The following opinion was filed January 15, 1924:
The complaint set out in substance the fees required under the former existing law as follows: -
(1) Fee for registration of automobiles. $10 00
(2) Fee for registration of motorcycles.. 4 00
*554(3) Fee for registration of motor trucks, motor delivery wagons, and automobile busses to be used wholly within a single city or village. o o
(4) Fee for registration of motor trucks, motor delivery wagons, and automobile busses in general: Less than 2100 pounds rated capacity. 2100 pounds or over and less than 5100 pounds rated capacity .. 5100 pounds or over rated capacity . o o o o o o
(5) Vehicles registered in other states: if owned by nonresidents of Wisconsin, wholly exempt from Wisconsin registration.
It then alleged that under the new law registration fees are as follows:
(1) Fees for registration of automobiles:
$10 00 Weighing 1600 pounds or less.
11 00 Weighing more than 1600 pounds and less than 1800 pounds .
12 00 Weighing 1800 pounds or more and less than 2000 pounds .
13 00 Weighing 2000 pounds or more and less than 2400 pounds .:.
14 00 Weighing 2400 pounds or more and less than 2800 pounds .
16 00 Weighing 2800 pounds or more and less than 3200 pounds .
18 00 Weighing 3200 pounds or more and less than 3600 pounds .'
20 00 Weighing 3600 pounds or more and less than 4000 pounds .
22 00 Weighing 4000 pounds or more and less than 4500 pounds .
24 00 Weighing 4500 pounds or more and less than 5000 pounds .
26 00 Weighing 5000 pounds or more.
The above rates subject to 25 % reduction if automobile has been operated during five or more calendar years preceding the year of registration, provided such reduction does not reduce the fee, if paid prior to- July 1, below $10.
(2) With side-cars, each . o o
(3) Fees for registration of motor trucks and motor delivery wagons:
10 00 Having a gross weight of 1J4 tons or less.
15 00 Having a gross weight over 1 tons and less than 2% tons .
*555Having- a gross weight of 2% tons or more and less than 3 tons . $20 00
Having a gross weight of 3 tons or more and less than 4 tons . 30 00
Having a gross weight of 4 tons or more and less than. 5 tons . 45 00
Having a gross weight of 5 tons or more, $45, plus $5 for each % ton or fraction thereof in excess of 5 tons.
Gross weight determined by adding (a) weight of vehicle when equipped to carry a load and (b) advertised maximum load-carrying capacity of vehicle.
(4) Fees for registration of trailers and semi-trailers to be hauled by a motor vehicle:
Having a gross weight 1J4 tons or less, no fee required Having a gross weight of over 1J4 tons, one half of the fee required for motor trucks of the same gross weight.
(5) Fees for registration of tractors operated upon public highways
For the hauling of trailers or other equipment for strictly agricultural purposes no registration required : in all other cases same fee as for motor truck of same weight.
(6) Fees for registration of passenger-carrying automobiles, motor busses, and other motor vehicles having passenger-carrying capacity of more than five persons, customarily engaged in carrying passengers for hire:
Having a gross weight of 1tons or less. 30 00
Having a gross weight over lj4 tons and less than 2% tons. 45 00
Having a gross weight of 2tons or more and less than 3 tons . 80 00
Having a gross weight of 3 tons' or more and less than 4 tons . 90 00
Having a gross weight of 4 tons or more and less than 5 tons . 135 00
Having a gross weight of 5 tons or more:. 135 00 • Plus $15 for each % ton or fraction thereof in excess of five tons.
Gross weight determined by adding (a) weight of vehicle when equipped ready to carry passengers and (b) passenger weight capacity consisting of 150 pounds for each 20 inches of seating space, including driver’s seat.
(7)All the foregoing fees are subject to 25 % reduction if paid between July 1st and August 31st in any year and to 50 % reduction if paid on or after September 1st in any year.
*556(8) Vehicles registered in other states:
Automobiles in general: wholly exempt from Wisconsin registration.
Motor trucks, motor delivery wagons, taxis, motor busses, and other motor vehicles carrying goods or passengers for hire, exempt for ten days after entry into Wisconsin.
