Peer Bearing Company-Changshan v. United States

Slip Op. 11-11

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

PEER BEARING COMPANY-CHANGSHAN,

Plaintiff,

v.
Before: Timothy C. Stanceu, Judge
UNITED STATES,
Court No. 09-00052
Defendant, and

THE TIMKEN COMPANY,

Defendant-Intervenor.

OPINION AND ORDER

[Remanding to the United States Department of Commerce the final results of an administrative
review of an antidumping duty order on tapered roller bearings and parts thereof from the
People’s Republic of China]

Dated: January 28, 2011

Arent Fox LLP (John M. Gurley, Diana Dimitriuc Quaia, and Matthew L. Kanna) for
plaintiff.

Tony West, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Patricia M.
McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice (L. Misha Preheim); Joanna V. Theiss, Office of the Chief Counsel for
Import Administration, United States Department of Commerce, of counsel, for defendant.

Stewart and Stewart (Terence P. Stewart, William A. Fennell, Nazakhtar Nikakhtar, and
Geert M. De Prest) for defendant-intervenor.

Stanceu, Judge: Plaintiff Peer Bearing Company-Changshan (“CPZ”) contests a final

determination (“Final Results”) of the International Trade Administration, United States

Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the “Department”), in the twentieth periodic

administrative review of an antidumping duty order on tapered roller bearings and parts thereof
Court No. 09-00052 Page 2

(“subject merchandise”) from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”). Compl. ¶ 1;

Tapered Roller Bearings & Parts Thereof, Finished & Unfinished, From the People’s Republic

of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Admin. Review, 74 Fed. Reg. 3,987 (Jan. 22, 2009)

(“Final Results”).1 Commerce assigned CPZ a 92.84% dumping margin in the Final Results,

based on U.S. prices for subject merchandise made by CPZ that Commerce, in the absence of

record data on sales transactions between CPZ and an unaffiliated importer in the United States,

determined according to “facts otherwise available.” Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 3,989; Issues

& Decisions Mem., A-570-601, ARP 1-09, at 2 (Jan. 13, 2009) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5486),

available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/PRC/E9-1219-1.pdf (“Decision Mem.”). CPZ

challenges this margin, arguing, inter alia, that Commerce unlawfully determined the U.S. prices

according to facts otherwise available instead of opening the record to gather data to determine

actual export prices or using data already on the record to determine CPZ’s margin based on

constructed export prices. Compl. ¶¶ 29-31; Pl.’s Mem. of Points & Authorities in Supp. of its

Mot. for J. on the Agency R. 10-27 (“Pl.’s Mem.”).

The issue of whether the U.S. prices should have been determined on an export price

(“EP”) basis or a constructed export price (“CEP”) basis arose because CPZ sold subject

merchandise to an unaffiliated U.S. importer that sold the merchandise to CPZ’s U.S. affiliate,

Peer Bearing Company (“Peer”), which sold to unaffiliated U.S. customers. Compl. ¶¶ 14, 30.

1
The merchandise subject to the order is “tapered roller bearings and parts thereof,
finished and unfinished, from the PRC; flange, take up cartridge, and hanger units incorporating
tapered roller bearings; and tapered roller housings (except pillow blocks) incorporating tapered
rollers, with or without spindles, whether or not for automotive use.” Tapered Roller Bearings
& Parts Thereof, Finished & Unfinished, From the People’s Republic of China: Final Results of
Antidumping Duty Admin. Review, 74 Fed. Reg. 3,987, 3,988 (Jan. 22, 2009) (“Final Results”).
Court No. 09-00052 Page 3

The record contained almost no data on CPZ’s sales to the U.S. importer because Commerce,

contrary to the position taken by defendant-intervenor The Timken Company (“Timken”) during

the review, declined to make a request for these data during the review. CPZ seeks a remand

instructing Commerce to “recalculate Plaintiff’s antidumping duty margin using the constructed

export price methodology . . . .” Pl.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 2 (“Pl.’s Mot.”).

CPZ also challenges several of the surrogate values that Commerce chose when

determining the normal value of CPZ’s merchandise according to the methodology Commerce

applies when the subject merchandise is produced in a non-market economy country such as the

PRC. Compl. ¶¶ 33-37. CPZ seeks a remand instructing Commerce to recalculate the surrogate

value for “steel wire input using a non-aberrational import value,” for “the steel bar input in

order to remove aberrational import values,” and for the “steel scrap inputs consistent with

Commerce’s practice in previous administrative review[s] and in the preliminary results of the

review under appeal.” Pl.’s Mot. 2.

Before the court is plaintiff’s motion, made under USCIT Rule 56.2, for judgment upon

the agency record, which is opposed by defendant and Timken, the petitioner in the investigation

resulting in the antidumping duty order. The court concludes that Commerce, in assigning CPZ

a dumping margin in the Final Results, based its U.S. price determinations on CEP starting

prices, adjusted those starting prices according to a method the antidumping statute does not

authorize, and incorrectly concluded that it had determined U.S. prices on an EP basis. The

court further concludes that the surrogate values for steel wire rod, steel bar, and steel scrap from

the production of cages were not determined according to law. The court orders a remand for

correction of these errors.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 4

I. BACKGROUND

Commerce issued the antidumping duty order on tapered roller bearings and parts thereof

from China in 1987. Antidumping Duty Order; Tapered Roller Bearings & Parts Thereof,

Finished or Unfinished, From the People’s Republic of China, 52 Fed. Reg. 22,667 (June 15,

1987). On June 1, 2007, Commerce invited parties to request an administrative review of the

entries of subject merchandise made during the period June 1, 2006 to May 31, 2007 (the “period

of review” or “POR”). Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended

Investigation; Opportunity To Request Admin. Review, 72 Fed. Reg. 30,542, 30,543 (June 1,

2007). On June 29, 2007, plaintiff requested that Commerce review entries of its subject

merchandise. Letter from CPZ to Asst. Sec’y for Import Admin. (June 29, 2007) (Admin. R. Doc.

No. 5323). On July 26, 2007, Commerce initiated the review at issue in this case. Initiation of

Antidumping & Countervailing Duty Admin. Reviews & Request for Revocation in Part, 72 Fed.

Reg. 41,057, 41,058 (July 26, 2007).

In the preliminary results of the review (“Preliminary Results”), Commerce assigned CPZ

a preliminary margin of 59.41% using a constructed export price methodology. Tapered Roller

Bearings & Parts Thereof, Finished & Unfinished, from the People’s Republic of China: Prelim.

Results of Antidumping Duty Admin. Review, 73 Fed. Reg. 41,033, 41,037, 41,039 (July 17, 2008)

(“Prelim. Results”). In the Final Results, Commerce changed its position on the determination of

U.S. prices of CPZ’s subject merchandise, choosing instead to calculate dumping margins on an

“export price basis” that relied on “facts otherwise available.” Decision Mem. 2. The Final

Results assigned CPZ a margin of 92.84%. Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 3,989.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 5

A. Commerce’s Calculation of CPZ’s Dumping Margin Using Facts Otherwise Available

CPZ’s response to Commerce’s antidumping questionnaire stated that Peer “sold the

subject merchandise to the first unaffiliated U.S. customers and thus the constructed export price

(‘CEP’) methodology should be used for reporting CPZ’s U.S. sales.” Pl.’s Mem. 5. CPZ

reported to Commerce the prices paid by unaffiliated customers to Peer but not the prices paid by

the unaffiliated U.S. importer to CPZ. Compl. ¶¶ 14, 30. Commerce did not inform CPZ that

CPZ’s submission was deficient.

On April 2, 2008, Commerce issued supplemental questionnaires, to which CPZ filed

responses on April 29, 2008. Prelim. Results, 73 Fed. Reg. at 41,033. CPZ responded to

Commerce’s request for evidence of price negotiations between CPZ and its importer by stating

that “Peer issues a purchase order to [the unaffiliated importer] and copies CPZ.” Def.’s Opp’n

to Pl.’s Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 4 (“Def.’s Opp’n”). This purchase order, according to

CPZ, contained the “agreed upon price between CPZ and the importer of record . . . .” Id. In

commenting on CPZ’s questionnaire responses, Timken advocated that Commerce require CPZ

to report data on its sales to the importer so that Commerce could calculate CPZ’s margin on an

export price basis. Letter from Timken to the Sec’y of Commerce 2-3 (Nov. 15, 2007) (Admin.

