s

appeal of the forced pooling order. Id. The supreme court also stated that, pursuant

to Aldridge, the trial court ruled on the claim because there was a judgment that was

not intrinsically interlocutory following a trial on the merits. Id. at 487. “When the

court of appeals found for Wiggins Brothers on its appeal of the trial court’s

judgment, it became necessary to determine the liability as between Wiggins

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Brothers and Bishop Petroleum,” and the court of appeals erred by not remanding

Wiggins Brothers’ claim to the trial court. Id.

This case does not involve a situation like that in Bishop Petroleum. Stephen’s

claims against Maria for violations of the Finance Code were independent of her

claim for enforcement of the divorce decree. Thus, Stephen’s claims for violations

of the Finance Code were not rendered moot by the trial court’s finding for Maria

on her claim for enforcement of the divorce decree. Moreover, we are not reversing

the trial court’s ruling for Maria on her motion to enforce the divorce decree. The

supreme court’s holding in Bishop Petroleum is not applicable to this case.

Pursuant to Aldridge, when the trial court signed the order on the motion to

enforce after a conventional trial on the merits, it ruled on Stephen’s counterclaims,

and because the court’s order did not grant relief on his counterclaims, the court

implicitly denied them. See Azbill v. Dallas Cty. Child Protective Servs. Unit, 860

S.W.2d 133, 135 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, no writ) (when Aldridge presumption

applies, “[a]ll claims not expressly disposed of are presumed denied.”). We overrule

Stephen’s first issue.

CLARIFICATION OF THE DIVORCE DECREE

In his second and third issues Stephen contends the trial court erred by

clarifying the divorce decree. In his second issue, he contends the trial court erred

by clarifying the decree to provide that “Maria Holland is given a partial credit for

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interest.” In the third issue, he contends the trial court erred by clarifying the decree

because the clarification was not enforceable by contempt.

The Family Code contains two provisions for clarification of a divorce decree,

sections 9.006 and 9.008. See FAM. §§ 9.006, .008 Section 9.006 permits the trial

court to “render further orders to enforce the division of property made or approved

in the decree of divorce or annulment to assist in the implementation of or to clarify

the prior order.” FAM. § 9.006(a) (emphasis added).

Section 9.008 governs clarification orders rendered to make the order

enforceable by contempt. That section provides:

(a) On the request of a party or on the court’s own motion, the court
may render a clarifying order before a motion for contempt is made or
heard, in conjunction with a motion for contempt or on denial of a
motion for contempt.

(b) On a finding by the court that the original form of the division of
property is not specific enough to be enforceable by contempt, the court
may render a clarifying order setting forth specific terms to enforce
compliance with the original division of property.

(c) The court may not give retroactive effect to a clarifying order.

(d) The court shall provide a reasonable time for compliance before
enforcing a clarifying order by contempt or in another manner.

FAM. § 9.008.

Under either provision, however, the order to assist in the implementation of

or to clarify the prior order “may not alter or change the substantive division of the

property.” Id. § 9.007(a).

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 Stephen argues the clarification order in this case was inappropriate because

there was no “finding by the court that the original form of the division of property

is not specific enough to be enforceable by contempt.” Id. § 9.008(b). He also

argues it was not an appropriate clarifying order because the clarification did not

make that portion of the decree enforceable by contempt.

There is a division among the courts of appeals as to whether the requirements

for clarification under section 9.008 apply to clarification under section 9.006. Some

courts have interpreted the requirements of section 9.008 as not applying to a

clarification order under 9.006. See Wright v. Eckhardt, 32 S.W.3d 891, 894–95

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2000, no pet.); Brooks v. Brooks, No. 04-13-

00263-CV, 2014 WL 1871341, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 7, 2014, no

pet.) (mem. op.). Others have interpreted the statutes as requiring the findings under

section 9.008 for a clarification order under section 9.006. See Murphy v. Leveille,

No. 01-19-00790-CV, 2020 WL 1210005, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

May 5, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (clarification order requires finding that original

form of division of property is not specific enough to be enforceable by contempt);

Berteen v. Hamdan, No. 14-10-00247-CV, 2011 WL 3503322, at *4 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[O]ur court has indirectly suggested

that section 9.008(b) more specifically describes the court’s authority under section

9.006(b) to clarify its divorce decree and prescribes an additional [prerequisite] for

a clarification order.”); McPherren v. McPherren, 967 S.W.2d 485, 491 (Tex.

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App.—El Paso 1998, no pet.) (“As a prerequisite to clarification, a trial court must

find that the original form of the division of property lacks sufficient specificity to

be enforced by contempt.”).

This Court has not directly held that a clarification order under section 9.006

requires a finding by the trial court that the decree is not enforceable by contempt.