The complaint charged that such fees were so discriminatory and arbitrary as to render the whole law unconstitutional.
For a second cause of action the complaint alleged the unconstitutionality of sec. 5 of the act, which reads as follows:
“The fees for registration specified in paragraphs (c), (d), (e) and (f) of subsection (4) of section 85.04, shall be effective on July 1, 1923, and all vehicles specified in said paragraphs shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of said paragraphs before they may operate over the public highways of Wisconsin on or after said date. The registration fee during the period commencing July 1, 1923, and ending August 31, 1923, shall be seventy-five per centum, and during the period commencing September 1, 1923, and ending December 31, 1923, shall be fifty per centum of the registration fees specified in said paragraphs. In case any vehicle described in said paragraphs shall have been previously registered in 1923, the same shall be re-registered. Upon the receipt of the number plates and registration card heretofore issued in 1923 for such vehicle, the secretary of state shall issue a new set of plates and a new registration card upon the payment of a fee equal to the proper fee for said vehicle as determined under the provisions of this section minus the amount previously paid for the registration of said vehicle in 1923. Provided that no vehicle shall be re-registered for less than ten dollars under the provisions of this section.”
The defendant demurred to each cause of action stated in the complaint on the ground that the same did not constitute a cause of action.
Vinje, C. J.The constitutionality of the statute is challenged on two grounds: first, because the statute as.a whole *557makes unjust and arbitrary discrimination in the rate charged between owners of motor vehicles for the privilege of using the highways of the state; and second, because the re-registration provision contained in sec. 5 and applying only to the vehicles described in par. (c), (d), (e), and (f) of sub. (4) of sec. 85.04 is unconstitutional in that it violates contract obligations and unjustly discriminates between such vehicles and automobiles.
The relator admits the authority of the state to regulate the use of motor vehicles upon its highways both under the police power and under the power of taxation as a revenue-producing measure, and that such police regulation and taxation purpose may be combined in a single enactment. It also admits that the weight basis for determining the fees to be paid is a proper one, and that the taxation levied upon the privilege of using the state’s highways is not subject to the uniformity clattse contained in sec. 1 of art. VIII of the constitution. But the claim is made that the law in question “is so honeycombed with discriminations, exceptions, exemptions, and concessions as to result in a gross violation of the ordinary rules of equality and fairness as between persons similarly situated.” As a sample showing unjust and arbitrary discriminations in truck and bus fees, the relator prints a table showing the fees per truck and bus of vehicles from 4,000 pounds each to 14,000 pounds each. The table contains a list of twenty-one vehicles arranged in the order of weight. From such table it appears that for trucks the lowest amount per 100 pounds is $.36 for a truck weighing 5,500 pounds. The highest amount of truck fees per 100 pounds is $.61, being the fee for a truck weighing 14,000 pounds. The fees per 100 pounds for busses range from $1.09 to $1.82. The lowest bus fee per 100 pounds is for a bus weighing 3,500 pounds, and the highest bus fee per 100 pounds is for a bus weighing 14,000 pounds! It is obvious that where the basis of charge is the weight of the vehicle and classes are made containing a number of vehicles of different weights, there will be a *558difference in the charge per 100 pounds that each vehicle pays. To avoid such differences or discriminations a uniform tax of so much per pound for each vehicle would have to be adopted. For reasons of administration such a method is practically impossible. The state could not administer a law effectively and economically that contained as many classes as there are vehicles of different weights. Each license must for police purposes contain a letter or figure showing to which class the vehicle belongs, in order that the police officers of the state may by inspection of the license on the car be able to determine whether or not its owner has paid the proper amount of license fees, 6r, in other words, that it belongs to the class which the license designates. Under the law challenged there are five classes of automobile licenses and six classes of truck and bus licenses, and some of these classes provide for two or three different fees, depending upon the weight of the vehicle. It is also apparent that where classification is made on weight there will be considerable of a discrepancy between the lowest amount per 100 pounds, paid by a vehicle of a certain weight in one class and vehicles of another weight in another class. If we separate the twenty-one vehicles shown in the relator’s table into three groups arranged in the order of weight, we find that the average tax per 100 pounds of the seven trucks in the first group is about $.42 per. 100 pounds; that of the second group about $.48 per 100 pounds; and that of the third group about $.55 per 100 pounds. If we do the same with the bus classification we find that the average fee per. 100 pounds for the first seven is about $1.27, that of the second group $1.43, and that of the third group $1.64. We therefore find that in the main there is a marked and substantially uniform increase in the fee per 100 pounds as the weight increases. Such increase was made, no . doubt, on account of the increased wear per 100 pounds to which a heavy vehicle subjects the highway. Tables are also presented showing the truck and bus fees per 100 pounds *559gross weight at points where the rates change. Such truck fees vary from $.50 per 100 pounds to $.56 per 100 pounds, and the bus fees from $1.33 per 100 pounds to $1.69 per 100 pounds. A like table is given showing automobile fees per 100 pounds gross weight at points where rates change. Such fees vary from $.52 per 100 pounds to $.687 per 100 pounds. The necessity for such apparent discriminations inheres in the necessity for. classification, as already explained.