R. Doc. No. 5354). Despite the supplemental questionnaire responses, and rejecting the request

of Timken, Commerce declined to request that CPZ submit data on the transactions between

CPZ and its unaffiliated importer.

In the Preliminary Results, Commerce stated that it “calculated CEP for CPZ based on

delivered prices to unaffiliated purchasers in the United States.” Prelim. Results, 73 Fed. Reg.

at 41,037 (“In accordance with Section 772(b) of the Act, we used CEP for CPZ’s sales where
Court No. 09-00052 Page 6

CPZ sold subject merchandise to its affiliated company in the United States, which in turn sold

subject merchandise to unaffiliated U.S. customers.”). On January 22, 2009, Commerce

published the Final Results, which stated that “[w]e have treated CPZ’s sale to the importer as

the relevant sale for calculating dumping margins, and have calculated the margins on an export

price basis.” Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 3,988. In an issues and decisions memorandum

(“Decision Memorandum”) incorporated by reference in the Final Results, Commerce stated a

finding that “sales prices from CPZ to its importer for all transactions during the POR are not on

the record of this review” and announced its decision, pursuant to section 776(a) of the Tariff

Act of 1930 (“Tariff Act” or the “Act”), 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) (2006), to use facts otherwise

available to calculate the U.S. prices. Decision Mem. 2; Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 3,988.

Noting the confidential nature of the matter, the Decision Memorandum referred to more

detailed discussion in an internal memorandum to the file, to which Commerce referred as the

“Analysis Memo.” Decision Mem. 2 n.1 (citing Mem. from Int’l Trade Compliance Analyst,

AD/CVD Operations Office 8, to the file (Jan. 13, 2009) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5482) (“Analysis

Mem.”)).

The record contained a small number of sample purchase orders pertaining to sales

transactions between CPZ and the unaffiliated importer. See Analysis Mem. 2. The sales data in

the purchase orders accounted for fewer than 1% of the sales transactions between CPZ and the

unaffiliated importer and only a small fraction of CPZ’s models of subject merchandise. See id.

attachment 2; Pl.’s Mem. 25-26. The Analysis Memo stated that Commerce, to estimate CPZ’s

export prices for all other transactions, would modify the price that CPZ reported for transactions

between Peer and the ultimate customer using a factor derived from the relationship between the
Court No. 09-00052 Page 7

purchase order data and the sales data for the corresponding models contained in CPZ’s

responses to Commerce’s questionnaires. Id. at 7. The Analysis Memo, the Decision

Memorandum, and the signed, pre-publication version of the Final Results are dated the same

day, January 13, 2009. As shown by the record documentation, that date is the date on which the

administrative review was concluded.

B. Commerce’s Choices of Surrogate Values for Steel Wire Rod, Steel Bar, and Steel Scrap

On July 17, 2008, Commerce announced in the Preliminary Results that it would apply

the non-market economy factors of production method to calculate the normal value of CPZ’s

subject merchandise.2 Prelim. Results, 73 Fed. Reg. at 41,033-34. Commerce identified several

potential surrogate countries it determined to be at a similar level of economic development to

that of China and chose India as the surrogate country. Id. at 41,034. In the Preliminary Results

and Final Results, Commerce used average entered values in import data for India to value

bearing-quality alloy steel wire rod, bearing-quality alloy steel bar, scrap from production of

rollers and rings, and scrap from production of cages.3 See Mem. from Case Analyst to the file 3

2
This method is described in section 773(c) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (“Tariff Act” or the
“Act”), 19 U.S.C. 1677b(c) (2006) (“[T]he administering authority shall determine the normal
value of the subject merchandise on the basis of the value of the factors of production utilized in
producing the merchandise and to which shall be added an amount for general expenses and
profit plus the cost of containers, coverings, and other expenses.”).
3
The International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”
or the “Department”) reduces the constructed value by the amount a producer recovers from the
sale of by-products or scrap. Issues & Decisions Mem., A-570-601, ARP 1-09, at 3-4 (Jan. 13,
2009) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5486), available at
http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/PRC/E9-1219-1.pdf (“Decision Mem.”). In its final
determination, Commerce granted an offset for Peer Bearing Company-Changshan’s (“CPZ”)
sales of steel scrap from production of cages, rollers, and rings. Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at
3,988.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 8

(June 30, 2008) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5408) (“Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem.”); Mem. from

Case Analysts to file attachment 1 (Jan. 13, 2009) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5484) (“Final Factor

Valuation Mem.”). The source of Commerce’s Indian import data was the online World Trade

Atlas (“WTA”), a source that uses data provided by national governments. Prelim. Results, 73

Fed. Reg. at 41,037-38.

Plaintiff initiated this action on February 4, 2009. Summons; Compl. On July 13, 2009,

CPZ moved for judgment upon the agency record pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.2. Pl.’s Mot.

Defendant and defendant-intervenor oppose this motion. Def.’s Opp’n; Def.-Intervenor The

Timken Co.’s Opp’n to Mot. for J. on the Agency R. of Pl. Peer Bearing Co.-Changshan (“Def.-

Intervenor’s Opp’n”). The court held oral argument on March 4, 2010.

II. DISCUSSION

The court exercises subject matter jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts

Act of 1980, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006). Under the applicable standard of review, the court

must hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found to be unsupported by

substantial evidence on the record or otherwise not in accordance with law. Tariff Act,

§ 516A(b)(1)(B)(i), 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

A. Commerce’s Determination of U.S. Prices Was Contrary to Law

CPZ claims that Commerce’s determination of CPZ’s dumping margin without using

constructed export prices was unlawful. Pl.’s Mem. 10-27. According to CPZ, Commerce,

having chosen to calculate the U.S. prices of CPZ’s subject merchandise on an export price

basis, “was obligated to solicit additional information from CPZ to supplement/correct the

record” instead of using facts otherwise available. Id. at 11. CPZ argues that “the adjusted
Court No. 09-00052 Page 9

prices that Commerce used as a proxy for CPZ’s U.S. sales prices were based on an arbitrary

methodology, for which Commerce offered no explanation.” Id. at 27.

Commerce stated in the Final Results that “[w]e have treated CPZ’s sale to the importer

as the relevant sale for calculating dumping margins, and have calculated the margins on an

export price basis.” Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 3,988. The Final Results do not contain

further discussion on the Department’s calculation of U.S. prices. In a single paragraph directed

to the issue, the Decision Memorandum describes two findings, the first of which appears to be

both a finding and a conclusion: “[w]e agree with Timken, and find that the relevant U.S. sales

prices for purposes of calculating CPZ’s dumping margin are CPZ’s sales to the importer, rather

than the sales prices from CPZ’s U.S. affiliate to unaffiliated customers.” Decision Mem. 2.

Commerce then states as a finding that “[t]hough Timken in its case brief requested that the

Department collect the necessary sales data, the sales prices from CPZ to its importer for all

transactions during the POR are not on the record of this review.” Id. The latter finding is

correct and is, in fact, an understatement: due to the Department’s having rejected Timken’s

comment that Commerce should request export price data from CPZ, the record contained price

data on fewer than 1% of the sales transactions between CPZ and the unaffiliated importer,

covering only a small fraction of CPZ’s models of subject merchandise. See Analysis Mem.

attachment 2; Pl.’s Mem. 25-26.

Invoking the “facts otherwise available” authority provided in section 776(a)(1) of the

Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1), the paragraph in the Decision Memorandum then sets forth

the determination at issue here: “[a]s facts available, in order to calculate CPZ’s U.S. prices on

an EP basis, rather than a constructed export price basis, we will derive a ratio, based on the
Court No. 09-00052 Page 10

sales documentation on the record demonstrating the prices between parties, to apply to CPZ’s

reported U.S. sales.” Decision Mem. 2-3 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted). The court

concludes that this determination is contrary to law. The calculation of CPZ’s U.S. prices was

not, as Commerce characterized it in the Final Results and Decision Memorandum, performed on

an export price basis. See id. at 2. Commerce calculated U.S. prices using the CEP starting

prices (the prices by which the merchandise was sold by Peer to the unaffiliated customers),

rather than EP starting prices (which, with very few exceptions, it did not have), and proceeded

to apply its own method of adjusting the CEP starting prices, a method at variance with the

method of adjusting CEP starting prices that the Act requires. Commerce thereby determined the

U.S. prices by a method conforming neither to the statutory requirements for determining export

price nor to those for determining constructed export price. That method also failed to fulfill the

statutory purpose of the review, which was to determine whether, and to what extent, the U.S.

prices at which the subject merchandise was sold were below normal value. Because Commerce

chose its “facts otherwise available” on the erroneous premise that in applying those facts it was

determining U.S. prices on an export price basis, and because the U.S. “prices” Commerce

determined had no meaningful relationship to the prices at which the subject merchandise

actually was sold, the determination of U.S. prices in the review must be set aside as contrary to

law. The court addresses these points in further detail below.

