People v. Drane

2022 IL App (2d) 210198-U
No. 2-21-0198
Order filed September 20, 2022

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).
______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Kane County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 18-CF-944
)
JAMMAL DRANE, ) Honorable
) David P. Kliment,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Schostok and Birkett concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: We affirm, concluding (1) the erroneous admission of two hearsay statements made
by the child victim, as testified to by her mother, did not prejudice defendant; and
(2) by failing to make an offer of proof, defendant forfeited his claim that the trial
court erroneously limited his examination of the victim’s mother.

¶2 A jury convicted defendant, Jammal Drane, of one count of predatory criminal sexual

assault (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2016)), based on an incident in which defendant made

contact between his penis and his six-year-old daughter, J.D.’s, hand. The trial court sentenced

defendant to eight years’ imprisonment. Defendant appeals, raising two contentions. First, he

contends the trial court erred by allowing J.D.’s mother to testify to two statements made to her by
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J.D., without first finding, under section 115-10 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code)

(725 ILCS 5/115-10 (West 2018)), those statements had sufficient safeguards of reliability.

Second, he contends the trial court abused its discretion when it refused his request at trial to

recross-examine J.D.’s mother. We affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 A. The Charges

¶5 In June 2018, a grand jury indicted defendant on seven counts of predatory criminal sexual

assault. The State later dismissed count I of the indictment, which alleged defendant penetrated

J.D.’s sex organ with his penis (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2016)). The remaining counts of

the indictment alleged that, between January 1, 2017, and October 6, 2017, defendant rubbed J.D.’s

sex organ with his hand (counts II, III, and IV) and placed J.D.’s hand on his penis (counts V, VI,

and VII). Counts II through VII were based on six separate acts.

¶6 B. Pretrial Proceedings

¶7 1. The State Gives Notice of Its Intent to Introduce J.D.’s Outcry Statements

¶8 Before trial, the State gave defendant notice of its intent to introduce, under section 115-

10 of the Code, J.D.’s outcry statements to her mother, Aimee J., and investigator Kris Tunney, an

Aurora police officer specially trained to interview child sex-crime victims. At a hearing on the

admissibility of the statements, the State presented the testimony of Aimee and Tunney and video

recordings of two interviews J.D. gave at the Kane County Child Advocacy Center in Geneva,

which established the following.1

1
Minor details regarding J.D.’s outcry statements have been taken from other parts of the

record.

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¶9 J.D. was born on March 16, 2011, and is defendant’s daughter. Defendant and Aimee did

not live together and had an informal custody agreement under which J.D. spent every other

weekend with defendant.

¶ 10 On October 1, 2017, Aimee picked up J.D. from defendant’s apartment in Aurora. On the

drive back to their apartment, which they shared with Aimee’s mother, Lori J., in Palatine, J.D.

stated spontaneously to Aimee, “I hope I don’t smell like daddy’s [i.e., defendant’s,] vagina.”

Aimee asked J.D. why she would smell like defendant’s vagina, and J.D. replied, “because I put

baby oil on it.” Aimee told J.D. that defendant did not have a vagina and asked J.D. to show her

where she put the baby oil. J.D. pointed to her genitals. Aimee asked J.D. if she put the oil on

defendant’s “private parts,” and J.D. responded, “yes.” Aimee then asked J.D. whether defendant

ever put baby oil on her, and J.D. said, “yes.” Aimee asked J.D. to demonstrate, and J.D. rubbed

her hand in a circular motion around her vagina. J.D. told Aimee that defendant touched her

differently than Aimee did when Aimee bathed or wiped her. J.D. was not upset during this

conversation and told Aimee she trusted defendant more than her.

¶ 11 When they arrived home, Aimee’s friend, Sally Cheeseman, was in the apartment. Aimee

directed J.D. to go inside, while Aimee spoke to Cheeseman outside. Aimee told Cheeseman what

happened. Cheeseman replied that, because they were both mandated reporters, 2 one of them had

2
Aimee worked at a daycare center, and Cheeseman was a school social worker. Under the

Abused and Neglected Children Reporting Act, child care and education personnel are required to

immediately report to the Department of Children and Family Services “when they have

reasonable cause to believe that a child known to them in their professional or official capacities

may be an abused or neglected child.” 325 ILCS 5/4(a)(4), (6) (West 2020).

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to call the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). Aimee then asked Cheeseman,

“can you just come to the hospital with me[?]”

¶ 12 Later that evening, Aimee and J.D. went to Northwest Community Hospital in Arlington

Heights, accompanied by Cheeseman. Aimee did not discuss further the incident and instead

reassured J.D. that they were going to make sure she was safe. Carrie Buerger, a nurse, examined

J.D., collected a sexual assault kit from her, and released her home.

¶ 13 Later that week, Aimee discussed with J.D. the incident after she picked her up from

daycare, because she “just wanted to know.” She asked J.D. to again show where she had put baby

oil on defendant and where he had put it on her. J.D. pointed to her genital area. When they got

home, Aimee asked J.D. to demonstrate with a spoon how she put baby oil on defendant, and J.D.

“moved her hand up and down on the spoon handle in a circular motion.”

¶ 14 On a separate occasion later that week, Aimee put J.D. to bed. Aimee asked J.D. why she

did not wear shorts to bed, and J.D. said she did not want to. Aimee asked J.D. what she wore to

bed when she visited defendant, and J.D. said she “sometimes *** forgets to put pajamas on so

she sleeps naked.” J.D. continued that she liked to sleep at defendant’s house because defendant

slept in bed with her. J.D. also asked Aimee why they did not shower together and told Aimee she

showered with defendant.

¶ 15 Though J.D. lived with Lori and Lori was aware of the allegations, Lori was not present

for these conversations and did not discuss the allegations with J.D. and Aimee.

¶ 16 On October 6, 2017, Marisol Schroeder, an individual therapist specially trained to

interview victims of child-sex crimes, interviewed J.D. at the Child Advocacy Center. During the

interview, J.D. identified body parts on drawings of a male and female and indicated she

understood it was inappropriate to touch another person’s genitals. J.D. did not disclose any sexual

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abuse and denied anyone had inappropriately touched her.

¶ 17 After the sexual assault kit was analyzed, on February 22, 2018, Tunney interviewed J.D.

at the Child Advocacy Center. During this second interview, J.D. again identified body parts on

drawings of a man and a woman, identifying the man’s genitals as “private part.” Tunney asked

J.D. if she knew why she was being interviewed, and J.D. replied, “[bec]ause [she] touched

[defendant’s] private parts” with her hands. J.D. stated it happened only one time, while they were

on his bed in the living room at his home. According to J.D., she was sitting on the bed and

defendant was lying next to her. They were watching a movie. Defendant pulled down his pants

and underwear and asked J.D., “can you please touch it?” Defendant did not tell her how to touch

him but pushed her hand down onto his private part. (Tunney asked J.D. to demonstrate how

defendant pushed her hand. Tunney put her hand on the table, and J.D. placed her hand on top of

it.) Defendant did not make J.D.’s hand move when she was touching it, and he “stayed still” while

she did so. J.D. saw defendant’s private part. J.D. said defendant’s private part was “large” and

“squishy.” It “felt weird” and was “soft” when she touched it. It did not change when she touched

it, and nothing came out of it. J.D. said “stop” and stopped touching defendant’s private part.

