FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
May 29, 2012
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
__________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 11-1195
v. (D.Ct. No. 1:10-CR-00410-CMA-1)
(D. Colo.)
JORGE PORRAS-RUBI,
Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before PORFILIO, ANDERSON, and BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Appellant Jorge Porras-Rubi pled guilty to one count of illegal reentry of a
removed alien subsequent to a conviction for an aggravated felony in violation of
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). He now appeals his sentence on grounds the
district court failed to conduct a hearing to address his allegation of a complete
breakdown in communications with his counsel prior to sentencing. He also
argues the district court erred in applying a sixteen-level enhancement for
commission of a crime of violence based on his prior Texas burglary convictions.
We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291
and affirm Mr. Porras-Rubi’s sentence.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Mr. Porras-Rubi, a Mexican citizen, pled guilty in 1988 in the State of
Texas to a state felony offense of “first degree burglary of habitation” in violation
of Texas Penal Code § 30.02. His nine-year sentence was suspended and he
received nine years probation. In 1990, while on probation, Mr. Porras-Rubi pled
guilty in Texas to another state felony offense of “first degree burglary of
habitation” in violation of Texas Penal Code § 30.02. The district court revoked
his 1988 burglary conviction and sentenced him to eight years incarceration on
both convictions, to run concurrently. In 1997, the government deported Mr.
Porras-Rubi, who thereafter unlawfully reentered this country on at least three
more occasions.
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In 2010, United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials
discovered Mr. Porras-Rubi in Denver, Colorado. Following appointment of
counsel, Mr. Porras-Rubi pled guilty to a grand jury indictment for illegal reentry
of a removed alien subsequent to a conviction for an aggravated felony in
violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). In a written plea agreement, the
parties recognized disagreement might arise over the advisory United States
Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”) calculations, including
application of a sixteen-level increase under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) for a crime of
violence based on Mr. Porras-Rubi’s prior felony convictions for burglary of a
habitation. Mr. Porras-Rubi reserved his right to challenge any such increase at
sentencing.
In December 2010, following the district court’s acceptance of Mr. Porras-
Rubi’s plea agreement, a probation officer prepared a presentence report,
calculating his sentence under the applicable 2010 Guidelines. The probation
officer set Mr. Porras-Rubi’s base offense level at 8 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2
and increased it sixteen levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) for his
prior crimes of violence. In applying the enhancement, the probation officer
noted Mr. Porras-Rubi pled guilty in both 1988 and 1990 to two separate offenses
of first degree burglary of a habitation, and the court and other records indicated
he burglarized individuals’ homes in both instances, including the 1990
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conviction charging document which indicated Mr. Porras-Rubi committed a
home burglary. The probation officer then provided a three-level reduction for
Mr. Porras-Rubi’s acceptance of responsibility, for a total offense level of 21. An
offense level of 21, together with a criminal history category of IV, resulted in an
advisory Guidelines range of fifty-seven to seventy-one months imprisonment.
Neither party filed objections to the presentence report.
On April 21, 2011, Mr. Porras-Rubi filed a pro se pleading with the district
court entitled “Petition Seeking the Court to Give the Court Notice of Counsel
Misconduct Scheduled Sentencing Hearing.” In his pro se motion, Mr. Porras-
Rubi asserted “his court appointed attorney ... refused to adequately communicate
with her client” and “there is a highly likely chance that a mistake was made in
determining his sentencing calculation.” He also stated that “when he attempts to
communicate this unto his attorney, she is rude, and will just end the conversation
by hanging up.” Mr. Porras-Rubi also cursorily stated he was giving notice of
“[c]ounsel misconduct to disclose its evidence how they have determined, that a
sixteen level increase is justified. In the State of Texas conviction for Burglary
of a Habitation, is not considered a crime of violence.” More specifically, he
stated “[a]t issue here at this sentencing hearing, will present a need[] to
challenge the Texas conviction, when the defendant plead guilty, upon a plea
agreement, at no time, was he ever informed that this would be considered a
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crime of violence, as is [sic] will be alleged at the sentencing hearing.” Finally,
he asserted he “felt complied [sic] to communicate this unto this court, so that the
court could immediately issue an order instructing his court appoint[ed] attorney
to communicate with her client.” In his motion, Mr. Porras-Rubi did not request a
hearing on the matter.
