Slip Op. 07-82
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
____________________________________
:
JOHN R. DEMOS, :
:
Plaintiff, :
: Before: Judith M. Barzilay, Judge.
v. : Consol. Ct. No. 07-00014
:
UNITED STATES, :
:
Defendant. :
____________________________________:
OPINION
[Defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted. Defendant’s motion for restrictions on future filings
is granted.]
(John R. Demos, Jr.), Plaintiff, Pro Se.
Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson, Director; (Michael D.
Panzera), Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice for
Defendant United States.
Dated: May 23, 2007
BARZILAY, Judge:
Plaintiff John R. Demos, Jr. (“Plaintiff” or “Demos”), has brought several suits against
the United States, which have been consolidated into this one action. Demos v. United States,
No. 07-14 (CIT filed Jan. 16, 2007) (Complaint) (“Compl. 07-14"); Demos v. United States, No.
07-60 (CIT filed Feb. 23, 2007) (Complaint) (“Compl. 07-60"); Demos v. United States, No. 07-
61 (CIT filed Feb. 23, 2007) (Complaint) (“Compl. 07-61"); Demos v. United States, No. 07-62
(CIT filed Feb. 23, 2007) (Complaint) (“Compl. 07-62"). Defendant United States has moved to
dismiss this case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and further requested the court to bar
Consol. Ct. No. 07-00014 Page 2
Plaintiff from filing future complaints with the Court without the Court’s prior review and
approval. For the reasons stated below, Defendant’s motion to dismiss and request for
restrictions on future filings are granted.1
I. Motion to Dismiss: Standard of Review
Subject matter jurisdiction constitutes a “threshold matter” in all cases, such that without
it, a case must be dismissed without proceeding to the merits. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a
Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94 (1998). “The burden of establishing jurisdiction lies with the party
seeking to invoke th[e] Court’s jurisdiction.” Bhullar v. United States, 27 CIT 532, 535, 259 F.
Supp. 2d 1332, 1334 (2003) (citing Old Republic Ins. Co. v. United States, 14 CIT 377, 379, 741
F. Supp. 1570, 1573 (1990) (citing McNutt v. GM Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936))),
aff'd, 93 F. App’x 218 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
An analysis of whether a Court has subject matter jurisdiction “involves both
constitutional limitations on federal-court jurisdiction and prudential limitations on its exercise.”
Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 162 (1997) (quotations & citation omitted). In its constitutional
aspect, a plaintiff must satisfy, inter alia, the “‘case’ or ‘controversy’ requirement of Article III,”
which requires that the “plaintiff . . . demonstrate [1] that he has suffered [an] ‘injury in fact’ [2]
. . . ‘fairly traceable’ to the actions of the defendant, and [3] that the injury will likely be
redressed by a favorable decision.” Id. (citations omitted). When examining these factors,
“general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct may suffice, for on a
motion to dismiss we ‘presum[e] that general allegations embrace those specific facts that are
1
Because the content of Plaintiff’s motion to supplement the pleadings does not concern
“events which have happened since the date of the pleading sought to be supplemented,” the
motion is denied. USCIT R. 15(d).
Consol. Ct. No. 07-00014 Page 3
necessary to support the claim.’” Earth Island Inst. v. Christopher, 19 CIT 1461, 1465, 913 F.
Supp. 559, 564 (1995) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992))
(brackets in original), appeal dismissed by 86 F.3d 1178 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “[T]he material
allegations of a complaint are taken as admitted and are to be liberally construed in favor of the
plaintiff(s).” Humane Soc’y v. Brown, 19 CIT 1104, 1104, 901 F. Supp. 338, 340 (1995); see
also Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (“[T]he allegations of [a] pro se complaint [are]
h[e]ld to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers . . . .”).
III. Discussion
Plaintiff’s complaints encompass a broad range of purportedly factual statements and
inquiries,2
2
See, e.g., Compl. 07-14 (“Native Americans, per international law, The Papal Bulls of
Pope Alexander VII issued on 5/3/1493, 5/5/1493, & the 1537 Proclamation of Pope Paul III are
sovereigns of the Land.”); Compl. 07-60 (“Products/Goods/Merchandise made, manufactured,
and produced in foreign sweatshops are of an inferior, 2nd class quality, as inferior products and
technicians are used.”) (“The U.S. intelligence agencies such as the C.I.A. and the F.B.I. . . . are
engaged in a billion dollar a year drug cartel that involves ‘international trade.’ Afghanistan,
Indonesia, and Tibet [sic] are the (3) main countries that supply drugs such as opium to the U.S.