Defendant said “[o]kay.” Defendant did not put anything on his private part before she touched it.

Nor did he make J.D. put anything on it. J.D. saw defendant put an ice pack on his private part

after she touched it. Defendant told her not to tell anyone what happened, but J.D. told Aimee and,

later, her therapist.

¶ 18 Tunney then discussed with J.D. her bedtime routine at defendant’s home. Defendant did

not help J.D. put on her pajamas, and they slept together on the bed in the living room. Defendant

helped her take a bath, washing her with a bar of soap. When it was “too late to take a bath,”

defendant and J.D. showered together. J.D. would see defendant’s private parts when they did so.

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He sometimes helped wash her in the shower but never asked J.D. to help wash him.

¶ 19 J.D. understood that no one should touch her “boobies,” vagina, or “butt,” and she denied

that she had “problems with anybody touching any of those parts.” She denied defendant touched

her private part and denied telling Aimee “maybe that something else happened.”

¶ 20 Between the two interviews, J.D. and Aimee began seeing a therapist. They went weekly

for six to eight months, then went every other week. Their first couple sessions in therapy were

joint sessions, and they later engaged individually. During therapy, the therapist discussed with

J.D. and Aimee why they were there and why J.D. was not allowed to see defendant. J.D. and

Aimee stopped going to therapy a couple months before September 2019.

¶ 21 During argument, the State clarified that it was seeking to introduce three statements:

(1) J.D.’s October 1, 2017, statements to Aimee, after Aimee picked up J.D. from defendant’s

apartment; (2) J.D.’s statements to Aimee later that week (in the car and at home), during which

she again told Aimee where she had touched defendant and where he had touched her and

demonstrated how she touched defendant on a spoon; and (3) J.D.’s February 22, 2018, statements

to Tunney. The State acknowledged J.D.’s statements to Aimee regarding sleeping naked with

defendant and showering with him were “not related to any of the charged acts in this case.” Thus,

it was “not seeking to admit those for 115-10 purposes at this hearing.” The trial court found J.D.’s

statements were admissible, provided J.D. was available to testify, finding the statements provided

sufficient safeguards of reliability.

¶ 22 2. Other Pretrial Litigation

¶ 23 After the section 115-10 hearing, the parties engaged in additional pretrial motion practice.

The State did not seek a ruling in limine to admit J.D.’s statements that were not encompassed in

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the trial court’s section 115-10 ruling, i.e., J.D.’s statements that she sometimes slept naked with

defendant and sometimes showered with him or any other statements.

¶ 24 C. Trial

¶ 25 1. The State’s Case

¶ 26 a. Aimee

¶ 27 At trial, Aimee’s testimony regarding J.D.’s initial outcry statements to her was mostly

consistent with her testimony at the section 115-10 hearing. However, the State asked whether J.D.

had said anything about how often defendant rubbed baby oil on J.D. and how often J.D. rubbed

it on defendant. Aimee testified J.D. “said it happened every time she goes to [defendant’s].”

Defendant objected, and during a sidebar, the following exchange occurred:

“THE COURT: What is the objection?

[Defense counsel]: Judge, my objection is that this was not testimony of the 115-

10 hearing.

[The State]: Judge, [Aimee] can’t be expected to recall word for word what she said

in the 115-10. If there is something significant[,] that could be an issue, but otherwise, I

would suggest it is just impeachment.

THE COURT: That is my recollection vaguely of the 115-10 hearing and I’m

looking at the order here so I am going to overrule [the] objection.”

The State again asked Aimee whether J.D. had said how often this occurred, and Aimee responded

that J.D. said it happened every time J.D. was with defendant.

¶ 28 Aimee also testified about J.D.’s statements to her, made later that week in the car and also

at their home. Her testimony regarding these statements was consistent with her testimony at the

section 115-10 hearing. In addition, the State asked Aimee whether J.D. had made any other

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statements to her later that week. Without objection, Aimee testified that, one night when she was

putting J.D. to bed, J.D. did not want to wear shorts. Aimee asked J.D. what she wore to bed when

she was with defendant, and J.D. said she sometimes slept naked. J.D. then asked Aimee why

Aimee did not shower with her, because defendant sometimes showered with her.

¶ 29 Aimee added that, when she picked up J.D. on October 1, 2017, J.D. had just taken a bath

and nothing appeared out of the ordinary. Aimee did not pull over when J.D. made these

statements. When they arrived home, Aimee directed J.D. to go inside and get ready for bed and

later took J.D. to Northwest Community Hospital in Arlington Heights, where she signed a consent

to submit J.D. to a sexual-assault examination.

¶ 30 On cross-examination, Aimee testified that she and defendant were in an off-and-on

relationship for six or seven years, which finally ended in November 2016. When J.D. was born,

Aimee, defendant, J.D., and Lori lived together at Lori’s home in Palatine. He moved out later in

2011. Aimee acknowledged that, during her and defendant’s relationship, they argued and

disagreed, sometimes about J.D. They were also involved in relationships with other people, which

was a source of tension until they broke up for good. They also sometimes argued about

defendant’s visitation with J.D. She nevertheless believed, until J.D.’s outcry, defendant was a

good father and wanted him to have time with J.D.

¶ 31 Defense counsel then asked Aimee whether she had “filed a support case against

[defendant] in 2012 in Cook County,” and Aimee responded that she had. A formal visitation

arrangement could have been, but was not, established in those proceedings. Because the visitation

arrangement was informal, Aimee was able to cancel J.D.’s visitation with defendant when J.D.

had activities, when she and J.D. went out of town, or if Aimee and J.D. had plans together. During

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defendant’s visitation with J.D., J.D. had access to defendant’s phone and could call Aimee if

needed. J.D., however, never asked Aimee “to come pick her up because there was a problem.”

¶ 32 Aimee acknowledged that she had previously testified (in the section 115-10 hearing)

regarding J.D.’s statements, and though she was not specifically asked, she did not previously

disclose J.D.’s statement that she and defendant put baby oil on each other “every time” J.D. was

with him. Aimee explained that her recollection of that statement was a “new memory” and that

she had “tried to block that day out.”

¶ 33 Both Aimee and Cheeseman were mandated reporters, but Aimee did not call the police,

because she instead took J.D. to the hospital. Aimee never thought to record her conversations

with J.D. or have a third person listen to J.D. explain what happened. She did not ask J.D. to

demonstrate on a spoon based on her training as a mandated reporter but, rather, because she

wanted to know what happened and her primary concern was to protect J.D.