1. Contrary to its Characterization in the Final Results and in the Decision Memorandum,
Commerce Did Not Determine U.S. Prices on an “Export Price Basis”

Commerce, until the conclusion of the review, analyzed the U.S. sales of CPZ’s

merchandise according to a constructed export price methodology and collected questionnaire

data accordingly. See Prelim. Results, 73 Fed. Reg. at 41,037. The record shows that the
Court No. 09-00052 Page 11

Department decided to change its method of determining the U.S. prices at or near the end of the

review (apparently on the last day of the review). Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. at 3,989; Decision

Mem. 2. Commerce then sought to determine U.S. prices on an export price basis, using “facts

otherwise available,” and concluded, contrary to law, that it had done so. Decision Mem. 2.

Commerce’s method of adjusting the CEP starting prices in pursuit of an EP

methodology is shown in an attachment to the Analysis Memo. Analysis Mem. attachment 2.

Commerce adjusted all of the CEP starting prices in the review by a percentage that substantially

reduced those prices. It derived that percentage by taking a simple average of two other

percentages. Commerce derived each of those other percentages from a small number of sales of

a single product code, i.e., an individual bearing part number. For each of the two part numbers,

Commerce divided the price for that part number, as shown on an invoice in the sale from CPZ

to the unaffiliated importer, by a simple average of the prices for the same part number that are

shown on an invoice in the sale from Peer to the unaffiliated customer. Id. at 7. Commerce

explained that “[b]ecause we are no longer calculating U.S. net price on a CEP basis, we will not

deduct the selling expenses related to activity incurred in the United States.” Id. at 6.

Even though Commerce’s method of adjusting the CEP starting prices bore some

mathematical relationship to a handful of prices in transactions between CPZ and the unaffiliated

importer, the numerical results of Commerce’s resort to what it termed “facts otherwise

available” in no way qualify as “export prices.” Had it actually determined U.S. price on an

export price basis, Commerce would have been required by section 772(a) of the Act to use as
Court No. 09-00052 Page 12

the “starting price,”4 i.e., the price of the subject merchandise prior to the Department’s making

the required adjustments, “the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold (or agreed to

be sold) before the date of importation by the producer or exporter of the subject merchandise

outside of the United States to an unaffiliated purchaser in the United States . . . .” Tariff Act,

§ 772(a), 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a) (emphasis added). Commerce could not do so because, except

for an extremely small number of transactions, the prices at which CPZ sold the subject

merchandise to the unaffiliated importer were not on the record. The absence of data necessary

for determining U.S. prices on an export price basis for the vast majority of U.S. sales was the

consequence of the Department’s earlier decision, made contrary to the comments of Timken,

not to request from CPZ the information underlying CPZ’s sales to the unaffiliated importer. In

the absence of those price data, Commerce, for almost all sales transactions in the review,

determined the U.S. prices by making adjustments, of its own design, to the prices at which Peer

sold the subject merchandise to unaffiliated customers in the United States. See Analysis Mem. 7

& attachment 2. These are the same prices that Commerce would have been required to use in

determining constructed export prices in the Final Results had it adhered to a constructed export

price methodology in the review. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b). Because Commerce based its

4
With respect to both export price and constructed export price, Commerce uses the term
“starting price” to refer to the unadjusted price at which subject merchandise is sold to the
unaffiliated purchaser. 19 C.F.R. § 351.402(a) (2007) (“In order to establish export price,
constructed export price, and normal value, the Secretary must make certain adjustments to the
price to the unaffiliated purchaser (often called the ‘starting price’) in both the United States and
foreign markets.”).
Court No. 09-00052 Page 13

determinations of U.S. price on the CEP starting price and not the EP starting price, it was

erroneous for Commerce to characterize its basis for determining the U.S. prices, and CPZ’s

margin, as an “export price” basis.

2. Commerce Determined the U.S. Prices of CPZ’s Subject Merchandise According to a Method
that the Act Does Not Authorize

Section 751(a)(2)(A) of the Tariff Act directs generally that the dumping margins for

each entry of subject merchandise in the review be determined according to the “export price” or

the “constructed export price,” 19 U.S.C.§ 1675(a)(2)(A), and provides, in section 772 of the

Act, statutory definitions for these terms, 19 U.S.C. § 1677a. In those definitions, the statute

specifies a different starting price for the export price determination than it does for the

constructed export price determination and thereby prohibits Commerce from determining export

price from the CEP starting price. See id. § 1677a(a) (identifying as the EP starting price the

price at which the subject merchandise is first sold “outside of the United States” to an

unaffiliated purchaser), § 1677a(b) (identifying as the CEP starting price the price at which the

merchandise is first sold “in the United States” to an unaffiliated purchaser). The statute also

prohibits Commerce from determining constructed export price according to a method that uses

adjustments different from the ones the statute prescribes for the determination of CEP. See id.

§ 1677a(d) (providing for the deduction of selling expenses incurred and profit realized on the

sale of the subject merchandise in the United States). Commerce, therefore, determined the U.S.

prices by a method that did not conform to the statute.

3. Commerce Chose “Facts Otherwise Available” that Were Impermissible under the Act

The Department’s U.S. price calculations were not only inconsistent with any method of

determining U.S. price authorized by the Act, they were also decidedly inferior to U.S. prices
Court No. 09-00052 Page 14

determined according to CEP. If the court were to assume, arguendo, that it was permissible for

the Department to invoke its authority to use facts otherwise available in this case (an issue

addressed later in this Opinion and Order), it still would conclude that the Department’s choice

of facts otherwise available in this case was impermissible. Commerce’s conclusion, made at or

near the completion of the review, that it must determine U.S. prices on an EP basis required it,

in effect, to do the impossible: base its U.S. price determinations on starting prices that, with a

few insignificant exceptions, it did not have. In this case, the only statutorily permissible “facts

otherwise available” on the record that may be used to determine U.S. prices are the CEP starting

prices, adjusted by the method the statute requires.

As the name implies, “constructed export price” is the method the statute uses to

“construct,” i.e., approximate as closely as possible, an export price when an affiliation between

the buyer and foreign seller precludes the use, as an EP starting price, of the price in the

transaction by which the subject merchandise was sold outside of the United States, prior to

importation. The Statement of Administrative Action (“SAA”) accompanying passage of the

Uruguay Round Agreements Act confirms this essential point. The SAA explains that profit is

deducted from the CEP starting price “consistent with the language of the Agreement,” i.e., the

Uruguay Round’s Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on

Tariffs and Trade 1994, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade

Organization, Annex 1A, 1868 U.N.T.S. 201 (1994), “which reflects that constructed export

price is now calculated to be, as closely as possible, a price corresponding to an export price

between non-affiliated exporters and importers.” Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Statement of

Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, Vol. 1, at 823 (1994), reprinted in 1994
Court No. 09-00052 Page 15

U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4163 (“SAA”) (emphasis added). In essence, Commerce attempted to

construct an export price using, as facts otherwise available, the same starting price as, but a

different method of adjustment than, the method the statute requires for determining CEP. In

contrast to the statutory CEP adjustments, Commerce’s adjustments to the CEP starting prices,

even if they might be characterized as based on “facts otherwise available,” were not made based

on information pertaining to the actual sales of subject merchandise that Peer made to the

unaffiliated customers. Nor did these adjustments succeed in converting the CEP starting prices

to anything resembling actual export prices. Commerce’s adjustment method was based on a

simple average of two resale markup percentages (each of which occurred through a series of

two resale transactions) that were so different as to refute any inference that a standard markup

percentage applied across all of CPZ’s products in the review. As a result, the “U.S. prices” that

emerged from the Department’s calculation were the CEP starting prices in a form that was

significantly distorted by the adjustment method Commerce chose. These calculations yielded a

price that no longer bore any meaningful relationship to the price at which any specific roller

bearings or parts were actually sold. The resulting price was not, in the words of the SAA, “as

closely as possible, a price corresponding to an export price between non-affiliated exporters and

importers.” Id.

