COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Fulton, Ortiz and Senior Judge Petty
Argued at Lexington, Virginia
TREVOR ALAN NEEPER
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0263-22-3 JUDGE DANIEL E. ORTIZ
NOVEMBER 9, 2022
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY
W. Chapman Goodwin, Judge
Aaron W. Graves (Graves Law Offices, on brief), for appellant.
Appellant submitting on brief.
Tanner M. Russo, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
The trial court convicted Neeper of refusal of a breath test after he was arrested for driving
under the influence, subsequent offense within ten years (“refusal, subsequent offense”). He asserts
that the trial court “erred by finding that the magistrate had probable cause to issue a warrant for a
[C]lass (1) misdemeanor, and as such[,] the warrant was invalid.” Neeper also contends that the
trial court erred by “allowing hearsay testimony as to what was said to the magistrate, what the
magistrate said, and as to what the magistrate based the issuance of the warrant upon.” Because we
find that Neeper waived his argument as to the warrant’s validity and any error in admitting hearsay
testimony was harmless, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Poole v.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469,
472 (2018)). On the evening of July 2, 2020, Trooper J.T. Lotts stopped Neeper’s vehicle after
the officer observed him speeding. When Neeper exited the vehicle at Lotts’ request, he was
“unsteady on his feet” and “[held] onto the side of the truck as he exited.” He smelled of
alcohol, and his eyes were “bloodshot and glassy.” Neeper admitted that he had been drinking.
After Neeper failed to perform field sobriety tests satisfactorily, Lotts arrested him at 6:58 p.m.
for driving under the influence and transported him to jail. They arrived at the jail at 7:20 p.m.
At the jail, Lotts provided Neeper with a “refusal of consent” form outlining the consequences of
failing to submit to a breath test. Neeper refused to submit to the test.
Lotts signed a declaration on the refusal of consent form stating that Neeper had been
arrested under “Code §§ 18.2-51.4, 18.2-266, 18.2-266.1 or 18.2-272(B)” and had refused to
supply a breath sample after he was informed of the consequences of refusal. Lotts stated further
on the declaration form that Neeper had no convictions under Code “§§ 18.2-266, 18.2-268.3, or
any offense described in 18.2-270(E) within the last 10 years.” Lotts faxed the executed form to
the magistrate.
When Lotts appeared before the magistrate that evening via video, the magistrate had
Neeper’s criminal history and driving record. Lotts noted that, as a matter of procedure, dispatch
sent Neeper’s criminal history to the magistrate, but dispatch did not provide it to Lotts. The
magistrate cited a prior DUI conviction during the videoconference. Based on this information,
the magistrate issued an arrest warrant charging Neeper with refusal, subsequent offense.
At trial, Lotts testified over Neeper’s hearsay objection that the magistrate charged
Neeper with the misdemeanor1 because his criminal record revealed that he had a DUI
1
A first refusal is a civil offense, but a subsequent refusal is a Class 1 misdemeanor.
Code § 18.2-268.3(A)(1) and (2).
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conviction in 2017 in Rockingham County. Lotts agreed that he was unaware of the prior
conviction and did not provide that information to the magistrate.
Neeper objected on hearsay grounds to Lotts testifying about anything the magistrate
“said or thought or did.” The trial court overruled the objection to Lotts’ testimony about the
magistrate’s statement concerning Neeper’s criminal history, ruling that it fell within a hearsay
exception. The trial court also ruled that Lotts’ testimony about the procedure of supplying the
magistrate with Neeper’s criminal history and what the magistrate did after receiving that
history, was not hearsay. Neeper’s prior conviction under Code § 18.2-266 for driving under the
influence in 2017 was admitted into evidence.
At the conclusion of the evidence, Neeper moved to strike, asserting that his arrest for
refusal, subsequent offense, was not supported by probable cause. Citing Code
§ 18.2-268.3(D),2 Neeper argued that only the arresting officer’s “sworn certification” could
supply probable cause for violating the refusal statute. Stressing that Lotts’ declaration on the
refusal form stated that Neeper had no qualifying offenses within the last ten years, Neeper
asserted that the magistrate lacked probable cause to issue a warrant for misdemeanor refusal.
2
Code § 18.2-268.3 states in pertinent part:
D. The arresting officer shall, under oath before the magistrate,
execute the form and certify (i) that the defendant has refused to
permit blood or breath or both blood and breath samples to be
taken for testing; (ii) that the officer has read the portion of the
form described in subsection C to the arrested person; (iii) that the
arrested person, after having had the portion of the form described
in subsection C read to him, has refused to permit such sample or
samples to be taken; and (iv) how many, if any, violations of this
section, § 18.2-266, or any offense described in subsection E of
§ 18.2-270 the arrested person has been convicted of within the last
10 years. Such sworn certification shall constitute probable cause
for the magistrate to issue a warrant or summons charging the
person with unreasonable refusal. The magistrate shall attach the
executed and sworn advisement form to the warrant or
summons. . . .