¶ 34 Aimee also testified that, on October 4, 2017, she petitioned for an order of protection

under Cook County case No. 12-D-350153 (the Cook County child support case referred to

previously in her testimony), seeking an order protecting her and J.D. from defendant. She

handwrote the petition and swore to its accuracy. In the petition, Aimee alleged only that defendant

had made contact between his penis and J.D.’s hands; Aimee did not allege defendant had touched

J.D.’s vagina.

¶ 35 After J.D.’s interview with Schroeder, Aimee and J.D. talked frequently about the

incidents. They engaged in near-weekly therapy, sometimes together and sometimes individually.

Aimee never told J.D. what to say and did not make her promises or threaten punishment,

depending on what J.D. said to others regarding the allegations.

¶ 36 On redirect, the following exchange occurred:

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Q. Amiee [sic], defense counsel asked you about the topic of child support?

A. Yes.

Q. In 2017, were you receiving child support from the defendant?

A. I don’t remember. I got it sometimes and then I didn’t.

Q. Did you ever have any reason to believe that if the defendant got in serious legal

trouble you would somehow get more child support?

A. No.”

Aimee also testified her primary concern when she was asking J.D. about what happened was

J.D.’s safety.

¶ 37 At the conclusion of the State’s redirect, the trial court directed Aimee to step down from

the stand. Defense counsel asked the court to recross-examine Aimee, and the court responded,

“No recross.” 3 Counsel did not ask the court to hear an offer of proof or otherwise inform the court

what she wished to ask Aimee on recross.

¶ 38 b. J.D.

¶ 39 J.D., age nine at trial, testified that she lived with Aimee, Lori, and her aunt Linda. When

J.D. was six years old, she visited defendant every other weekend at his home.

3
Defendant notes there is an ambiguity in the record. The report of proceedings shows his

counsel was transcribed as stating, as opposed to asking, “No recross.” Defendant asserts counsel,

in fact, asked to recross-examine Aimee, as shown by his inclusion of the issue in his posttrial

motion. Because the State does not challenge defendant’s assertion, we need not resolve the

ambiguity.

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¶ 40 J.D. testified that, during her last visit with defendant, which was in October 2017,

defendant touched her private parts (which she identified on an anatomical drawing at trial as the

female genital area) while she and defendant sat on the bed in the living room. He touched her

over her clothes, and his hand was still. J.D. could not recall whether defendant touched her under

her clothes. J.D. testified that defendant touched her private part once.

¶ 41 The State then asked J.D. whether defendant had ever had her touch him, and J.D.

responded, “yes.” J.D. stated her hand touched defendant’s head but she did not touch any other

part of his body. After J.D. circled the head on an anatomical drawing of a man, the State asked

J.D. whether any part of defendant’s skin touched her private part, and J.D. replied, “[j]ust the part

that I touched.” Asked what part of defendant she touched, J.D. testified she touched defendant’s

private part, and she circled the genital area on the anatomical drawing of a man. J.D. explained

that, after her bath, defendant gave her baby oil and told her to put it on his private part. His pants

were off. J.D. put the baby oil on defendant’s private part, and defendant put baby oil on J.D.’s

private part. Defendant told her not to tell anyone.

¶ 42 On cross-examination, J.D. admitted she talked with the State before trial to “practice[ ]”

and that she tried to give the answers she had “practiced.” She had also discussed what had

happened with Aimee and her therapist. J.D. recalled that she was twice interviewed, though she

could not remember many details.

¶ 43 Regarding the first interview (with Schroeder), J.D. recalled she was asked whether

someone touched her private part, and she responded that no one had. She never told Schroeder

that she had put baby oil on defendant’s private part. She could not recall whether she told

Schroeder that defendant rubbed, put baby oil on, or touched the inside of her vagina, or that

defendant touched her differently than did Aimee. Nor could J.D. recall whether she told Schroeder

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that she touched defendant’s private part “in any way” or whether she demonstrated how she

touched defendant’s private part.

¶ 44 J.D.’s recollection of the second interview (with Tunney) was even more hazy. Though

J.D. “kind of” recalled giving a second interview, J.D. could not remember the name of the person

she spoke with, what questions were asked, or what she did and did not tell the person.

¶ 45 On redirect, J.D. made it clear that defendant touched her private part and she touched his

private part only once.

¶ 46 c. Sally Cheeseman

¶ 47 Cheeseman, who had a close relationship with Aimee and had known J.D. her entire life,

testified that, on October 1, 2017, she was present at Aimee’s apartment when she and J.D. returned

from defendant’s apartment. When they arrived, Aimee was visibly upset. She spoke with Aimee

on the front porch, while J.D. got ready for bed, and she later accompanied Aimee and J.D. to the

hospital. Cheeseman did not discuss the allegations with J.D., and J.D. did not spontaneously

disclose them to her.

¶ 48 d. Investigator Tunney

¶ 49 Investigator Tunney laid a foundation for the admission of the video recording of J.D.’s

February 22, 2018, interview, which was played for the jury and has been summarized above. On

cross-examination, Tunney acknowledged that J.D. was twice interviewed at the Child Advocacy

Center, and during the first interview, she did not disclose any inappropriate contact between

defendant and her. Tunney agreed that J.D. disclosed to her that she touched defendant’s penis

only once and never disclosed that he had touched her vagina. J.D. did not mention baby oil during

the interview J.D. did not become upset or hostile or seem overwhelmed during the interview.

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¶ 50 Tunney also testified that, as part of her investigation, on March 2, 2018, she and other

officers executed a search warrant at defendant’s apartment. During the search, they obtained from

defendant a buccal swab for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis and photographed the inside

of his apartment.

¶ 51 e. Carrie Buerger

¶ 52 Buerger, a specially trained sexual assault nurse examiner, examined J.D. on October 1,

2017. Per her standard practice in cases involving children, she took a history from Aimee outside

J.D.’s presence and did not ask J.D. any questions about what occurred. Buerger performed a head-

to-toe physical examination of J.D. She observed mild erythema, or redness, both inside and

outside J.D.’s vagina, which was the only abnormality she observed in J.D.’s genital area. The

erythema was “possibl[y]” consistent with a sexual assault but could also have been caused by

riding a bicycle or poor hygiene.

¶ 53 Buerger also took oral, vaginal, and anal swabs from J.D., including two swabs on the

exterior of J.D.’s vagina and two swabs from the interior, and a blood sample from J.D.’s finger.

Buerger tendered the swabs and blood sample to Aurora police officer Jared Fischer.

¶ 54 f. William Anselme

¶ 55 William Anselme, a forensic biologist at the Illinois State Police crime lab, analyzed the

swabs for the presence of semen. Anselme explained that semen consists of two components: a

liquid portion (i.e., seminal fluid) and a cellular portion (i.e., sperm cells). He combined into a

single sample clippings from each of the four swabs collected from J.D.’s vagina. That sample

contained prostate specific antigen (PSA), or p30, which is found in seminal fluid but can also be

found in other places, including in blood, and can travel throughout the body. He also examined

the sample under a microscope but did not find any sperm cells. Thus, he concluded the sample

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was “semen indicated,” as opposed to “semen identified,” which is the finding he makes if sperm

cells are detected in a sample. Anselme did not determine which of the four vaginal swabs

contained PSA. (In other words, he did not determine whether the PSA was present internally or

externally.)