Thereafter, the district court issued an order striking the pro se motion,
stating it was an “inappropriate pro se filing by a party who is currently
represented by counsel.” Six days later, at the sentencing hearing, the district
court verified with Mr. Porras-Rubi’s counsel that she had reviewed the
presentence report with her client and explained it to him. It then received
confirmation directly from Mr. Porras-Rubi that he had read the presentence
report and his counsel had explained its contents to him. However, Mr. Porras-
Rubi also told the district court he wanted to talk to his attorney about a few more
things for a couple of minutes. At that time, the district court recessed the
hearing, and when it reconvened Mr. Porras-Rubi verified he received answers
from his counsel on all his questions and he now fully understood the contents of
the presentence report. After the district court confirmed with Mr. Porras-Rubi’s
counsel that no objections existed with regard to the presentence report, it also
expressly asked Mr. Porras-Rubi if he wished to make any objections to its
contents or Guidelines calculations to which he replied he had no objections.
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At no time during his allocution or the rest of the hearing, when he
addressed the court, did Mr. Porras-Rubi make reference to any difficulties in
communicating with his counsel, nor did he or his counsel object to the district
court treating either of his prior two burglary convictions as “crimes of violence.”
After considering the presentence report and the sentencing factors under 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court applied a sixteen-level enhancement in
calculating Mr. Porras-Rubi’s advisory Guidelines range at fifty-seven to seventy-
one months imprisonment and sentenced him to sixty-four months imprisonment
and three years supervised release.
II. Discussion
A. Hearing on Counsel Communications Issue
In his appeal, Mr. Porras-Rubi first claims the district court erred when it
denied his pro se motion without ordering a hearing on, or conducting a further
inquiry into, his claim of a complete breakdown in communication with his
counsel. In support, Mr. Porras-Rubi argues he made sufficient allegations in his
motion to warrant such a hearing, and the district court’s failure to conduct a
hearing or inquire into the matter left it with “no way for it to gauge the
seriousness of the problem.”
By alleging a complete failure of communication with his counsel we
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assume, as do counsel on appeal, that Mr. Porras-Rubi’s pro se motion implicated
a desire to substitute counsel. We review the district court’s denial of a motion to
substitute counsel for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Porter, 405
F.3d 1136, 1140 (10th Cir. 2005). In order to prevail on a motion for substitution
of counsel, “the defendant must show good cause, such as a conflict of interest, a
complete breakdown of communication or an irreconcilable conflict which leads
to an apparently unjust verdict.” Id. (emphasis added). “To prove a total
breakdown in communication, a defendant must put forth evidence of a severe
and pervasive conflict with his attorney or evidence that he had such minimal
contact with the attorney that meaningful communication was not possible.” Id.
In making this assessment, we:
look at whether (1) the defendant’s request was timely; (2) the trial
court adequately inquired into [the] defendant’s reasons for making
the request; (3) the defendant-attorney conflict was so great that it
led to a total lack of communications precluding an adequate
defense; and (4) the defendant substantially and unreasonably
contributed to the communication breakdown.
Id. If a defendant makes sufficiently specific, factually-based allegations in
support of his request for new counsel, the district court must conduct a hearing
into his complaint. See United States v. Lott, 310 F.3d 1231, 1249 (10th Cir.
2002).
In this case, even assuming Mr. Porras-Rubi’s pro se motion contained
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sufficiently specific, factually-based allegations for substitution of counsel, our
review of the record establishes the district court did not abuse its discretion in
failing to conduct a separate hearing on the matter. This is because, after it
issued an order striking the pro se motion on other grounds, the district court
made sufficient inquiries into the communication issue at Mr. Porras-Rubi’s
sentencing hearing held only six days later. At that time, Mr. Porras-Rubi
verified he read the presentence report, his counsel answered all of his questions,
and he understood its contents. He and his counsel then both stated they had no
objections to the presentence report, including the facts contained therein and the
Guidelines calculations. Although Mr. Porras-Rubi was given opportunities to
address the court, he did not suggest any communication problems still existed
between him and his counsel.