Commerce’s choice of facts otherwise available does not fulfill the statutory purpose of

remedying dumping, which is found to exist when the price at which subject merchandise is sold

in the United States is less than normal value. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1675(a)(2)(A), 1677(35)(A).

Where, as here, Commerce attempts to conduct a periodic administrative review of calculated

“export prices” that are not actual prices, and no adverse inference is appropriate because there
Court No. 09-00052 Page 16

was no failure of the respondent to cooperate, Commerce has failed to conduct a review that

satisfies the basic requirement of the Act. See id. (requiring that dumping margins in a review be

based on a comparison of export prices or constructed export prices with normal value).

Commerce has considerable discretion in selecting “facts otherwise available,” but the discretion

19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) provides is not so broad as to allow Commerce to choose its arbitrary, and

unauthorized, method of adjusting the CEP starting prices rather than the adjustment method the

Act prescribes in 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)-(d) and thereby reach a result that fails to satisfy

§ 1675(a)(2)(A). Although the court accords to Commerce’s constructions of the Act the

deference required by Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resource Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S.

837, 842-43 (1984), the court concludes in this case that Congress, in the plain language of the

statute as well as the SAA, “has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” id. at 842, in

establishing the requirements by which Commerce must conduct an administrative review of an

antidumping duty order. In summary, because Commerce based CPZ’s margin on unlawfully-

determined U.S. “prices” that were not prices at which subject merchandise was actually sold,

the court must remand the Final Results and order that Commerce correct this fundamental error.

In support of its argument that Commerce acted lawfully in determining the U.S. prices,

defendant relies in part on AK Steel Corp. v. United States, 226 F.3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2000).

Def.’s Opp’n 13-14. This reliance is misplaced. As discussed infra, AK Steel holds that “the

plain language of the EP definition precludes classification of a sale between two U.S. entities

(i.e., a U.S. affiliate of the producer and a U.S. purchaser) as an EP sale.” AK Steel Corp., 226

F.3d at 1370. The case does not hold that Commerce may base U.S. prices on CEP starting
Court No. 09-00052 Page 17

prices that are adjusted by a method that does not conform to the provisions in the statute

governing CEP.

4. On Remand, Commerce Will Not Be Confined to Determining the U.S. Prices on a CEP
Basis if it Reopens the Record to Obtain Export Price Information

Plaintiff argues that the court should order Commerce on remand to determine the U.S.

prices on a CEP basis, contending that this is required by 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b) and Commerce’s

administrative practice.5 Pl.’s Mot. 2, Proposed Order 1; Pl.’s Mem. 24-25. The court disagrees.

Due to the importance of ensuring that U.S. price is determined by an appropriate method, the

court concludes that Commerce, in the circumstances of this case, should not be precluded from

reopening the record to obtain information that might allow it to determine the U.S. prices on an

EP basis.

In support of its argument that the statute, in 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b), requires that the CEP

basis be used, plaintiff contests various findings of fact, as stated in the Analysis Memo, on

which the Department concluded that an EP basis was appropriate.6 Pl.’s Mem. 13-18. CPZ

5
During the review, and again before the court, CPZ argued that Commerce should
follow the practice it followed in Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from Romania:
Preliminary Results of Admin. Review & Notice of Intent To Rescind in Part, 69 Fed. Reg.
54,108, 54,115 (Sept. 7, 2004), and subsequent preliminary phases of the same proceeding. Pl.’s
Mem. of Points & Authorities in Supp. of its Mot. for J. on the Agency R. 22-23 (“Pl.’s Mem.”).
Before the court, CPZ cited various other administrative proceedings which it claims show that
Commerce departed from a practice in reaching the decision to pursue an export price (“EP”)
basis in the review at issue. Pl.’s Mem. 20-23. The court does not reach the issue of whether
Commerce departed from a practice in the final results of this administrative review (“Final
Results”), or gave adequate reasons for doing so, having concluded that the determination of
U.S. prices in the Final Results was otherwise contrary to law.
6
In addition to contesting the Department’s specific factual findings, CPZ also argues
that using constructed export price (“CEP”) is consistent with the purpose of the antidumping
law because CPZ, after the sale to Peer, “continues to have the opportunity to control or
(continued...)
Court No. 09-00052 Page 18

contends that the “sales process in this case is between two affiliated parties, CPZ and Peer, who

set the terms of the sale” and that the sale made by CPZ to the unaffiliated importer “is not the

relevant first sale to an unaffiliated party” because the merchandise in that sale was subsequently

resold to Peer and CPZ had knowledge of that fact. Id. at 19. According to CPZ, “[a]ll the

material terms of sale: price, quantity, specifications were established by Peer,” which issued

simultaneous purchase orders to CPZ and the importer. Id. at 15. CPZ argues that “[b]ecause a

U.S. seller affiliated with the producer is involved in the U.S. sale process, the sales cannot be

reported as EP sales.” Id. at 19. It also argues that Commerce failed “to consider the fact that

CPZ had knowledge of the final destination of the sales, the extent of Peer’s involvement in the

sales process and the fact that both CPZ and Peer treated these sales as affiliated party sales in

their normal books and records.” Id. at 18. Collectively, these arguments are essentially a

contention that the “sales” between CPZ and the unaffiliated importer were not “sales” for

purposes of determining U.S. prices, and that the real sales should be deemed to have occurred

between CPZ and Peer.

Although CPZ points to some record evidence in support of its characterization of the

“sales process,” the current record evidence is not such that Commerce would be compelled to

reach findings of fact in agreement with that characterization. The record also contains evidence

6
(...continued)
participate in pricing decisions in the U.S. market through its U.S. affiliate.” Pl.’s Mem. 24.
This argument impliedly presumes that Commerce would not have been required by law to
determine U.S. price on an EP basis had the record permitted it to do so. Because the court
concludes that Commerce has discretion as to whether to reopen the record to obtain export price
information and that, if Commerce does so, Commerce must address the issue of whether it was
required by law to determine U.S. price on an EP basis, the court, in ordering a remand, does not
reach the question raised by this argument.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 19

that CPZ actually did sell the subject merchandise to the unaffiliated importer. Based in part on

CPZ’s own questionnaire response, Commerce found in the Analysis Memo that “[i]n this case,

based upon the facts on the record, the subject merchandise is first sold before the date of

importation by CPZ to an unaffiliated purchaser . . . in the United States.” Analysis Mem. 3.

Commerce observed in the Analysis Memo that CPZ stated in its questionnaire response that it

sold the subject merchandise to an unaffiliated company in the United States and that Peer then

resold the subject merchandise to the ultimate customer. Id. at 3-4. In its brief to the court, CPZ

admits that “[d]uring the period of review CPZ made sales of TRBs [i.e., tapered roller

bearings]” to the United States through the unaffiliated importer, who then sold to Peer. Pl.’s

Mem. 17.

Under the applicable standard of review, it is, of course, possible that the same record

could be found to contain substantial evidence for two opposite findings. In ordering a remand

in this case, the court does not hold or imply that Commerce is bound by the factual findings it

previously made in the Analysis Memo pertaining to the U.S. price issue. In addition to

reopening the record to admit additional evidence, Commerce, on remand, also has the discretion

to reconsider the record evidence, and its previous findings, bearing on the issue of an

appropriate determination of U.S. prices. The current state of the record, upon which the

Department reached factual conclusions on the nature of the sales between the various entities, is

missing a large amount of information pertaining to the sales between CPZ and the unaffiliated

importer.