It is also urged that the statute is grossly discriminatory between busses and ordinary automobiles and motor trucks, and examples are given showing that the owner of a seven-passenger 3,500-pound Hudson touring car for private purposes pays $18, while the owner of a similar Hudson car using it to carry passengers for hire pays $60. In the one case the state imposes a tax upon the use of a vehicle for private purposes, chiefly that of pleasure and recreation; while in the other it taxes an occupation, that of a public carrier.
Sec. 1, art. VIII, of our constitution provides, “Taxes may also be imposed on incomes, privileges and occupations, which taxes may be graduated and progressive, and reasonable exemptions may be provided.” The taxing of the automobile used for strictly private purposes is a taxéupon the privilege of using the highways of the state, while the tax upon the owner of a .motor car used for hire may be considered not only a tax upon the privilege of using the highways, but also a tax upon the occupation of one so engaged. Such busses are public carriers and compete with interurban and steam railways. They use the public highways of the state instead of privately-owned rights of way and tracks. The legislature no doubt considered, therefore, that in fairness to the public carriers with which they compete and in view of the wear they occasion the highways by their heavy loads and great speed, it was no more than fair to subject them to the specified tax.
*560It. is also urged that the exemption of tractors hauling agricultural equipment is class legislation. In the case of all the other motor vehicles coming under the license law, their use is principally one upon the public highways of the state. Their, use elsewhere is incidental merely. In the case of tractors used only for “strictly agricultural purposes,” their use upon the highways is merely incidental to the main purpose for which they are used. They are operated upon farms, not upon highways. It may become necessary at times to transfer them from one farm to another-, or from part of a farm to another, and to use the highways in such transfers. But that is incidental merely, and it was within the legislature’s power under our constitutional provisions to make exceptions in their favor for such incidental use. Dohs v. Holm, 152 Minn. 529, 189 N. W. 418.
The exemption of trailers of one and one-half tons gross weight or less is justified by the fact that they usually run in connection with automobiles or other motor vehicles and impose but a slight burden upon the highways.
It was further urged that the provision for the reduction of the fees upon automobiles more than five years old is discriminatory both as against automobiles of a light weight and as against commercial vehicles, in which case no reduction. is made on account of age; and also because such reductions applies only to the heavier and more expensive automobiles, since in any event no less than a $10 fee can be charged. Many economic reasons no doubt suggested themselves to the legislature for the making of such an exemption. It is not necessary for a court in passing upon the validity of such exemptions to resort to economic reasons. It is sufficient to say that as long as there is an equality between members of each class in a lawfully classified tax measure, neither the state nor the federal constitutions are invaded. There need not be equality between different classes unless the inequality is so great that it evinces a purpose to destroy or unreasonably hamper one class as *561against the other. That cannot be said as to the exemptions mentioned. The same answer can be made to the claim that the exemption of automobiles registered in other states creates gross discriminations against motor trucks. Motor trucks and automobiles are in a different class and they need not be treated alike for license, revenue, or privilege-tax purposes.