¶ 56 g. Kelly Krajnik

¶ 57 Kelly Krajnik, a forensic scientist at the Illinois State Police crime lab, analyzed for DNA

the sexual assault kit and defendant’s buccal swab. Krajnik explained she can perform two types

of DNA analysis: autosomal DNA testing and Y-STR testing. Autosomal DNA testing is preferred

because it can better distinguish between two people. Y-STR testing is less discriminate and

specifically targets the Y chromosome, which is found only in men. Y-STR testing is best utilized

when there is a small amount of male DNA mixed within a large amount of female DNA. Krajnik

further explained that men receive their Y chromosomes from their fathers, and, typically, a father

passes the same Y-STR profile to his sons.

¶ 58 Krajnik performed Y-STR testing in this case, because the swabs from the sexual assault

kit did not contain enough male DNA to perform autosomal testing. Krajnik obtained defendant’s

Y-STR profile from his buccal swab and compared it to a Y-STR profile that she identified in the

sample from the vaginal swabs. She determined that the profile “matche[d] the Y-STR haplotype

of [defendant],” meaning defendant was “included as a contributor” in the sample. She explained

the identified Y-STR profile would be expected to occur in approximately 1 in 2000 unrelated

black men, 1 in 1500 unrelated Hispanic men, and 1 in 2400 unrelated white men. (Defendant is

black.)

¶ 59 Krajnik acknowledged that “not a ton of [male] biological material” was identified in the

analysis she performed, but it was nevertheless sufficient to perform her analysis. She could not

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determine how the male DNA she identified was deposited onto the samples collected from J.D.

and agreed that it could have been deposited through transfer, as opposed to direct contact with

biological material. However, even direct contact with biological material could result in a low

level of DNA being recovered. Krajnik agreed that, hypothetically, biological material could be

transferred onto a person if that person handled a towel into which another person ejaculated.

¶ 60 g. Defendant’s Driving Abstract

¶ 61 The State also introduced a certified copy of defendant’s driving abstract, which

established defendant was born February 19, 1986, meaning he was more than 17 years old when

the charged conduct occurred.

¶ 62 The State rested.

¶ 63 2. Defendant’s Motion for a Directed Finding

¶ 64 Defendant moved for a directed verdict, arguing, in part, that the State failed to prove

defendant engaged in multiple acts of hand-to-vagina and penis-to-hand contact, given J.D.’s clear

testimony that each act occurred only once. Thus, he argued he was entitled to a directed verdict

(at least) on counts II, III, VI, and VII. The court granted his motion as to those counts, leaving

only counts II (hand-to-vagina contact) and V (penis-to-hand contact) remaining.

¶ 65 3. Defendant’s Case

¶ 66 a. Marisol Schroeder and J.D.’s First Interview

¶ 67 Defendant first called Marisol Schroeder, who laid a foundation for the admission of the

recording of J.D.’s October 6, 2017, statements to her. The recording was played for the jury. As

noted above, J.D. did not disclose any inappropriate contact between her and defendant.

¶ 68 b. Karl Reich

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¶ 69 Defendant’s controlled expert witness, a forensic biologist and DNA analyst, Karl Reich,

testified that he reviewed the forensic analysis performed by the crime lab. He first addressed the

presence of p30 in the vaginal swab. Reich explained p30 is found in other bodily fluids, including

male blood and, “[o]nce in a while,” female urine. He acknowledged, however, that p30 is most

highly concentrated in seminal fluid. Nevertheless, because no sperm cells were observed in the

sample, Anselme’s conclusion, based on the presence of p30, that “semen [was] indicated” on the

vaginal swabs, was factually incorrect. According to Reich,

“The factual[ly] correct answer would be [p]30 identified. And then if you wanted

to, you could say [p]30 is a protein that is found in high amounts in seminal fluid. That’s

the precise description of the result.

Illinois State Police has their interpretation guidelines[,] which they developed, and

so they allow themselves to say ‘semen indicated’ when the [p]30 test is positive but the

sperm search is negative.”

¶ 70 Reich did not dispute Krajnik’s conclusion that the vaginal swab contained male DNA

from which defendant could not be excluded as a contributor but explained no one could answer

how or when the DNA was deposited or transferred to J.D. According to Reich, DNA can be

deposited or transferred through direct contact, i.e., by touching or if bodily fluid contacts another.

It can also be transferred when the source touches an object that is later touched by another. (Reich

testified it was possible for even more remote contact to transfer DNA.) The amount of DNA

reduces each time biological material is transferred from one source to another. Hypothetically, if

a person handled or used a towel that had another’s semen on it, then transfer of DNA to the person

would be likely. Additionally, DNA from the semen on that towel could be transferred to a bed

sheet and then to another person.

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¶ 71 Reich further testified that one ejaculate can contain 50 or 100 million sperm cells. Only

.2 nanograms, i.e., less than a billionth of a gram, or about 40 cells worth, of DNA was recovered

from the vaginal swab sample.

¶ 72 Reich opined that, because the amount of DNA that was recovered was so small, it was

possible the DNA was transferred by some means other than direct contact. And because no semen

was identified (i.e., no seminal fluid plus sperm cells), no one could be sure of the body fluid

source of the Y-STR profile. According to Reich, “those two facts are coupled in the inability to

definitively define how it got there or what it was from to begin with.”

¶ 73 On cross-examination, Reich testified that it was possible that seminal fluid could be

deposited without sperm cells, for example, if it was deposited by an aspermic man or one with a

low sperm count. He also acknowledged that at least one publication has stated the beginning of

an ejaculation contains fewer sperm cells than the middle or end. He agreed that DNA analysis

cannot answer how or when DNA was deposited or transferred.

¶ 74 4. The Jury’s Verdict

¶ 75 The jury found defendant guilty of count V (penis-to-hand contact) and not guilty of count

II (hand-to-vagina contact).

¶ 76 D. Posttrial Motion and Sentencing

¶ 77 Defendant moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, a new

trial. In part, he asserted the trial court erred when it permitted, over his objection, Aimee to testify

about J.D.’s statement to her that the conduct at issue occurred “every time” J.D. was with

defendant. Defendant contended this statement was not presented at the section 115-10 hearing

and the court did not make the required finding with regard to that statement. Defendant did not

raise any issue with Aimee’s testimony about J.D.’s statements to her that J.D. sometimes

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showered with defendant and slept naked at his house. Defendant also contended the court erred

by refusing defendant’s request to recross-examine Aimee, though he never identified what he

would have discussed or what he expected Aimee’s testimony to be.

¶ 78 The court denied defendant’s motion and sentenced defendant to 10 years’ imprisonment.