If on remand Commerce reopens the record to collect export price information and

decides that U.S. price cannot or should not be determined on a CEP basis, then it must include
Court No. 09-00052 Page 20

an explanation of its reasoning. In the context of this case, the reasoning would need to include

specific findings of fact and relevant conclusions of law. The Final Results and Decision

Memorandum do not include an adequate explanation on the question of the determination of

U.S. prices, and the Analysis Memo, even if presumed to be incorporated by reference into the

Decision Memorandum, also is wanting. In it, Commerce appears to have decided that it must

determine the U.S. prices of CPZ’s subject merchandise on an EP basis, rather than a CEP basis,

because the first sale of the subject merchandise to an unaffiliated purchaser occurred outside of

the United States, before the date of importation, when CPZ sold the merchandise to the

unaffiliated importer. See Analysis Mem. 4 (“The record does not sufficiently support a

conclusion that the first sale to an unaffiliated purchaser took place after the date of importation

or inside the United States.”). The court cannot conclude for certain that Commerce reasoned in

this way, however, because other discussion in the Analysis Memo explains Commerce’s

reasoning for its decision in the context of “classifying” sales as EP sales. As Commerce stated,

“we find that the sales must be classified as EP sales because the record does not sufficiently

support CPZ’s assertion that [the unaffiliated importer] is not the first unaffiliated purchaser

under the standard set forth in AK Steel.” Analysis Mem. 5 (citing AK Steel Corp., 226 F.3d

at 1372). In the Analysis Memo, Commerce concluded that the United States Court of Appeals

for the Federal Circuit (“Court of Appeals”) in AK Steel Corp. “held that section 772 of the Act

is unambiguous: the critical factors for whether a sale should be classified as EP or CEP are the

location of the sale and whether the parties to the sale are affiliated or unaffiliated.” Id. at 4-5

(citing AK Steel Corp., 226 F.3d at 1369-70).
Court No. 09-00052 Page 21

The Analysis Memo does not base its decision to pursue an EP basis on a construction of

the Act, nor do the Final Results or Decision Memorandum. From the Analysis Memo, it

appears that the Department’s conclusion may have been based, at least in part, on the holding in

AK Steel Corp. If that was the Department’s reasoning, it was not correct. The holding in

AK Steel Corp. does not require Commerce to determine the U.S. prices on an export price basis

in this case. The question in AK Steel Corp. was “whether a sale to a U.S. purchaser can be

properly classified as a sale by the producer/exporter, and thus an EP sale, even if the sales

contract is between the U.S. purchaser and a U.S. affiliate of the producer/exporter and is

executed in the United States.” AK Steel Corp., 226 F.3d at 1368. Even though the sales in

question were made between a U.S. affiliate of the producer/exporter and an unaffiliated U.S.

customer, Commerce decided the sales were export price sales, considering the role of the U.S.

affiliate to be too minor to satisfy the “PQ Test” that it applied to determine whether a particular

sale is an EP sale or a CEP sale.7 Id. Based on the plain meaning of the export price definition

in section 772(a) of the Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a), the Court of Appeals concluded that the sales

transactions at issue in the appeal could not qualify as export price sales, reasoning that “[a]

transaction, such as those here, in which both parties are located in the United States and the

7
As the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Court of Appeals”) explained in AK
Steel Corp. v. United States, 226 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2000):
Using the PQ Test, Commerce classifies sales made by U.S. affiliates as EP sales if the
following criteria are met:
(1) the subject merchandise was shipped directly from the manufacturer to the
unrelated buyer, without being introduced into the inventory of the related shipping
agent;
(2) direct shipment from the manufacturer to the unrelated buyer was the customary
channel for sales of this merchandise between the parties involved; and
(3) the related selling agent in the United States acted only as a processor of sales-
related documentation and a communication link with the unrelated U.S. buyer.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 22

contract is executed in the United States cannot be said to be ‘outside the United States.’” AK

Steel Corp., 226 F.3d at 1370. The court held that “the plain language of the EP definition

precludes classification of a sale between two U.S. entities (i.e., a U.S. affiliate of the producer

and a U.S. purchaser) as an EP sale.” Id. In summary, AK Steel Corp. presented the question of

whether a particular sale was properly classified as the starting price for a determination of U.S.

price on an EP basis or the starting price for determining U.S. price according to a CEP basis, a

question to be resolved, in large part, by determining where the sale at issue took place.

On the findings of fact Commerce made, this case presents a different factual

circumstance than did AK Steel Corp., which involved a Korean steel producer who sold subject

steel to an affiliated Korean exporter, who then sold the merchandise to a U.S. affiliate, who in

turn sold the merchandise to an unaffiliated U.S. purchaser. Id. at 1365. This case, viewed

according to Commerce’s findings, presents a circumstance in which the foreign producer and its

U.S. affiliate each make a sale of the subject merchandise to an unaffiliated U.S. purchaser (but

not the same purchaser) and in which the sale by the foreign producer, made outside of the

United States, occurs first. The issue of “classification” that was involved in AK Steel Corp.

does not arise on the facts of this case, as found by Commerce. On those facts, the sale by CPZ

to the importer cannot be the starting price for a CEP sale, and the sale by Peer to the unaffiliated

customer cannot be a EP sale. The issue presented instead is whether the statute contains a

requirement for the determination of U.S. price on an EP basis on facts such as those found by

Commerce, under which the sale by CPZ to the importer occurred before the sale by Peer to the
Court No. 09-00052 Page 23

unaffiliated customers. Commerce apparently concluded that there is such a requirement, but in

doing so it relied, at least in part, on its interpretation of the holding in AK Steel Corp.8

The plain language of subsections 772(a) and (b) of the Act does not specify that

Commerce must determine U.S. price on an export price basis on the facts it found. See

19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a) (referring to the first sale to an unaffiliated purchaser that occurs outside of

the United States), § 1677a(b) (referring to the first sale to an unaffiliated purchaser that occurs

in the United States, by the producer or exporter or a seller affiliated with the producer or

exporter). The statute directs Commerce to determine the “export price (or constructed export

price) of each entry of the subject merchandise.” Id. § 1675(a)(2)(A)(i) (emphasis added).

Commerce determines “the dumping margin for each such entry,” id. § 1675(a)(2)(A)(ii), but

“dumping margin” is “the amount by which the normal value exceeds the export price or

constructed export price of the subject merchandise,” id. § 1677(35)(A) (emphasis added).

Although the statute is silent on the narrow question presented, the SAA appears to speak

to that question. Under the subheading “Identification of the Starting Price,” the SAA provides,

in pertinent part, that “[i]f the first sale to an unaffiliated purchaser in the United States . . . is

made by the producer or exporter in the home market prior to the date of importation, then

Commerce will base its calculation on export price.” SAA at 822, reprinted in 1994

U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4163 (emphasis added). The SAA provides, further, that “[i]f . . . the first sale

to an unaffiliated person is made by (or for the account of) the producer or exporter or by a seller

8
In its opinion in AK Steel Corp., the Court of Appeals recognized that Commerce, in
choosing between an EP basis and a CEP basis, identified the first sale to an unaffiliated
purchaser, but the discussion is not part of the holding of the case. 226 F.3d at 1367 (“To isolate
an arm’s length transaction under the current statute, Commerce looks to the first sale to a
purchaser that is not affiliated with the producer or exporter.”).
Court No. 09-00052 Page 24

in the United States who is affiliated with the producer or exporter, then Commerce will base its

calculation on constructed export price.” Id. (emphasis added). Thus, the SAA might be read as

an indication that where the first sale to an unaffiliated purchaser occurs prior to importation and

outside of the United States, the statute requires that the price in that sale be used as the starting

price in an EP determination, even if the price in a subsequent resale of the subject merchandise

conforms to the definition of the CEP starting price set forth in 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(b). The court

does not hold, however, that Commerce could not reach a different interpretation of the SAA

language. Because Commerce did not discuss a construction of the statute in choosing an EP

basis, and because of the principles of delegation by Congress to an agency and deference to the

agency’s statutory constructions by the courts that the Supreme Court discussed in Chevron, 467

U.S. at 842-43, the court refrains from opining on a hypothetical statutory construction that

Commerce has not made in this case.