However, we have suggested in dicta both that it is required and that it is not

required. See Byrnes v. Byrnes, No. 05-21-00338-CV, 2022 WL 2437531, at *2

(Tex. App.—Dallas July 5, 2022, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (suggesting clarification

under sections 9.006 and 9.008 are independent);1 O’Donnell v. Vargo, No. 05-16-

01058-CV, 2017 WL 4216248, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 22, 2017, pet. denied)

(mem. op.) (suggesting the finding of lack of enforceability by contempt is

required).2 O’Donnell, which suggested the finding of lack of enforceability by

1
In Byrnes, we stated:
In particular, a court has continuing jurisdiction to render further orders to enforce the
division of the property made in the decree of divorce to assist in the implementation of or
to clarify the prior order. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.006(a). Similarly, on the request
of a party or on the court’s own motion, the court may enter a clarifying order setting forth
specific terms to enforce compliance with an original division of property on a finding that
the original division of property is not specific enough to be enforceable by contempt. See
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.008.”
Byrnes, 2022 WL 2437531, at *2 (citations omitted).
2
We stated in O’Donnell:
A party may seek clarification of a divorce decree through a suit for enforcement or a
motion to clarify. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 9.001, 9.006, 9.008. On the request of a
party, the court may render a clarifying order setting forth specific terms to enforce
compliance with an original division of property on a finding that the original division of
property is not specific enough to be enforceable by contempt. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 9.008; DeGroot v. DeGroot, 260 S.W.3d 658, 662 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).
O’Donnell, 2017 WL 4216248, at *2.
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contempt is required, cited DeGroot v. DeGroot, which suggested the two statutory

provisions are independent. See DeGroot v. DeGroot, 260 S.W.3d 658, 662 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).3

Even if clarification of a previous order under section 9.006 requires a finding

under section 9.008 that the previous order was not enforceable by contempt, we

may imply the finding in this case because Stephen did not request the trial court to

make, and the trial court did not make, post-judgment findings of fact and

conclusions of law. See BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789,

795 (Tex. 2002). Because the appellate record includes the reporter’s record and

clerk’s record, these implied findings are not conclusive and may be challenged for

legal and factual sufficiency in the appellate court. Id. In this case, the record

supports a finding that the decree’s provisions concerning the debt are not

sufficiently specific to be enforceable by contempt.

Criminal contempt is a harsh sanction, and courts require clarity in the

underlying court orders. In re Janson, 614 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex. 2020) (per

3
We stated in DeGroot:
A party may seek clarification of a divorce decree through a suit for enforcement or a
motion to clarify. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 9.001, 9.006, 9.008. In a suit to enforce
the decree, a court has continuing jurisdiction to render further orders to enforce the
division of the property made in the decree of divorce to assist in the implementation of or
to clarify the prior order. See id. § 9.006(a); Gainous, 219 S.W.3d at 106. Similarly, on
the request of a party or on the court’s own motion, the court has continuing jurisdiction to
render a clarifying order setting forth specific terms to enforce compliance with an original
division of property on a finding that the original division of property is not specific enough
to be enforceable by contempt. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.008; Gainous, 219 S.W.3d
at 106.
DeGroot, 260 S.W.3d at 662.
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curiam) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion if it holds a person in

contempt for violating an ambiguous order. Id. To avoid such ambiguity, the order

allegedly violated must “set forth the terms of compliance in clear, specific and

unambiguous terms so that the person charged with obeying the decree will readily

know exactly what duties and obligations are imposed upon him.” Ex parte

Chambers, 898 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex. 1995). The order’s interpretation may not

rest upon implication or conjecture. Janson, 614 S.W.3d at 727.

In this case, the decree stated that the parties were each to pay half of the two

Citi accounts, each account having a balance of a certain amount, “less the parties[’]

attorney’s fees.” The decree did not state how much those attorney’s fees were.

Thus, the decree did not specify how much each party owed on the Citi accounts,

and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by determining the decree was “not

specific enough to be enforceable by contempt.” See FAM. § 9.008(b).

The decree also required the parties to share the cost of an appraisal of the

marital residence, and it restricted withdrawals from a health savings account to the

children’s medical expenses. After the court signed the decree, Stephen paid the

Kohl’s account and Maria paid the two Citi accounts. Also, Maria had failed to pay

her half of the $400 appraisal fee that Stephen paid in full, and Maria withdrew

$101.54 improperly from the health savings account. And, the Citi Double Cash

account had incurred interest before Maria paid the balance. The trial court’s

enforcement order sets out the amounts of most of the credits each party was owed

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for the payments, but the order did not state the amount of Maria’s “partial credit for

interest.” Instead, the order set forth the final amount Stephen owed Maria, $2,200.

Stephen argues the trial court’s clarification—combining into a single figure

all the amounts he had not paid on the accounts and crediting him for payments he

made and for Maria’s improper withdrawals from the health saving account—was

not a proper clarification under section 9.008 because the court’s order that he pay

Maria $2,200 was not enforceable by contempt. Section 9.012 of the Family Code

prohibits enforcement by contempt of awards in a divorce decree of a sum of money

unless the sum of money is in existence at the time the decree was rendered or there

is a matured right to future payments. FAM. § 9.012(b). This is because the Texas

Constitution prohibits a person being imprisoned for debt. TEX. CONST. art. I, § 18

(“No person shall ever be imprisoned for debt.”).