Defendant filed a “motion for reconsideration” that asked the court to reconsider both the denial

of his posttrial motion and his sentence. The court granted in part the motion, reducing defendant’s

sentence to eight years, and this appeal followed.

¶ 79 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 80 On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred when it (1) permitted Aimee to testify

to two of J.D.’s statements to her that were not found reliable under section 115-10 of the Code,

and (2) refused to allow defendant to recross-examine Aimee after the State elicited two new

matters in its redirect examination.

¶ 81 A. Section 115-10 of the Code

¶ 82 Defendant first contends the trial court erred when it permitted Aimee to testify regarding

two statements made by J.D. without first finding them sufficiently reliable under section 115-10

of the Code. Specifically, defendant takes issue with two hearsay statements elicited during

Aimee’s testimony: J.D.’s statements that (1) the inappropriate touching occurred “every time”

she stayed with defendant, and (2) she sometimes showered with defendant and slept naked at his

house. According to defendant, he did not have prior notice of J.D.’s statement regarding the

frequency with which the touching occurred, the trial court did not make a finding of reliability as

to either statement, and the statements were not otherwise admissible under another exception to

the hearsay rule.

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¶ 83 Before beginning our discussion, we note that defendant properly preserved his claim with

respect to the first statement (“every time”), but, as he acknowledges, he forfeited his claim with

respect to the second statement (sleeping naked and showering), because he failed to object at trial

and raise the issue in his posttrial motion. Defendant asks that we review the admission of the

second statement for plain error. Thus, we must first determine, with respect to both statements,

whether error occurred. See People v. Eppinger, 2013 IL 114121, ¶ 19 (noting the first step in

plain-error analysis is to determine whether error occurred).

¶ 84 1. Section 115-10 of the Code and the Standard of Review

¶ 85 Section 115-10 of the Code is a statutory exception to the hearsay rule that is applicable in

prosecutions for, among others, sex crimes against young or disabled victims. The impetus behind

section 115-10 was the concern “that ‘child witnesses, especially the very young, often lack the

cognitive or language skills to effectively communicate instances of abuse at trial [citation], or

may be impeded psychologically in their efforts to do so.’ ” (Alteration in original.) People v.

Boling, 2014 IL App (4th) 120634, ¶ 83 (quoting People v. Bowen, 183 Ill. 2d 103, 115 (1998)).

¶ 86 Relevant here, section 115-10 permits “testimony of an out[-]of[-]court statement made by

the victim describing any complaint of such act or matter or detail pertaining to any act which is

an element of the offense which is the subject of a prosecution for a sexual or physical act against

that victim.” 725 ILCS 5/115-10(a)(2) (West 2018). However, such testimony is not admissible

unless (1) the trial court first finds, in a hearing conducted outside the jury’s presence, “that the

time, content, and circumstances of the statement provide sufficient safeguards of reliability”;

(2) the victim testifies at the proceeding or is unavailable and there is evidence to corroborate the

act which is the subject of the statement; and (3) in cases involving a child under age 13, the out-

of-court statement was made before the victim attained 13 years of age or within 3 months after

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the commission of the offense, whichever is later. Id. § 115-10(b). Further, “[t]he proponent of the

statement shall give the adverse party reasonable notice of his [or her] intention to offer the

statement and the particulars of the statement.” (Emphasis added.) Id. § 115-10(d).

¶ 87 A trial court’s decision to admit a hearsay statement under section 115-10 will not be

disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Burgund, 2016 IL App (5th) 130119, ¶ 242. An

abuse of discretion occurs when the court’s decision is unreasonable. Id. ¶ 255.

¶ 88 2. The Trial Court Erred By Admitting Both Statements

¶ 89 We agree with defendant that it was error to admit both statements. We begin by noting

the State provided defendant written notice that it intended to introduce some of J.D.’s statements

under section 115-10. However, the written notice provided only dates of those statements and did

not specify the particulars of the statements. See 725 ILCS 5/115-10(d) (West 2018). Thus,

defendant was on notice that the State intended to offer, under section 115-10, only what was

presented at the section 115-10 hearing.

¶ 90 We first address Aimee’s testimony regarding J.D.’s statement that the conduct occurred

“every time” defendant visited with J.D. At the section 115-10 hearing, Aimee never testified that

J.D. told her anything about the frequency with which the abuse occurred. Indeed, the State never

asked the question. Thus, there were two problems with the admission of this statement under

section 115-10. First, the plain language of section 115-10 requires the proponent of the evidence

to give the adverse party “reasonable notice of his [or her] intention to offer the statement and the

particulars of the statement.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/115-10(d) (West 2018). Here, the

State did not give notice of this particular aspect of J.D.’s statement to Aimee, because it was not

disclosed in writing or at the section 115-10 hearing. Second, because that particular statement

was not presented to the trial court, the court necessarily could not have made the requisite finding

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“that the time, content, and circumstances of the statement provide[d] sufficient safeguards of

reliability.” Id. § 115-10(b). Accordingly, there was no basis to admit this aspect of J.D.’s

statement under section 115-10 of the Code.

¶ 91 On this point, we strongly disagree with the State’s characterization of the first statement

as an “ancillary comment.” That comment was not ancillary and directly bore on defendant’s guilt

on counts II through VII of the indictment, which, as noted, alleged defendant committed six

separate acts. Had the court not directed a verdict in defendant’s favor on counts III, IV, VI, and

VII, Aimee’s testimony would have been the sole basis on which to find defendant guilty of those

counts, given J.D.’s clear testimony that each act occurred only once.

¶ 92 We likewise conclude that there was no basis to admit the second statement—that J.D.

sometimes slept naked and showered with defendant—under section 115-10. Admittedly, Aimee

testified to J.D.’s statement at the section 115-10 hearing. But the State later clarified that it was

not seeking admission of the statement under section 115-10, noting those acts were “not related

to any of the charged acts in this case.” And because the State clarified it was not seeking admission

of that statement under section 115-10, the trial court necessarily did not make the requisite

finding. See id.

¶ 93 Because neither statement was admissible under section 115-10, we must determine

whether either statement was admissible on some other basis. The State asserts both statements

were admissible, under section 115-7.3 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2018)), to show

defendant’s propensity to commit the charged acts. It further asserts that the first statement was

admissible other-crimes evidence, under the common-law rule, to show defendant’s intent, design,

or course of conduct, and to corroborate J.D.’s testimony concerning the charged offense. See

People v. Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d 353, 364-65 (1991).

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¶ 94 In pertinent part, section 115-7.3 provides that, when a defendant is accused of committing

certain sex offenses, including predatory criminal sexual assault against a child, evidence of his

commission of other sex offenses “may be admissible (if that evidence is otherwise admissible

under the rules of evidence) and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is

relevant.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(b) (West 2018). However, before admitting the

evidence, the court must find the other-crimes evidence is relevant and, after considering the

proximity in time and factual similarity to the charged offense and any other relevant facts and

circumstances, its probative value outweighs its prejudicial effect. Id. § 115-7.3(c).