The court also refrains from opining on whether Commerce, if it chooses not to reopen

the record, still might conclude, based on any such statutory construction that Commerce might

make on remand, that the missing export price information is “necessary information” for which

Commerce must substitute facts otherwise available.9 On the record in its current state, however,

9
Section 776(a) of the Tariff Act provides, in pertinent part, that if “necessary
information is not available on the record . . . the administering authority . . . shall . . . use the
facts otherwise available in reaching the applicable determination under this subtitle.”
19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) (emphasis added). Relevant to identifying the “applicable determination”
are subparagraphs (i) and (ii) of section 751(a)(2)(A) of the Act, under which Commerce is to
make, respectively, the following two determinations in a periodic administrative review: “(i) the
normal value and export price (or constructed export price) of each entry of the subject
merchandise, and (ii) the dumping margin for each such entry.” Id. The Act, in section
771(35)(A), defines “dumping margin” as “the amount by which the normal value exceeds the
export price or constructed export price of the subject merchandise.” Id. § 1677(35)(A).
Court No. 09-00052 Page 25

there is no alternative to the Department’s determining U.S. prices on a CEP basis, for the

reasons discussed previously: only CEP starting prices are on the record (with insignificant

exceptions), and those prices, adjusted by the method required by the Act, are the only record

information the statute will permit to be used in place of the missing EP information as facts

otherwise available. Therefore, the court will order Commerce, on remand, to determine the

U.S. prices on a CEP basis unless it decides to reopen the record to obtain additional

information, including, specifically, prices that qualify as the starting prices for an EP

determination under 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a).

B. Commerce’s Choice of Data to Value Alloy Steel Wire Rod Was Not Supported by
Substantial Evidence on the Record

Plaintiff claims that substantial evidence did not support Commerce’s finding that Indian

import data, which showed an average price of $3,877 per metric ton, were the “best available

information” for valuing CPZ’s input of bearing-quality alloy steel wire rod.10 Pl.’s Mem. 33-35.

Plaintiff advocates that Commerce instead should have used record import data from Indonesia

($1,184 per metric ton) or the Philippines ($1,327 per metric ton), arguing, inter alia, that the

Indian import data do not reliably indicate the price CPZ would have had to pay in a market

economy because they indicate prices “almost 400% higher than benchmark prices available on

the record.” Id. at 33. Plaintiff points to U.S. import data under a ten-digit tariff subheading

10
Commerce failed to state explicitly that its chosen surrogate value for steel wire rod
was based on the best available information. Instead, it found that “CPZ has failed to prove the
inadequacy of the Indian data or to demonstrate another value to be more appropriate.” Decision
Mem. 12. The court construes Commerce’s choice of the surrogate value for steel wire rod as an
implicit finding that the Indian import data were the best available information on the record.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 26

specific to bearing-quality steel, which lists an average value of $1,391 per metric ton, as

corroboration of the price reflected by the Indonesian and Filipino data. Id. at 34.11

When Commerce determines the normal value of subject merchandise of a producer in a

non-market economy country, “the valuation of the factors of production shall be based on the

best available information regarding the values of such factors in a market economy country or

countries considered to be appropriate by the administering authority.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c).

Commerce “normally will value all factors in a single surrogate country” and “normally will use

publicly available information to value factors.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1)-(2) (2007).

Commerce identified its criteria for “best available information” by stating that its “preference is

to use, where possible, a range of publicly available, non-export, tax-exclusive, and product-

specific prices for the POR . . . with preference to data from a single surrogate country.”

Decision Mem. 12. Commerce’s practice is to reject “aberrational” data that does not reliably

indicate the price a producer would have paid for the input. See Antidumping Duties;

Countervailing Duties, 62 Fed. Reg. 27,296, 27,366 (May 19, 1997) (“Preamble”).

Commerce’s findings on what constitutes the best available information for valuing a

factor of production must be supported by substantial evidence. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

Substantial evidence means “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as

11
Subheading 7228.50.10.10, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007)
(“HTSUS”), pertains to: “Other bars and rods of other alloy steel; angles, shapes and sections, of
other alloy steel; hollow drill bars and rods, of alloy or non-alloy steel: Other bars and rods, not
further worked than cold-formed or cold-finished: Of tool steel (other than high-speed steel): Of
ball-bearing steel.” In reaching its conclusion, the court does not consider CPZ’s modified value
of $1,367 per metric ton. See Case Br. of Peer Bearing Co.-Changshan & Peering Bearing Co. 8
(Aug. 26, 2008) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5431) (“CPZ’s Case Br.”) (explaining that $1,367 per
metric ton excludes what CPZ defines as “aberrationally high monthly data”).
Court No. 09-00052 Page 27

adequate to support a conclusion.” Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938).

Commerce has considerable discretion in choosing the surrogate values that most accurately

reflect the price that the non-market economy producer would have paid had it purchased the

factor of production from a market economy country. Nation Ford Chemical Co. v. United

States, 166 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1999). However, the court “cannot evaluate the

substantiality of evidence supporting” Commerce’s conclusion “‘merely on the basis of evidence

which in and of itself justified it, without taking into account contradictory evidence . . . .’”

Suramerica de Aleaciones Laminadas, C.A. v. United States, 44 F.3d 978, 985 (Fed. Cir. 1994)

(quoting Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 487 (1951)).

Commerce obtained its value of $3,877 per metric ton for CPZ’s alloy steel wire rod

from the average entered value of imports shown in subheading 7228.50.90 of the Harmonized

Tariff Schedule of the Republic of India (“Indian HTS”). Decision Mem. 14; see Final Factor

Valuation Mem. attachment 1.12 Filipino import data showed a value of $1,327 per metric ton,

and the value in Indonesian import data was $1,184 per metric ton. Letter from CPZ to the Sec’y

of Commerce exhibit 2 (Aug. 7, 2008) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5420) (“CPZ’s Surrogate Value

Letter”). The record evidence does not indicate a reason for this striking difference in price,

which exists despite certain similarities in the import data from the three countries. The

Indonesian and Filipino data, like the Indian data, are from the World Trade Atlas and cover the

same time period as the Indian data. Compare id. with Final Factor Valuation Mem.

attachment 1. Like India, Indonesia and the Philippines are countries Commerce considered to

12
This source shows values in Indian rupees. For ease of comparison, the court discusses
values in U.S. dollars, as did the parties.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 28

be at levels of economic development comparable to that of China. Prelim. Results, 73 Fed.

Reg. at 41,034. The Indonesian and Filipino import data, like the Indian import data, pertained

to information collected under the internationally-harmonized six-digit subheading 7228.50,

which pertains to the article description “Other bars and rods of other alloy steel; angles, shapes

and sections, of other alloy steel; hollow drill bars and rods, of alloy or non-alloy steel: Other

bars and rods, not further worked than cold-formed or cold-finished.” Pl.’s Mem. 33-34; see

World Customs Org., Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System Explanatory

Notes 72.28, at 1097-1098 (2d ed. 1996) (“Explanatory Notes”). No party disputes that this

subheading describes CPZ’s input.

The record evidence shows one difference existing among the import data sets, but it

does not explain the great disparity in price, nor does it constitute substantial evidence that the

Indian data were superior to the other two data sets. The Indian data that Commerce used

pertained to an eight-digit India-specific subheading that applies to goods classified in the six-

digit subheading 7228.50, except that it excludes goods classified as “Of engine valves and cold

heading steel.” Indian HTS 7228.50.10, 90, available at http://compendium.iift.ac.in/index.asp

(last visited Jan. 28, 2011). In the Decision Memorandum, Commerce concluded that the

additional specificity to the input being valued that was provided by the eight-digit breakout

subheading supported the choice of the Indian tariff data over the tariff data from Indonesia and

the Philippines. Decision Mem. 14. However, the eight-digit subheading, even after the two

items are excluded, still includes a very broad variety of different products. Data on the record

support this point. CPZ’s Surrogate Value Letter exhibit 7. The additional specificity provided

by the exclusion of the two items, when viewed in the context of the record as a whole, does not
Court No. 09-00052 Page 29

support a finding that the Indian data are the best available information. The same record

demonstrates that the values obtained from the Indonesian and Filipino import data corroborate

each other and are further corroborated by the U.S. import data. The record also reveals that all

three of these values are greatly at variance with the value drawn from the Indian data. Finally,

although the Department, as stated in its regulations, 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2), normally values

all factors of production in a single country, this preference is not a reason by which the court

may sustain a finding that a particular data set constitutes the “best available information” for

purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c), where, as here, substantial evidence did not support that

choice.

Defendant and defendant-intervenor argue that the Indian import data were not

aberrational because “[h]igh values alone do not support a comparison of import data and a

subsequent rejection of import data–not without specific evidence that the import data are

aberrational.” See Def.’s Opp’n 29; Def.-Intervenor’s Opp’n 32-33. The general principle they

advance is of dubious merit when applied in this circumstance, which is the enormous disparity

between the value shown in the Indian data and the data from the other two countries. Absent

record evidence to explain it, a disparity of this size calls into serious question a finding that the

Indian data were the best available information on the record with which to value the factor of

production. Because nothing on the record resolves that serious question, the court is unable to

conclude that Commerce’s choice was based on substantial evidence.