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The trial court denied Neeper’s motion to strike and ruled that the magistrate could rely on
evidence other than the police officer’s declaration in determining probable cause to arrest. The
trial court ruled that the evidence was sufficient to prove refusal, subsequent offense, and
convicted Neeper. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
I. Probable Cause
Neeper asserts that the trial court “erred in finding that the magistrate had probable cause
to issue a warrant for a [C]lass 1 misdemeanor, and as such[,] the warrant was invalid.” He
contends that, under Code § 18.2-268(D)(iv), the probable cause to issue the refusal warrant
must be based on the arresting officer’s “sworn certification” and Lotts’ certification included no
prior predicate offenses that rendered Neeper’s refusal a misdemeanor offense.
“The validity of [a charging instrument] is a question of law which we review de novo.”
Epps v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 403, 407 (2017) (quoting Howard v. Commonwealth, 63
Va. App. 580, 583 (2014)). We also “review compliance with statutes and this Court’s Rules de
novo.” Id.
Rule 3A:9(b)(1) and (c) provide that:
[O]bjections based on defects in the institution of the prosecution
or in the written charge upon which the accused is to be tried, other
than that it fails to show jurisdiction in the court or to charge an
offense, must be raised by motion . . . filed or made before a plea is
entered and, in a circuit court, at least 7 days before the day fixed
for trial.
Epps, 293 Va. at 409-10 (quoting Rule 3A:9(b)(1) and (c)).3 “Failure to comply with these
requirements constitutes a waiver.” Id. at 410 (quoting Prieto v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 149,
3
Rule 3A:9 was amended after Epps was decided, but the text quoted in the opinion was
not altered.
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181-82 (2012)). As our Supreme Court has recognized, however, “relief from any waiver may
be granted under Rule 3A:9(d)” for good cause. Id. (quoting Prieto, 283 Va. at 182).
Presented with similar facts in Harris v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 670 (2003) (en
banc), we held that a challenge to the validity of the charging instrument must be raised in a
pre-trial motion, absent good cause. Harris, who was charged with driving without a license,
moved to strike at trial on the basis that he should have been charged with a warrant rather than a
summons. Id. at 673. After the trial court denied his motion to strike, Harris appealed and
asserted that the trial court “erred in trying [him] on the charge ‘where the summons issued was
not a valid process to present the charge for trial.’” Id. at 674.
On appeal, the Commonwealth argued for the first time that Harris had “procedurally
defaulted” his argument “because he failed to raise a defense or objection ‘based upon defects in
the institution of the prosecution,’ seven days prior to trial, as required by Supreme Court of
Virginia Rule 3A:9(b) and (c).” Id. at 674. We agreed and held that Harris had waived his
argument by failing to comply with Rule 3A:9 or demonstrating “good cause” for his failure to
do so. Id. at 675. Accordingly, we decided that the trial court had reached the right result for the
wrong reason. Id. at 675-76; see also Epps, 293 Va. at 409-10 (the defendant’s challenge to his
indictment was subject to Rule 3A:9(b)(1) and (c), “mandating that he challenge the indictment
at least seven days before . . . trial”); Mollenhauer v. Commonwealth, No. 0826-20-2, 2021
WL 2793777 (Va. Ct. App. July 6, 2021) (discussing the rationale behind the requirement to
raise certain issues before trial). Significantly, we concluded that Harris had defaulted his
challenge to the charging instrument by failing to comply with Rule 3A:9, even though the trial
court considered the merits of his arguments at trial. Harris, 39 Va. App. at 673-74.
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Based on Harris, we hold that Neeper likewise waived his challenge to the validity of his
refusal warrant by waiting to raise it during his motion to strike.4 Nothing in the record
demonstrates that he had good cause not to comply with Rule 3A:9. See Rule 3A:9(d) (“For
good cause shown the court may grant relief from any waiver provided for in this Rule.”).
Accordingly, as he waived his argument, we conclude that the trial court reached the right result
by denying his motion to strike.5 “[I]t is the settled rule that how[ever] erroneous . . . may be the
reasons of the court for its judgment upon the face of the judgment itself, if the judgment be
right, it will not be disturbed on account of the reasons.” Peters v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App.
378, 388 (2020) (second and third alterations in original) (quoting Perry v. Commonwealth, 280
Va. 572, 579 (2010)). Nevertheless, we may not affirm the trial court’s decision on this basis
4
We recognize that “[t]o trigger the implied-consent statute, . . . the underlying DUI
arrest must be both timely and lawful.” Green v. Commonwealth, 299 Va. 593, 595 (2021).