¶ 95 Evidence of other crimes may also be admissible when it is relevant to prove a defendant’s

modus operandi, intent, identity, motive, or absence of mistake. Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d at 364-65. And

“in sexual offense cases[,] evidence of a defendant’s prior sexual activity with the same child is

admissible to show the defendant’s intent, design[,] or course of conduct and to corroborate the

victim’s testimony concerning the charged offense.” People v. Anderson, 225 Ill. App. 3d 636, 647

(1992). Other-crimes evidence must not be barred by another rule of evidence, such as the hearsay

rule. People v. Kinnett, 287 Ill. App. 3d 709, 715 (1997). And when such evidence is offered, the

trial court must weigh its probative value against its prejudicial effect, and it may exclude the

evidence if the prejudicial effect substantially outweighs its probative value. Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d at

365.

¶ 96 The State argues that both statements at issue were admissible to show defendant’s

propensity under section 115-7.3 and that the “every time” statement was also admissible to show

defendant’s intent, design, or course of conduct, and to corroborate J.D.’s testimony concerning

the charged offense. We disagree.

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¶ 97 The State overlooks the requirement that evidence of other crimes, offered for any purpose,

must otherwise be admissible. See 725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(b) (West 2018); Kinnett, 287 Ill. App. 3d

at 715. The statements at issue were clearly hearsay, as they were J.D.’s out-of-court statements to

Aimee and were offered for their truth. Ill. R. Evid. 801(c) (eff. Oct. 15, 2015). Those statements

were, therefore, not admissible as other-crimes evidence unless some exception to the hearsay rule

applied. Kinnett, 287 Ill. App. 3d at 715. On appeal, the State offers no exception to the hearsay

rule under which the statements at issue were admissible, and we will not conjure an argument on

its behalf. People v. Sophanavong, 2020 IL 124337, ¶ 21 (the doctrine of forfeiture applies equally

to the State). Further, because the State never offered the statements at issue to prove defendant’s

propensity or for a common-law purpose, the trial court was never given the opportunity to weigh

the probative value of those statements against their prejudicial effect. Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d at 365.

Accordingly, we conclude it was error to admit both statements.

¶ 98 3. The Admission of the Statements Did Not Prejudice Defendant

¶ 99 We must next determine whether the admission of the statements prejudiced defendant,

thus, requiring a new trial. As noted, defendant preserved his argument with respect to the first

statement but forfeited his argument with respect to the second. Accordingly, our process for

making this determination for each statement, while similar, has a significant difference: the State

has the burden to show admission of the first statement was harmless, while defendant has the

burden, under the plain-error rule, to show admission of the second statement was prejudicial. See

People v. Thurow, 203 Ill. 2d 352, 363 (2003) (explaining the distinction between harmless-error

analysis, which applies when an error is preserved, and plain-error analysis, which applies when

an error is forfeited).

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¶ 100 To prove an error was harmless, the State must establish “there is no reasonable probability

that the jury would have acquitted the defendant absent the error.” (Internal quotation marks and

alterations omitted.) People v. Stull, 2014 IL App (4th) 120704, ¶ 104.

¶ 101 To obtain relief under the plain-error rule, a defendant must demonstrate he or she was

prejudiced by the error and can do so by establishing (1) the evidence at trial was so closely

balanced that admission of the statements alone threatened to tip the scales against defendant (first

prong); or (2) the admission of the statements was so serious that it affected the fairness of

defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process (second prong). People v.

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 564-65 (2007). Defendant urges for relief under the first prong. When

determining whether a defendant has met his or her burden under the first prong, we perform a

qualitative (not quantitative), commonsense, and contextual analysis of the totality of the evidence.

People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶¶ 50, 53.

¶ 102 Defendant contends that the evidence of his guilt was close and, therefore, under both the

harmless-error standard and the first prong of the plain-error rule, he is entitled to a new trial.

Defendant argues that, because the forensic analysis of the vaginal swab did not conclusively

establish the presence of semen, the presence of defendant’s DNA, or how or when the biological

material was deposited, the determination of his guilt came down to the credibility of J.D. and

Aimee.

¶ 103 Initially, we note the jury found defendant guilty on count V (penis-to-hand contact) and

not guilty on count II (hand-to-vagina contact). To sustain count V, the State was required to prove

that defendant committed an act of contact, however slight, between his penis and J.D.’s hand, for

the purpose of sexual gratification or arousal of J.D. or him, and that defendant was 17 years or

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older and J.D. was younger than 13 years at the time of the offense. 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1)

(West 2016).

¶ 104 We conclude the evidence at trial overwhelmingly established defendant’s guilt such that

there is no reasonable probability the jury would have acquitted defendant had that statement not

been admitted or that the admission of the statements threatened to tip the scales against defendant.

At trial, J.D. testified that, the last time she saw defendant, after her bath, she put baby oil on

defendant’s “private part” and defendant put baby oil on her vagina. She and defendant were on

defendant’s bed, and his pants were off. J.D. was clear that this happened only once, and she

testified defendant told her not to tell anyone.

¶ 105 J.D.’s trial testimony was consistent with her initial outcry statements, as recounted by

Aimee at trial. When Aimee picked up J.D. from defendant’s apartment, J.D. spontaneously said

to Aimee that she hoped she did not smell like defendant’s “vagina.” When Aimee inquired with

J.D., J.D. told her that she put baby oil on defendant’s private part and that defendant put baby oil

on her vagina. She also told Aimee that she trusted defendant more than her. Later that week, but

before Schroeder interviewed J.D., J.D. again told Aimee that she had touched defendant’s private

part.

¶ 106 Admittedly, as defendant points out, J.D.’s statements were not entirely consistent from

her initial outcry through trial. Indeed, J.D. did not disclose any inappropriate contact to Schroeder.

And J.D. told Tunney only that she touched defendant’s private part, made no mention of baby oil,

and provided additional detail to Tunney that she did not disclose at trial.

¶ 107 However, other than her interview with Schroeder, J.D. consistently stated that she touched

defendant’s penis at his request, which was the count on which the jury convicted him. And

defendant omits entirely from his discussion the context in which J.D. gave each of her accounts.

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When viewed in context, it is not surprising that J.D.’s statements to her mother and her testimony

at trial differed from the statements she gave to Schroeder and Tunney. See Boling, 2014 IL App

(4th) 120634, ¶ 83 (noting that young child witnesses often lack the cognitive or language skills

to effectively communicate instances of abuse or may be impeded psychologically in their efforts

to do so). J.D. was only six years old when she made each of her pretrial statements, and she had

been told by defendant, her father, not to tell anyone about what had happened. She spontaneously

made the initial statements, in the privacy of a car, to her mother, Aimee, with whom she was

undoubtedly comfortable. Less than a week later, she again disclosed inappropriate contact, though

this time it was not spontaneous but rather in response to Aimee’s question. Days later, she was

taken to an unfamiliar place and interviewed by Schroeder, a stranger, and did not disclose any

inappropriate contact. Then, after she had engaged in months of therapy, during which she

discussed why she could no longer see defendant, she was interviewed by Tunney, another

stranger, and this time disclosed that she touched defendant’s penis at his request and gave

descriptive details of what happened, using age-appropriate language. By the time of trial, J.D. had

aged approximately three years and, though she initially testified that she touched defendant’s

head, she corrected herself that she also touched defendant’s penis. Under these circumstances, the

inconsistencies to which defendant points did not render J.D.’s consistent statements that she

touched defendant’s penis at his request incapable of belief.