Defendant argues, further, that the Indian data were the best available information

because it “is possible that a comparison of a larger set of appropriate data sources . . . would

lead to the opposite conclusion, that the Indian data are not so different from other sources.”
Court No. 09-00052 Page 30

Def.’s Opp’n 32. This argument lacks merit. The absence of evidence corroborating the price

reflected by the Indian import data is evidence that detracts from, rather than supports, a finding

that this price is based on the best available information.

Finally, both defendant and defendant-intervenor argue that import data pertaining to the

United States do not bear on whether the Indian import data were the best available information

because China and the United States are not at comparable levels of economic development.

Def.’s Opp’n 33; Def.-Intervenor’s Opp’n 33-35. This argument misreads the statute, which

directs Commerce to value factors of production using the best available information from

countries at a level of economic development comparable to that of China. See 19 U.S.C.

§ 1677b(c)(1), (4). The statute does not prohibit Commerce from considering, for corroboration

purposes, record evidence consisting of prices for a commodity in a market economy country

when determining which information from countries at a level of economic development

comparable to China is the best available information.

In summary, the enormous disparity between the value for alloy steel wire rod shown in

the Indian import data and the values shown in all the other information on the record calls into

serious question a finding that the Indian data were the best available information with which to

value the factor of production. Nothing on the record resolves that serious question. The two

competing data sets yield values that corroborate each other and are further corroborated by the

U.S. data. The court, therefore, is unable to conclude that Commerce’s choice was based on

substantial evidence.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 31

C. In Valuing Alloy Steel Bar, Commerce Failed to Compare the Indian Import Data with the
Import Data from Indonesia and the Philippines and Did Not Provide a Rational Explanation

Plaintiff claims that substantial evidence did not support Commerce’s finding that WTA

Indian import data pertaining to Indian tariff subheading 7228.30.29,13 reflecting a value of

$1,607 per metric ton, were the best available information to value CPZ’s input of bearing-

quality alloy steel bar. Pl.’s Mem. 35-37; Final Factor Valuation Mem. attachment 1.

According to CPZ, the Indian data were aberrational as used to value this input because they

indicate prices “more than 60% higher than the benchmark prices . . . .” Pl.’s Mem. 35. The

benchmarks to which CPZ refers include import data from the United States, Indonesia, and the

Philippines.14 Id. at 36.

From its examination of the record and its consideration of the reasoning stated in the

Decision Memorandum, the court concludes that Commerce’s choice of the Indian HTS import

data is not accompanied by a rational explanation of why those data are the best available

information on the record, which also contained import data from Indonesia and the Philippines.

Here, as elsewhere, Commerce must provide a rational explanation for its choice. See Motor

Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (an agency must “articulate a

satisfactory explanation for its action including a ‘rational connection between the facts found

13
Commerce’s findings incorrectly referred to “Indian HTS 7288.3029.” Decision
Mem. 16. Commerce used import data pertaining to subheading 7228.30.29. Mem. from
Program Manager to file attachment 1 (Jan. 13, 2009) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5484).
14
CPZ also put evidence on the record of several of its own purchases from an
economically developed market economy country, as well as data pertaining to exports from
Japan to the United States and Japan to India. Letter from CPZ to the Sec’y of Commerce
exhibit 4 (Aug. 7, 2008) (Admin. R. Doc. No. 5420) (“CPZ’s Surrogate Value Letter”).
Court No. 09-00052 Page 32

and the choice made.’”) (citing Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168

(1962)).

As one of the stated reasons for its choice of the Indian import data, Commerce cites the

aforementioned regulatory preference for valuing factors of production using data from a single

surrogate country. Decision Mem. 15-16. That preference, according to 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.408(c)(2), plainly is a factor in the Department’s decision to choose one data set over

another. However, because the statute requires Commerce to compare the chosen data set with

other data sets on the record and thereby determine what is the best available information, the

regulatory preference cannot suffice as adequate reasoning if it is the only factor that Commerce

considers. Cf. 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2) (providing that “the Secretary normally will value all

factors in a single surrogate country”) (emphasis added); 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1) (requiring

Commerce to identify the “best available information” regarding the value of a factor of

production in a market economy country or countries considered to be appropriate by the

administering authority). The preference for using data from a single country might support a

choice between data sets that, upon a fair comparison, are otherwise seen to be fairly equal, but

the Decision Memorandum contains no indication that Commerce actually made a comparison of

the Indian data with the Indonesian and the Filipino data.

Despite the absence of any mention of an actual comparison of the three sets of import

data, Commerce states in the Decision Memorandum that “because the WTA India data are

contemporaneous with the POR, are publicly available, and represent a broad market average,

we find that they represent the best available information for purposes of valuing the steel bar

input.” Decision Mem. 16. It would appear from the record that the Indonesian and Filipino
Court No. 09-00052 Page 33

import data are also contemporaneous with the POR, are also publicly available, and also

represent a broad market average. CPZ’s Surrogate Value Letter exhibit 1. Additionally, a fair

comparison of the three import data sets necessarily would have given due consideration to the

record evidence showing that the Indonesian and Filipino data sets present values that

corroborate each other rather closely and are at considerable variance with the value obtained

from the Indian import data. The record information consisting of Indonesian and Filipino

import data pertaining to the internationally-harmonized subheading 7228.30 revealed average

values of $964 per metric ton and $1,088 per metric ton, respectively. Id. The Indonesian value

and Filipino value are further corroborated by data on U.S. imports of bearing-quality alloy steel

bar, which, unlike the other import data on the record, pertained specifically to bearing-quality

alloy steel bar and reflected an average value of $1,040 per metric ton.15

As another reason offered in connection with its choice of the Indian data, Commerce

states that “the existence of higher prices alone does not necessarily indicate that price data is

distorted or misrepresented, and, thus, the existence of a higher price is not sufficient to exclude

a particular surrogate value, absent specific evidence the value is otherwise aberrational” and

that “[o]ther than pointing out that the Indian import data reflect a high value, we find that CPZ

has not demonstrated that the WTA Indian data are unreliable.” Decision Mem. 15. This

explanation fails to offer a reason why Commerce considered the Indian data to be better

15
For its brief, CPZ removed the “aberrationally high” prices before calculating an
average of $966 per metric ton. Pl.’s Mem. 36; CPZ’s Case Br. 11-12. $1,040 USD/MT is the
average value including all transactions. CPZ’s Surrogate Value Letter exhibit 1. HTSUS
subheading 7228.30.20 includes “Other bars and rods of other alloy steel; angles, shapes and
sections, of other alloy steel; hollow drill bars and rods, of alloy or non-alloy steel: Other bars
and rods, not further worked than hot-rolled, hot-drawn or extruded: Of ball-bearing steel.”
Court No. 09-00052 Page 34

information than the Indonesian or Filipino data. It is, instead, merely the reason Commerce

offered for rejecting CPZ’s objection that the value obtained from the Indian data is aberrational.

Moreover, Commerce characterized that value as the “existence of higher prices,” but a fair

characterization would recognize it as a substantially higher price that is not corroborated by the

other evidence on the record.

In summary, the record evidence demonstrating that the Indonesian and Filipino values

corroborate each other rather closely, particularly when viewed together with the additional

corroboration provided by the U.S. import data, and the record evidence showing that the Indian

value is substantially higher than the corroborated value, casts doubt on whether substantial

evidence supported the choice of the Indian import data as the best available information on the

record before the Department. Based on that record as a whole, and even considering the

preference established in 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2), the court is unable to sustain the choice of

the Indian data on the reasoning Commerce has put forth, from which a fair comparison of the

three import data sets is lacking. On remand, Commerce must review and reconsider its choice

of the Indian data to value the bearing-quality alloy steel bar and must reach a determination that

is supported by substantial record evidence and an adequate explanation.

D. Plaintiff’s Claim Contesting Commerce’s Valuation of Steel Scrap Resulting from
Production of Rollers and Rings Must Be Rejected

Plaintiff contests as unlawful, or inadequately explained, Commerce’s choice of import

data with which to value the scrap resulting from CPZ’s production of rollers and rings. Pl.’s

Mem. 37-39. The court finds no merit in this claim.