We disagree that a trial court abuses its discretion by clarifying a nonspecific

previous order to make it more specific when the clarified order is unenforceable by

contempt for a reason other than lack of specificity. Section 9.008(b) requires only

that the “clarifying order [set] forth specific terms to enforce compliance with the

original division of property.” The trial court’s order did that by determining the

amount of the Citi accounts “less the parties[’] attorney’s fees” and by determining

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the exact amount Stephen owed Maria after crediting the parties for the different

payments they made. Therefore, the order complied with section 9.008(b).4

Stephen also argues that the trial court erred by ordering that Maria “is given

a partial credit for interest” on one of the Citi accounts because the decree did not

provide for the parties to pay interest on the account. However, the decree required

the parties to indemnify one another and hold each other harmless “from any failure

to so discharge these items,” i.e., to pay the listed debts. The parties failed to

discharge the account before the interest charges were incurred. Maria testified that

when she paid the Citi account, she had to pay an additional $317.36 for accumulated

interest. The trial court could determine that the accumulated interest was due to the

failure of both parties to pay the debt before the interest accrued, and that both parties

owed each other the duty to indemnify the other for whatever portion of the interest

was due to that party’s failure to discharge the debt as required by the divorce decree.

Because Maria paid the full amount of the interest, she complied with her duty to

indemnify Stephen for her failure to pay the account. However, because Stephen

had not paid any part of the interest on the account, the trial court could conclude he

had not complied with his duty to indemnify Maria for his failure to pay the account.

4
This opinion should not be read as holding that the trial court would have abused its discretion by
denying the motion to clarify on the ground that the clarified order would not be enforceable by contempt
because it was an order to pay a debt. One court of appeals has held that a trial court did not abuse its
discretion by denying a motion to clarify because the clarified order would not be enforceable by contempt
as the order was to pay a debt. See Shumate v. Shumate, 310 S.W.3d 149, 153 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010,
no pet.). As observed above, different courts may reach contrary positions on an issue without either
abusing its discretion. See Hightower, 348 S.W.3d at 517.
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The trial court’s order provides for indemnification by providing a credit in an

unspecified amount to Maria for the amounts she owed Stephen for his paying the

Kohl’s account and appraisal fee and for her improper withdrawals from the health

savings account. We conclude the trial court’s award to Maria of “a partial credit

for interest” was not outside the provisions of the divorce decree.

Stephen argues “[t]he award of a partial credit for interest substantively

changed the property division made in the Divorce Decree.” However, he presents

no analysis explaining why Maria’s “partial credit for interest” “substantively

changed the property division.” We conclude Stephen has not shown the trial court

abused its discretion by providing Maria “a partial credit for interest.” We overrule

Stephen’s second and third issues.

ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

In his fourth issue, Stephen contends the trial court erred by not admitting his

Exhibit 9 into evidence. Stephen states he displayed the exhibit on a screen at the

trial court’s request, the court overruled a relevancy objection to the exhibit, and the

court used the exhibit as the ground for overruling two other objections. However,

Stephen never offered Exhibit 9 or any other exhibit into evidence.

“As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record

must show that: (1) the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request,

objection or motion that: (A) stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining

party sought from the trial court . . . and (2) the trial court: (A) ruled on the request

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. . . or (B) refused to rule on the request . . . and the complaining party objected to

the refusal.” TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). At the trial, which was held remotely via video

conferencing due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Stephen asked the trial court if the

court had received his exhibits, including Exhibit 9:

Mr. Holland: Did you receive all the exhibits, ma’am, that we sent?

....

The Court: We have some exhibits. Don’t know if they’re all, but we
have some exhibits.

Mr. Holland: Okay. Can you look and see if you have Exhibit 9 from
me, ma’am?

The Court: Okay. Hold on one minute. Yes, sir, you may proceed.

Stephen then testified, referring to Exhibit 9 and other exhibits. However, Stephen

did not offer Exhibit 9 or any of his exhibits into evidence, and the trial court did not

admit them into evidence.

Stephen did not preserve any error because he never offered Exhibit 9 into

evidence, and the trial court never ruled to exclude it. See Loftin v. Loftin, 630

S.W.3d 369, 375 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, no pet.) (“Insofar as Chad challenges

the exclusion of Respondent’s Exhibit Four, Chad did not preserve any error because

he never offered that exhibit into evidence and, as a consequence, the trial court

never ruled to exclude it.”).

We overrule Stephen’s fourth issue.

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 CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/Lana Myers/
LANA MYERS
JUSTICE

210597F.P05

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 S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT

STEPHEN LEE HOLLAND, On Appeal from the 303rd Judicial
Appellant District Court, Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DF-18-09635.
No. 05-21-00597-CV V. Opinion delivered by Justice Myers.
Justices Carlyle and Goldstein
MARIA ELISABETH HOLLAND, participating.
Appellee

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial
court is AFFIRMED.

It is ORDERED that appellee MARIA ELISABETH HOLLAND recover
her costs of this appeal from appellant STEPHEN LEE HOLLAND.

Judgment entered August 29, 2022

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