¶ 108 Moreover, defendant offers nothing to show J.D. was not an otherwise credible witness

and little to support his theory that Aimee conjured the allegations or coached J.D. to do so.

Admittedly, Aimee testified there was tension in her and defendant’s off-and-on relationship,

which lasted until they permanently broke up in November 2016, and she only sometimes received

child support from defendant. However, nothing in the record suggests that this tension motivated

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Aimee, almost one year later, to inculpate defendant. Nor does anything suggest that defendant’s

occasional failure to support J.D. motivated Aimee or was a source of tension or disagreement. To

the contrary, Aimee testified that, until J.D.’s outcry, she believed defendant was a good father to

J.D. and wanted J.D. to have time with him. To conclude that Aimee had a motive to falsely

incriminate defendant would require a factfinder to speculate.

¶ 109 Further, the physical evidence tended to corroborate J.D.’s statements that inappropriate

touching occurred. We note the State does not rely on the physical evidence in its discussion of

prejudice, and we acknowledge the physical evidence may not have been definitive. Indeed, it did

not establish when, how, or where (internally or externally) the biological material found on J.D.’s

vaginal swab was deposited. Nor did it definitively establish defendant was the source of the

biological material or that sexual abuse was the cause of the abnormal physical examination.

Nevertheless, the erythema Buerger observed on J.D.’s vagina was consistent with sexual abuse.

And, as defendant’s expert even acknowledged, PSA, or p30, is most highly concentrated in

seminal fluid, thus increasing the likelihood, notwithstanding the absence of sperm cells, that

seminal fluid was the biological material, linked to defendant through DNA analysis, found in the

vaginal swabs. Though, arguably, the physical evidence was not inconsistent with defendant’s

theory that defendant’s DNA was transferred to J.D.’s vaginal area via a towel or their shared

bedding, the jury was free to reject that theory.

¶ 110 Defendant also maintains that Aimee’s testimony regarding J.D.’s “every time” statement

bolstered her credibility instead of “letting the jury weigh [her] credibility based on the properly-

admitted statements.” Further, he notes, the State mentioned Aimee’s testimony regarding this

statement in its rebuttal argument at trial and “was one of the last things the jury was reminded of

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before deliberation.” And we note the jury twice heard Aimee testify to that statement, as the State

asked her again the question again after the sidebar.

¶ 111 Nevertheless, defendant fails to offer any argument as to how Aimee’s testimony bolstered

J.D.’s credibility in this regard, and we fail to see how it could have, given that statement conflicted

with J.D.’s trial testimony that each act occurred only once and her statement to Tunney that she

touched defendant’s penis only once. Moreover, in light of J.D.’s clear testimony on this point, we

fail to see how Aimee’s repetition of this statement at trial and the State’s brief, isolated reference

to the statement in its rebuttal argument could have contributed to defendant’s conviction.

¶ 112 Defendant essentially asks us to view the two aspects of the State’s case—J.D.’s statements

and testimony and the physical evidence—separately and points to weaknesses in each to support

his position that the errors were prejudicial. Viewing the evidence as a whole, however, we

conclude the evidence overwhelmingly established defendant’s guilt such that there is no

reasonable probability that a jury would have acquitted defendant had the “every time” statement

not been admitted. Stull, 2014 IL App (4th) 120704, ¶ 104.

¶ 113 For these same reasons, we conclude the admission of the second statement did not threaten

to tip the scales against defendant. Indeed, as we have discussed, the evidence in this case—J.D.’s

consistent testimony, initial outcry, and statements to Tunney that she touched defendant’s penis

at his request and the physical evidence, which was corroborative of J.D.’s statements—

overwhelmingly established defendant’s guilt on count V. Thus, defendant cannot meet his burden

under the first prong of the plain-error rule.

¶ 114 In sum, we conclude it was error to admit both of J.D.’s statements. Nevertheless, the State

has established defendant was not prejudiced by admission of the first statement, and defendant

has failed to establish he was prejudiced by admission of the second statement.

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¶ 115 B. Recross-Examination of Aimee

¶ 116 Defendant next contends the trial court abused its discretion by refusing his request to

recross-examine Aimee. He asserts the State elicited new evidence on its redirect of Aimee: (1) she

sometimes received child support from defendant in 2017, and (2) the reason why she did not

record J.D.’s statements and did not immediately call the police but instead filed for an emergency

order of protection was her concern for J.D.’s safety. Thus, he argues, he was entitled to further

explore these areas on recross-examination, and the court’s refusal prejudiced him. Further, citing

People v. Garner, 2018 IL App (5th) 150236, defendant argues the record shows the trial court

had a blanket policy of denying his recross-examination of any witness, which was itself an abuse

of discretion.

¶ 117 1. Standard of Review

¶ 118 Like all evidentiary rulings, “ ‘the scope and extent of cross-examination and recross-

examination are within the discretion of the [trial] court.’ ” People v. Graves, 2012 IL App (4th)

110536, ¶ 16 (quoting Adams v. Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center, 369 Ill. App. 3d 988, 998

(2007)). Thus, we will reverse the trial court’s refusal of recross-examination only if the trial court

abused its discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling is

unreasonable. People v. DePaolo, 317 Ill. App. 3d 301, 308 (2000). We will affirm the court’s

limitation of inquiry “unless the defendant can show his or her inquiry is not based on a remote or

uncertain theory.” People v. Tabb, 374 Ill. App. 3d 680, 689 (2007).

¶ 119 2. The Trial Court Did Not Adopt a Blanket Policy

of Disallowing any Recross-examination

¶ 120 We first examine defendant’s contention that the trial court had a blanket policy of

disallowing recross-examination, which was itself an abuse of discretion. In support of his

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contention, he relies primarily on Garner. Garner involved a prosecution for unlawful possession

of a firearm by a felon. Garner, 2018 IL App (5th) 150236, ¶ 3. The firearm was recovered by a

police officer who saw the defendant throw the firearm while he was pursuing the defendant on

foot. Id. ¶ 6. In his cross-examination of the officer, the defendant elicited testimony that the officer

submitted evidence for forensic testing but the officer did not know whether that testing had, in

fact, been performed. Id. ¶ 7. On redirect, the State elicited from the officer that the state crime

lab, as a matter of policy, did not perform DNA analysis on firearms and introduced into evidence

a written policy to that effect. Id. ¶ 8. After the State finished its redirect, the trial court asked the

officer to step down from the stand and the State to call its next witness. Id. ¶ 9. Defense counsel

interjected, asking, “No opportunity to [re]cross?” Id. The court responded, “That’s right. You had

an opportunity to cross. You cross-examined him. Then it’s redirect. That’s the way it works ***.