In the Final Results, Commerce used Indian import data under subheading 7204.29.90 of

the Indian HTS, which pertains to scrap of non-stainless alloy steel, to value scrap generated
Court No. 09-00052 Page 35

from CPZ’s roller and ring production. Decision Mem. 8. This was a change in position from

the Preliminary Results. See Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem. 3. In the Preliminary Results,

Commerce valued the roller and ring scrap according to Indian HTS import data under

subheading 7204.41, id., which subheading, according to the internationally-harmonized article

description, pertains to ferrous waste and scrap other than waste and scrap of cast iron, alloy

steel, or tinned iron or steel, Explanatory Notes 72.04, at 1075. CPZ argues that this change in

position was in error and that Commerce’s explanation for changing the surrogate value “is

either insufficient or incorrect as a matter of law.” Pl.’s Mem. 39. Plaintiff’s argument fails to

confront the essential point that in the Final Results, Commerce based its choice of subheading

7204.29.90 on a finding of fact that the steel CPZ used in its roller and ring production was alloy

steel. See Decision Mem. 8. Nowhere in its submissions does CPZ contest that finding of fact,

based on which the scrap resulting from roller and ring product is properly classified under the

Indian HTS steel scrap subheading that encompasses scrap of alloy steel, subheading

7204.29.90, and not under subheading 7204.41, from which scrap of alloy steel is specifically

excluded.

E. Commerce’s Choice of Data for the Valuation of Steel Scrap Resulting from Production of
Cages Lacks Essential Findings of Fact and Appears to Be Based on a Misclassification

In the Final Results, Commerce valued the scrap resulting from CPZ’s cage production

according to data in Indian HTS subheading 7204.49, changing its position from the Preliminary

Results, in which Commerce valued the scrap according to import data in Indian HTS

subheading 7204.41. Decision Mem. 8; Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem. 3. Commerce changed

its position after considering a comment by Timken, in which Timken argued that the value

derived from import data under subheading 7204.41 was aberrational in that the value
Court No. 09-00052 Page 36

determined for the scrap, illogically, would be higher than the value shown by the Indian HTS

import data for the steel product used in making the cages. Decision Mem. 8. The Department

explained that its decision to change its position based on its finding of an aberrational value was

consistent with a similar decision it made in a previous final determination involving the same

two Indian HTS subheadings, Nails from the PRC. Id. at 9 (“Given the nearly identical facts

here, in which the surrogate value for cage steel scrap exceeds the surrogate value for the direct

material input, and in keeping with Department precedent, we have revalued the steel scrap

generated from CPZ’s cage production using Indian HTS 7204.49.00 for the Final Results.”)

(citing Certain Steel Nails from the People’s Republic of China: Final Determination of Sales at

Less Than Fair Value & Partial Affirmative Determination of Critical Circumstances, 73 Fed.

Reg. 33,977 (June 16, 2008); Issues & Decision Mem., A-570-909, ARP 6-08, at 38 (June 6,

2008), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/PRC/E8-13474-1.pdf).

Indian HTS subheadings 7204.41 and 7204.49 are six-digit subheadings, and therefore

the associated article descriptions are internationally harmonized. See Explanatory Notes 72.04,

at 1075. According to the relevant internationally-harmonized article description, subheading

7204.41 pertains to ferrous waste and scrap (other than waste and scrap of cast iron, alloy steel,

or tinned iron or steel) in the form of “[t]urnings, shavings, chips, milling waste, sawdust, filings,

trimmings and stampings, whether or not in bundles.” Id. Subheading 7204.49 is a “basket’

subheading (“Other”) that pertains to other forms of such scrap, including “[a]rticles of iron or

steel, definitely not usable as such because of breakage, cutting-up, wear or other reasons . . . .”

Id.; see also Note 8(a) to Section XV, Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 37

Only goods failing to satisfy the article description for subheading 7204.41 are classifiable in

subheading 7204.49. See Explanatory Notes 72.04, at 1075.

The Decision Memorandum contains no findings of fact under which it could be

concluded that the scrap resulting from CPZ’s cage production would be excluded from Indian

HTS subheading 7204.41 and therefore be classifiable under subheading 7204.49. Nor is the

court able to identify record evidence from which any such findings could be made. To the

contrary, one CPZ questionnaire response suggests that this scrap would satisfy the article

description for subheading 7204.41 because this scrap was “the result of the machining of raw

materials.” Letter from CPZ to the Sec’y of Commerce 3 (Aug. 11, 2008) (Admin. R. Doc.

No. 5422). The court is unable to sustain the Department’s choice of data pertaining to Indian

HTS subheading 7204.49 without appropriate findings of fact, supported by substantial evidence

on the record, that identify the physical nature of this scrap for purposes of tariff classification.

The Decision Memorandum not only fails to include such findings of fact but vaguely suggests,

in its discussion of the Department’s previous decision in Nails from the PRC, that the

Department considered it acceptable to determine a value based on a tariff classification other

than the one that pertained to the good being valued. See Decision Mem. 9 (“The Department

concluded that, although the relevance of the HTS description is an important factor in the

selection of a surrogate value, it is not the sole consideration, and cannot be relied upon when it

produces unreasonable results.”). If that was the Department’s reasoning (and the point is not

entirely clear), then the court would disagree that Commerce, in the circumstances of this case,

could base its valuation of the scrap on an incorrect tariff classification.
Court No. 09-00052 Page 38

In summary, the Department’s choice of data from Indian HTS subheading 7204.49 is

unsupported by findings of fact essential to the correct tariff classification of the scrap being

valued. As a result, the court is unable to sustain a finding that this choice constituted the best

available information on the record.

III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

For the reasons discussed in the foregoing, and after consideration of all submissions

made in this action, the court concludes that Commerce did not act in accordance with law when

it calculated CPZ’s dumping margin. Commerce acted contrary to law in determining the U.S.

price of CPZ’s subject merchandise and in determining surrogate values for alloy steel wire rod,

alloy steel bar, and steel scrap from production of cages. The court, therefore, will remand the

Final Results to Commerce for redetermination consistent with this Opinion and Order.

ORDER

Upon review of the Final Results and all papers and proceedings herein, it is hereby

ORDERED that plaintiff’s Rule 56.2 Motion for Judgment upon the Agency Record be,
and hereby is, GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; it is further

ORDERED that Commerce shall issue upon remand a redetermination (“Remand
Redetermination”) that complies in all respects with this Opinion and Order, is based on
determinations that are supported by substantial record evidence, and is in all respects in
accordance with law; it is further

ORDERED that Commerce, in preparing the Remand Redetermination in accordance
with this Opinion and Order, shall redetermine the margin for Peer Bearing Company-
Changshan (“CPZ”) based on redetermined U.S. prices of CPZ’s subject merchandise that are
calculated according to a method that complies with law; it is further

ORDERED that Commerce may reopen the record to obtain additional information in
preparation for issuing the Remand Redetermination, but if it does not do so and does not obtain
price information qualifying for use as starting prices for a determination of export prices
according to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a), then, as required by law, it must determine the U.S. prices on
Court No. 09-00052 Page 39

a constructed export price basis, whether or not it relies on its authority to use facts otherwise
available under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a); it is further

ORDERED that Commerce, if it reopens the record and collects the information
described above and decides to determine U.S. prices on an export price basis, shall provide a
reasoned explanation for its decision to do so, stating the relevant findings of fact and
conclusions of law; it is further

ORDERED that Commerce, in preparing the Remand Redetermination in accordance
with this Opinion and Order, shall review, reconsider, and redetermine the surrogate values for
alloy steel wire rod, alloy steel bar, and scrap from the production of cages; it is further

ORDERED that Commerce shall file the Remand Redetermination no later than ninety
(90) days from the date of this Opinion and Order; it is further

ORDERED that plaintiff shall be allowed thirty (30) days from defendant’s filing of the
Remand Redetermination to file any comments thereon; and it is further

ORDERED that defendant shall be allowed fifteen (15) days from the filing of plaintiff’s
comments in which to file any rebuttal to such comments.

/s/ Timothy C. Stanceu
Timothy C. Stanceu
Judge

Dated: January 28, 2011
New York, New York