Thus, our Supreme Court held that a defendant charged with refusal to submit to a breath test in
violation of Code § 29.1-738.2 may defend that charge at trial with evidence that his arrest for
intoxication while operating a boat was not supported by probable cause. Id. at 594-97. The
Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s ruling that appellant was required to raise his probable
cause challenge in a pre-trial motion under Code § 19.2-266.2, stressing that “Code § 19.2-266.2
applies to ‘[d]efense motions or objections’ that, among other things, seek the ‘suppression of
evidence . . . obtained in violation of’ the Constitution of Virginia or Constitution of the United
States.” Id. at 596 (quoting Code § 19.2-266.2). The Court held that Green was not seeking to
suppress evidence by challenging the lawfulness of his arrest. Further, it concluded that the
applicability of the implied consent statute involved a statutory question rather than a
constitutional one. Id.
In Green, the issue before the Supreme Court was whether Green’s DUI arrest was lawful
because, absent a valid arrest, Green was not subject to the implied consent statute governing
boat operators, Code § 29.1-738.2. Id. at 595-96. Here, unlike Green, Neeper does not assert
that his initial arrest for driving while intoxicated was not supported by probable cause. Based
on that arrest, not his later arrest for refusal, Neeper was offered and refused a breath test. Thus,
the undisputed evidence establishes that Neeper had been validly arrested when Lotts offered
him a breath test, thereby triggering the implied consent statute. Id. at 595 (“To trigger the
implied-consent statute, . . . the underlying DUI arrest must be both timely and lawful.”).
Accordingly, Green does not control our decision.
5
Requiring certain issues to be addressed before trial is “not [a] superfluous
administrative hurdle[].” Bass v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 522, 534 (2019). The
requirement “serve[s] legitimate state interests in protecting against surprise, harassment, and
undue delay.” Id. (quoting Arrington v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 635, 640 (2009)).
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“where the development of additional facts is necessary.” Spinner v. Commonwealth, 297 Va.
384, 391 (2019).
Here, the record before us is sufficiently developed for us to determine that Neeper
waived his argument by failing to raise it before trial. Indeed, the Commonwealth argued to the
trial court that Neeper was required to challenge the arrest warrant before trial.6 Accordingly, we
find no reversible error in the trial court’s denial of Neeper’s motion to strike.
II. Hearsay
Neeper asserts that the trial court erred by allowing hearsay testimony at trial concerning
“what was said to the magistrate, what the magistrate said,” and the basis for the magistrate’s
decision to issue the warrant. “[M]ore specifically,” Neeper maintains that the trial court erred
by admitting Lotts’ testimony regarding the magistrate’s statement about Neeper’s criminal
record. He contends that, because the Commonwealth sought the admission of the hearsay
testimony from Lotts, the burden lay with the Commonwealth to demonstrate that it fell within
an exception to the prohibition against hearsay.
“Decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence ‘lie within the trial court’s sound
discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.’” Blankenship v.
Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 692, 697 (2019) (quoting Michels v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App.
461, 465 (2006)). “This standard, if nothing else, means that the trial judge’s ‘ruling will not be
reversed simply because an appellate court disagrees.’” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App.
741, 753 (quoting Henry J. Friendly, Indiscretion about Discretion, 31 Emory L.J. 747, 754
(1982)), adopted upon reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811 (2005). “Only when reasonable jurists
6
At trial, the Commonwealth argued Neeper waived his argument pursuant to Code
§ 19.2-266.2 instead of Rule 3A:9. The Commonwealth proceeded under Code § 19.2-266.2
because it erroneously compared this case to Green. The Commonwealth’s failure to raise a
Rule 3A:9 argument does not impact Neeper’s waiver of his challenge to the validity of his
refusal warrant.
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could not differ can we say an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Turner v. Commonwealth, 65
Va. App. 312, 327 (2015) (quoting Grattan v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 602, 620 (2009)). “A
trial court . . . ‘by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.’” Robinson v.
Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 602, 606 (2018) (quoting Dean v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App.
209, 213 (2012)). Thus, “evidentiary issues presenting a ‘question of law’ are ‘reviewed de novo
by this Court.’” Abney v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 337, 345 (2008) (quoting Michels, 47
Va. App. at 465).
“Non-constitutional error is harmless if other evidence of guilt is so overwhelming and
the error so insignificant by comparison that we can conclude the error failed to have any
substantial influence on the verdict.” Dandridge v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 669, 685
(2021) (quoting Lienau v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 254, 270 (2018)); see also Code
§ 8.01-678. Here, even assuming arguendo that the trial court erred by admitting evidence
relating to the magistrate’s issuance of the arrest warrant for refusal, the error did not have “any
substantial influence on the verdict.” Dandridge, 72 Va. App at 685. The Commonwealth
presented evidence of Neeper’s prior DUI conviction, and the evidence was undisputed that
Neeper declined to submit to a breathalyzer. Further, because Neeper had waived his argument
concerning the arrest warrant’s validity, any evidence relating to that issue was not relevant to
his guilt or innocence at trial. Accordingly, any error in the trial court’s admission of the
evidence was harmless. Code § 8.01-678.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Affirmed.
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