These circumstances do not evidence the requisite lack of meaningful
communication between Mr. Porras-Rubi and his counsel warranting either a
separate hearing or substitution of counsel. Instead, a careful reading of the
sentencing hearing transcript reveals the district court made the necessary
inquiries into communications between Mr. Porras-Rubi and his counsel and that
no conflict existed between them which would lead to either the requisite “total
lack of communications precluding an adequate defense” or “complete
breakdown” in client-attorney communications. See Porter, 405 F.3d at 1140.
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Indeed, contrary to Mr. Porras-Rubi’s contentions, the district court’s inquiries at
the sentencing hearing were more than sufficient for the purpose of gauging the
seriousness of any alleged communication problem, and it clearly found none.
Nor does Mr. Porras-Rubi adequately explain on appeal how the district court’s
failure to conduct an additional hearing, beyond the inquiries it made at the
sentencing hearing, affected the calculation of his sentence. For these reasons,
we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to conduct a
separate hearing or make further inquiries into Mr. Porras-Rubi’s and his
counsel’s client-attorney communications.
B. Crime of Violence Enhancement
In his appeal, Mr. Porras-Rubi also claims the district court erred in
applying a sixteen-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) for his
commission of a crime of violence based on his Texas burglary convictions. He
argues Texas Penal Code § 30.02, under which he was convicted, provides a
broad, generic definition of “burglary of a dwelling,” including structures with no
physical connection to a dwelling, so his convictions cannot constitute “crimes of
violence.” In support of his argument, Mr. Porras-Rubi relies on a host of cases
from various federal circuit courts, as well as other states’ burglary statutes. He
also asserts our standard of review is for “harmless error,” claiming he raised the
issue of the sixteen-level enhancement in his pro se motion. The government
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contends the standard of review is plain error, given Mr. Porras-Rubi only
cursorily raised the issue in his pro se motion for substitution of counsel, which
the district court struck, and he and his counsel failed thereafter to raise the issue
at the sentencing hearing, even when given the opportunity.
Generally, in determining whether the district court properly calculated a
defendant’s sentence, we review its legal conclusions de novo and its factual
findings for clear error. See United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1054 (10th
Cir. 2006) (per curiam). However, when a defendant fails to raise such an
argument in the district court, we review for plain error. See United States v.
Ventura-Perez, 666 F.3d 670, 674 (10th Cir. 2012). To establish plain error, the
defendant has the burden of establishing: (1) an error occurred; (2) that was plain;
and (3) which affected his substantial rights. See id. If these conditions are met,
he must show the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. As discussed hereafter, the disposition of
Mr. Porras-Rubi’s appeal is the same, regardless of which standard of review we
apply.
Turning to the applicable legal principles, the Guidelines define a “crime of
violence” to include, in part, “burglary of a dwelling” or “any other offense under
federal, state, or local law that has as an element the use, attempted use, or
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threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” Id. at 673;
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iii). Whether a prior conviction encompasses a
crime of violence has significance. If a defendant is deported after a prior
conviction for a felony “crime of violence” and thereafter unlawfully enters the
United States, the Guidelines recommend a sixteen-level enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). See also cmt. n.1(A)(i)-(iii).
In considering whether an offense constitutes “burglary of a dwelling”
under § 2L1.2, we have defined “dwelling” as including “any enclosed space that
is used or intended for use as a human habitation.” United States v. Rivera-Oros,
590 F.3d 1123, 1132 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). We
have also acknowledged the Guidelines and other sources of common law
generally recognize burglaries of a home or residence as “crimes of violence” due
to the increased possibility of the burglar confronting the resident and resulting in
substantial risk of force being used and an increased risk of physical and
psychological injury. See id. at 1130-31.