intelligence agencies. Tons of the drug (opium) are allowed into the U.S. with the C.I.A.’s
approval and blessing.”) (“‘Generics’ [sic] [drugs] are bastard children, rejects, aliens, and
experimentals [sic], and have not been approved and certified by the Food & Drug
Administration. Every year thousands worldwide ‘die’ from the use of ‘generics’ [sic] and their
progeny.”) (“Are tariff’s [sic] embargoes, subsidies, [and] customs duties the work of the
bankers, rather than the governments of the world? . . . Is international trade the herald &
harbinger of the One World Government? Just what is the ‘Mark of the Beast’ in so far as it
concerns world trade? Is the Mark of the Beast ‘6-6-6' the number of a country engaged in world
trade? . . . Just who administers the Mark of the Beast?”); Compl. 07-61 (“The United States is
bankrupt and is not 1st among equals in matters of world trade.”) (“Are silver prices at an all time
high on the world markets?”) ([G]ender & politics plays [sic] an unfair role in world trade, as
does race.”); Compl. 07-62 (“The high trade barriers imposed by the United States stifle growth
in the [sic] developing nations . . . .”). Because these inquiries and statements of alleged fact
present no discernable case or controversy, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear
them. See Bennett, 520 U.S. at 162; see also Johns-Manville Corp. v. United States, 893 F.2d
324, 327 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (noting that “where the court has no jurisdiction, it has no power to do
Consol. Ct. No. 07-00014 Page 4
general critiques of various government policies,3 and relatively cogent claims that arguably may
fall within the jurisdictional ambit of the federal courts.4 These possibly cognizable claims are as
follows:
1. Plaintiff seeks just compensation for the minerals mined in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
He avers that the Black Hills belonged to Native Americans and were taken from them in
violation of the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. See Compl. 07-14.
2. Plaintiff asserts that American companies that operate sweatshops “should not be allowed to
enter into international trade with the United States.” Compl. 07-60.
3. Plaintiff contends that the “globalization of the auto industry violate[s] the Sherman Anti-
Trust Act.” Compl. 07-60.
4. Plaintiff believes that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is “in violation of the Treaty of
Unification of Pharmacopeial Formulas for Patent Drugs.” Compl. 07-61.
5. Finally, he insists that the “U.S.A.,” presumably the federal government, is “trading in fur
seals in violation of [a] treaty.” Compl. 07-61.
anything but strike the case from its docket”).
3
See, e.g., Compl. 07-14 (“Over 375 of the treaties entered into with the Native
Americans were onesided [sic], void for vagueness, and unconscionable.”) (“America’s
international trade agreements, tariffs, and duties, do not take into account, or acknowledge, the
Commercial Power and Authority, or the Supreme Sovereignty of the Native Americans.”);
Compl. 07-62 (“Global trade talks between the U.S.A. and the rest of the world are at a standstill.
Why?”) (“Is America doing enough to provide nutrition, food, and agriculture to the poor
countries of the world?”). The Court cannot exercise jurisdiction over these issues because they
too do not constitute cases or controversies, but merely general grievances over government
policy. See Bennett, 520 U.S. at 162; see also Johns-Manville Corp., 893 F.2d at 327.
4
As only this last category of issues raised in Plaintiff’s complaints potentially falls within
the Court’s jurisdiction, this opinion will focus on these issues.
Consol. Ct. No. 07-00014 Page 5
In none of these accusations, however, has Demos demonstrated, or even attempted to
demonstrate, that he has suffered some injury in fact. Consequently, his complaints fail the first
prong of the ‘case and controversy’ requirement, thereby stripping this Court of subject matter
jurisdiction. Accord Bennett, 520 U.S. at 162; see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see also
Johns-Manville Corp., 893 F.2d at 327. Although private vigilance against suspect government
behavior may buttress the foundations of democracy and good governance, it cannot overcome
the constitutionally mandated jurisdictional limits of the federal courts.5 Defendant’s motion to
dismiss is granted.
IV. Request for Restrictions on Future Filings
Plaintiff repeatedly has filed frivolous complaints with this Court, abusing the judicial
process. Furthermore, he has behaved in the same manner before numerous Courts, including the
Supreme Court and the Court of Federal Claims, both of which have sanctioned Plaintiff and
restricted his ability to file new complaints. See Def. Mot. Dismiss & Req. Restrictions Future
Filings Attach. A & B. Consequently, the court hereby prohibits Plaintiff from filing future
complaints with this Court without the advance approval of a judge of this Court. Accord 28
U.S.C. § 1915(g); see, e.g., Anderson v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 725, 731 (2000), aff’d, 4 F.
App’x 871 (Fed. Cir. 2001).
5
Plaintiff may more fruitfully direct his policy concerns toward Congress or the
Executive.
Consol. Ct. No. 07-00014 Page 6
V. Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, Defendant’s motion to dismiss and motion for
restrictions on future filings are granted.
May 23 /s/ Judith M. Barzilay
Dated: ___________________, 2007 __________________________
New York, N.Y. Judge
Slip Op. 07-82
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
____________________________________
:
JOHN R. DEMOS, :
:
Plaintiff, :
: Before: Judith M. Barzilay, Judge.
v. : Consol. Ct. No. 07-00014
:
UNITED STATES, :
:
Defendant. :
____________________________________:
JUDGMENT
Upon reading Defendant’s motion to dismiss and the parties’ responses and replies
thereto, and upon due deliberation, it is hereby
ORDERED that Defendant’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED with prejudice; and it is
further
ORDERED that Plaintiff may not file future complaints in this Court without advance
approval of a judge of this Court. The Clerk of the Court will not accept such documents for
filing and will return them to Plaintiff.
May 23, 2007 /s/ Judith M. Barzilay
Dated:_________________________ _____________________________
New York, NY Judith M. Barzilay, Judge