[The] State gets last shot at a witness when they are their witness.” Id.

¶ 121 On appeal, the defendant argued the trial court’s refusal to permit recross-examination as

a blanket policy constituted prejudicial error and denied him a fair trial. Id. ¶ 16. The appellate

court agreed, noting the record established that the trial court had a blanket policy of disallowing

recross-examination. Id. ¶ 19. The appellate court emphasized the trial court’s comments in

response to the defendant’s request for further inquiry, noting there was no rule that the

examination of witnesses follows a direct-cross-redirect pattern or that the State gets the final

opportunity to question its witnesses. Id. The court thus found the trial court failed to exercise any

discretion at all, which was itself an abuse of discretion. Id. ¶ 20.

¶ 122 In reaching its decision, the court in Garner rejected the State’s argument that the defendant

forfeited review of the issue by failing to make an offer of proof as to what the officer may have

said on recross-examination and by failing to include the issue in his posttrial motion. Id. ¶ 16-17.

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The court, however, reviewed the purported error under the plain-error doctrine, finding the

blanket ban on recross-examination “affected the entire trial and undermined [the court’s] sense

of fairness in the proceeding.” Id. ¶ 17.

¶ 123 Admittedly, some of the facts here are similar to those in Garner. As in Garner, the trial

court rebuked defendant’s request to recross-examine the State’s first witness and defendant did

not thereafter ask to recross-examine any other witness. We nevertheless find Garner

distinguishable. Unlike in Garner, the record here does not support a finding that the trial court

had a blanket policy of disallowing recross-examination of any witness.

¶ 124 In Garner, after it rebuked the defendant’s request, the trial court commented, “You had

an opportunity to cross. You cross-examined him. Then it’s redirect. That’s the way it works ***.

[The] State gets last shot at a witness when they are their witness.” Id. ¶ 9. These comments

demonstrated the court’s decision was based on its misapprehension or erroneous belief that

recross-examination was never proper or that the State was entitled to have the final opportunity

to question its witnesses. And the court’s comments made it clear that, as a matter of policy, the

court would disallow the recross-examination of any witness.

¶ 125 Here, when the court refused defendant’s request to recross-examine Aimee, the court

made no such comments, and at no time did the court demonstrate that its refusal of defendant’s

request was based on a misapprehension or erroneous belief that recross-examination was never

proper. Defendant acknowledges he never asked the trial court to recross-examine any of the

State’s other witnesses. But he asserts the trial court’s “ ‘fairly forceful’ ” refusal of his request to

recross-examine Aimee demonstrates any such request would have been refused. See id. ¶ 25 (the

trial court’s “fairly forceful” refusal to allow recross-examination explained the defendant’s failure

to attempt recross-examination of any other witness). We are not persuaded. The record here does

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not establish the trial court’s refusal of defendant’s request to recross-examine Aimee was “fairly

forceful,” and there is no indication that a request to recross-examine any other witness would

have been futile. Simply put, the court’s refusal of defendant’s only request to recross-examine a

witness is not, without more, enough to support a finding that the court had a blanket no-recross-

examination policy.

¶ 126 3. Defendant’s Failure to Make an Offer of Proof Precludes Review of this Claim

¶ 127 Generally, when a trial court limits cross-examination, the aggrieved party must make an

offer of proof to preserve the issue. See People v. Peeples, 155 Ill. 2d 422, 457 (1993); Tabb, 374

Ill. App. 3d at 689. A formal offer of proof is preferred, but an informal offer may be sufficient to

preserve the error, provided counsel’s summary of what the proposed evidence might prove is

specific and not based on speculation or conjecture. Id. The offer of proof must at least “establish

on the record that the evidence was directly and positively related to the issue of bias or motive to

testify falsely.” Id.

¶ 128 Our supreme court has explained that an offer of proof serves two primary purposes. People

v. Thompkins, 181 Ill. 2d 1, 10 (1998). First, it discloses to the trial judge and opposing counsel

the nature of the offered evidence and enables them to take appropriate action. Id. Second, it

provides the reviewing court with a record to determine whether exclusion of the evidence was

erroneous and prejudicial. Id. “ ‘An adequate offer of proof is the key to preserving a trial court’s

error in excluding evidence,’ ” because only then can a reviewing court know what evidence was

excluded and determine whether the exclusion was proper. People v. Bowman, 2012 IL App (1st)

102010, ¶ 34 (quoting Thompkins, 181 Ill. 2d at 10). Thus, “[t]he failure to make an adequate offer

of proof forfeits the issue on appeal.” Id.

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¶ 129 We conclude defendant forfeited review of this contention by failing to make any offer of

proof as to what evidence his recross-examination of Aimee would have established. Because

defendant failed to make an offer of proof, we have no basis on which to conclude the trial court

wrongfully refused defendant the opportunity to recross-examine Aimee. Indeed, we would be left

to speculate as to what evidence would have been elicited, whether that evidence would have been

admissible, and whether it would have assisted the jury in its determination of defendant’s guilt.

See People v. Pelo, 404 Ill. App. 3d 839, 877 (2010), abrogated on other grounds, People v. Veach,

2017 IL 120649. It was defendant’s burden to preserve his claim of error and to present a record

to support his claim, and his failure to make an offer of proof has deprived this court of an adequate

record to review his claim. See id. Accordingly, we must honor his forfeiture.

¶ 130 In reaching this conclusion, we reject defendant’s argument that the trial court did not

afford defendant the opportunity to make an offer of proof. Defendant posits, “Had the trial court

allowed defense counsel to provide an offer of proof, or given the defense an opportunity to pose

questions it would ask on recross, then perhaps the trial court could have properly exercised its

discretion on whether to permit further examination.” The record provides no support for

defendant’s assertion that the court refused him the opportunity to make an offer of proof. Rather,

it shows defendant never even asked to do so, and it does not show such a request would have been

futile.

¶ 131 We acknowledge that, in Garner, the court rejected the State’s argument that the defendant

forfeited his claim of error, in part, by failing to make an offer of proof. (The defendant also failed

to raise the issue in his posttrial motion.) In rejecting the State’s argument, the court concluded the

error at issue—the blanket disallowance of any recross-examination—“affected the entire trial and

undermine[d the court’s] sense of fairness in the proceeding.” Garner, 2018 IL App (5th) 150236,

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¶ 17. Here, we are unable to say that the trial court’s denial of defendant’s request to recross-

examine one witness affected the entire trial or has undermined our confidence in the fairness of

the proceeding.

¶ 132 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 133 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County.

¶ 134 Affirmed.

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