Generally, when a defendant contests whether his prior conviction is a
“crime of violence,” courts take a categorical approach by looking only to the fact
of the conviction and the statutory definition of that prior offense. See United
States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez, 388 F.3d 779, 782 (10th Cir. 2004) (relying on
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Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602 (1990)). However, where the statute
involves conduct which may or may not encompass conduct constituting a crime
of violence, “an exception exists allowing the district court to ‘look to the
charging paper and judgment of conviction in order to determine if the actual
offense the defendant was convicted of qualifies as a crime of violence.’” United
States v. Austin, 426 F.3d 1266, 1270 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting Hernandez-
Rodriguez, 388 F.3d at 782-83). This exception is considered a modified
categorical approach. Ventura-Perez, 666 F.3d at 673. In applying this modified
categorical approach to determine if the prior offense warrants an enhancement,
“a court is ‘generally limited to examining the statutory definition, charging
document, written plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit
factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented.’” Austin, 426
F.3d at 1270-71 (quoting United States v. Shepard, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005)).
In this case, Texas Penal Code § 30.02, to which Mr. Porras-Rubi pled
guilty, states a person commits the offense of burglary if, without the effective
consent of the owner, he or she “enters a habitation, or a building (or any portion
of a building) not then open to the public, with intent to commit a felony, theft, or
an assault ....” Texas Penal Code Ann. § 30.02(a)(1). “Habitation” is defined
under another related Texas statute as a “structure or vehicle that is adapted for
the overnight accommodation of persons,” which includes, in part, “each structure
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appurtenant to or connected with the structure or vehicle.” Texas Penal Code
Ann. § 30.01(1) & (1)(B).
In a previous case involving the same issue, we assumed–without
deciding–that Texas Penal Code § 30.02 covers both burglaries of dwellings,
which are violent crimes under § 2L1.2, as well as burglaries of “appurtenances,”
which we determined are not crimes of violence. See Ventura-Perez, 666 F.3d at
673-74. In making this assumption, we applied a modified categorical approach
to determine which type of burglary the defendant committed for the purpose of
determining whether a sixteen-level enhancement applied. Id. As previously
stated, such a modified approach permits examination of the record of the prior
conviction, including charging documents. See id.
In this case, we similarly assume, without deciding, that Texas Penal Code
§ 30.02 includes both burglaries of dwellings and appurtenances, and therefore,
we also apply the modified categorical approach. In so doing, it is clear the
charging document for at least one of Mr. Porras-Rubi’s burglaries established he
burglarized a home, which is clearly a “dwelling” under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2. See
Rivera-Oros, 590 F.3d at 1130-31. As we concluded in Ventura-Perez, burglary
of such a “dwelling” is a “crime of violence” for the purpose of enhancing a
sentence sixteen levels under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). See 666 F.3d at 673-
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74.
Mr. Porras-Rubi’s reliance on other circuit court decisions examining state
burglary statutes other than the Texas statutes at issue is unpersuasive, and we
need not consider those cases, given this circuit’s precedent on the same issue
involving Texas law. See Ventura-Perez, 666 F.3d at 673. Moreover, even if we
considered other circuit court decisions which focus exclusively on the Texas
statutes at issue, our conclusion would not change. This is because the Fifth
Circuit, which has jurisdiction over federal crimes committed in Texas, has
determined, using the more narrow categorical approach of viewing only the fact
of the conviction and the statutory definition, that convictions, like Mr. Porras-
Rubi’s, for “burglary of a habitation” under Texas Penal Code § 30.02 are the
same as “burglary of a dwelling” for the purpose of applying U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 for
a “crime of violence.” See United States v. Garcia-Mendez, 420 F.3d 454, 456-57
(5th Cir. 2005). While this case does not have precedential value in our circuit, it
is persuasive and supports our conclusions in Ventura-Perez and here.
In applying these legal principles, we hold the district court reasonably
concluded at least one of Mr. Porras-Rubi’s prior Texas burglary convictions
constituted a “crime of violence.” Therefore, regardless of which standard of
review we apply, the district court did not commit any error in making such a
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finding and applying the sixteen-level enhancement. Because the district court
properly calculated Mr. Porras-Rubi’s sentence and sentenced him within the
applicable Guidelines range, his sentence is presumptively reasonable and he has
not otherwise rebutted this presumption by demonstrating his sentence is
unreasonable in light of the sentencing factors in § 3553(a). See Kristl, 437 F.3d
at 1053-54.
III. Conclusion
For these reasons, we AFFIRM Mr. Porras-Rubi’s sentence.
Entered by the Court:
WADE BRORBY
United States Circuit Judge
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