We have gone into the claims made by the relator somewhat in. detail in order to show the nature of the attack made upon the law. The judicial answer to all of them is that the legislature has not exceeded the limits of its power.
Where a state is exercising the power to impose a license or privilege tax its field is a broad one, and the judiciary cannot interfere with the exercise of such power unless it shows a purpose to prohibit or unreasonably interfere with a business which is not in itself injurious to the public health or morals. 17 Ruling Case Law, 509. It exercises such powers in the. field of license, privilege, occupational, and revenue measures operating upon persons or property where the rule of uniformity of taxation does not obtain, and where the judiciary can interfere only in case it is apparent that the measure attacked seeks to destroy -or unreasonably hamper a legitimate business or occupation. In this case it was not only competent for it to make classifications, but for reasons already stated, in order to permit of a practical administration of the? license law, it was necessary for it to classify and to make the classes broad and few in number. Nowhere in the law can the court say that there is any evident purpose to destroy or unreasonably hamper any one class, and the economic and other grounds upon which the state justifies each classification will- not be set forth in detail. It is not neces,sary in a measure of this kind that it should be the most just or scientifically exact ‘measure, nor is it necessary that, each provision' of the .measure should be justified in whole or in part by eConomjc-or. other, reasons. The whole field , is one of legislative .-discretion, *562and its boundaries, as before stated, are not exceeded unless a purpose to destroy or unreasonably interfere with a legitimate business is apparent. We find no such purpose in the law attacked.
It is argued that sec. 5 of ch. 320 is invalid because on July 1, 1923, it required a re-registration of the vehicles specified in par. (c), (d), (e), and (f) of sub. (4) of sec. 85.04. This argument is based upon the claim that it violates the obligation of contracts; that where a license was issued at the beginning of 1923, the state in effect entered into a contract with the person to whom the license was issued; that it was effective for the whole of the year 1923. The law seems to be otherwise. As to a privilege, quasi-revenue, or police measure the state does not enter into a contractual relation with the person upon whom the tax is imposed. It may recall such privilege at any time it sees fit and impose new and additional burdens to begin at a specified time. In this measure those who had paid a tax at the beginning of the year and who were required to re-register their vehicles were allowed a credit for the unused portion of the license, which credit was applied to reduce the fees for re-registration, and such fee was one for the balance of the year only. Among cases holding that the imposition of a tax such as we have before us creates no contract relation are the following: Patton v. Brady, 184 U. S. 608, 22 Sup. Ct. 493; Home Ins. Co. v. City Council, 93 U. S. 116; Ruggles v. State, 120 Md. 553, 561, 87 Atl. 1080; Mayor v. Crawford, 75 Ga. 35. The reason for the rule that the imposition of a license privilege or revenue tax on property does not involve a contractual relation is that there need be no assent or agreement on the part of the person or property upon whom the tax is imposed to pay the tax. The state by virtue of its sovereign power at its own will imposes the tax. It'is not required to ask the owner of the property to agree to it. There is, therefore, no element of a contract in its imposition or collection. 1 Cooley, Taxation (3d ed.) 17.
*563The relator, relies upon State v. Railway Cos. 128 Wis. 449, 108 N. W. 594, to sustain its claim that in privilege taxes there is a contractual relation. A careful reading of the case will disclose that the only contractual relation referred to was the implied agreement of the one accepting the proffered privilege to pay the sum at which the state offered it. Nowhere is it asserted or implied in the opinion that the state may not at any time withdraw the offered privilege, giving credit for unearned payments, and require a different sum to be paid in future for the privilege. The state in exercising its taxing power does not enter into a contractual relation with its taxpayers that the taxes for a certain period shall not exceed a certain sum. It may impose additional taxes whenever necessary to carry on its functions provided it does not exceed its constitutional limits.
The claim of the relator that by requiring only commercial vehicles and not automobiles to re-register, an arbitrary discrimination is made in favor of automobiles and in favor of heavy trucks as against light trucks, is answered previously herein where similar discriminations have received consideration.
By the Court. — The demurrer to the complaint is sustained and the action is dismissed with costs.