Attorneys for Appellant Attorney for Appellee
Nana Quay-Smith Stephen P. Rothberg
Karl L. Mulvaney Fort Wayne, Indiana
Candace L. Sage
Denise W. Chavis
Bingham McHale LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana
____________________________________________________________________________
__
In the
Indiana Supreme Court
_________________________________
No. 02S03-0308-CV-365
In Re The Marriage of
Julie Marie Bojrab, Respondent (Appellant
below),
v.
George David Bojrab,
Petitioner (Appellee below).
_________________________________
Appeal from the Allen Superior Court, No. 02D07-0001-DR-7
The Honorable Charles A. Pratt, Judge
_________________________________
On Petition To Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 02A03-0204-
CV-127
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June 28, 2004
Dickson, Justice.
In this appeal following a dissolution of the marriage, we hold (1)
that a trial court may not order a prospective custody modification upon
the happening of a future event but it may declare a present custody
determination is conditioned upon the continuation of present
circumstances, and (2) that a party does not waive the right to appeal from
a provisional order for support or maintenance by failing to take an
interlocutory appeal.
The marriage of Julie Marie Bojrab and George David Bojrab was
dissolved by dissolution decree on March 28, 2002. Upon appeal by the wife
and cross-appeal issues by the husband, the Court of Appeals affirmed in
part, and it reversed and remanded in part. Bojrab v. Bojrab, 786 N.E.2d
713 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). The husband sought transfer, which we granted.
804 N.E.2d 747 (Ind. 2003).
The wife's appeal challenges the trial court's order prohibiting the
mother's relocation, its division of marital property, its ruling on the
motion to correct error, and its computation of child support. The
husband's cross appeal alleges that the trial court used dissimilar
methodology in dividing certain similar marital assets, failed to adjust
the marital estate to reflect the husband's significant decrease in income
following entry of provisional orders for support and maintenance, failed
to adjust the property division to reflect the husband's protracted
temporary payments to or for the wife out of his post-petition property,
and failed to consider in the division of the marital property the wife's
waiver of a substantial inheritance from her father during the marriage.
Having granted transfer, we elect to address only two issues: (1)
conditional prospective custody modification and (2) waiver of challenge to
denial of retroactive modification of provisional maintenance and support.
As to all other issues, the Court of Appeals is summarily affirmed pursuant
to Indiana Appellate Rule 58(A)(2).
1. Conditional Prospective Custody Modification
The March 28, 2002, thoughtful dissolution decree included extensive
findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the custody of the
parties' three children, then ages eight, six, and four. Among its sixty-
five findings of fact regarding the parties' children, the trial court
found that "both parties love and care for the children"; that both are
"appropriate and able to serve as the custodial parent of the children";
that both "have been active in the care of the children"; that the
continued involvement of the husband, a physician, in the decisions
regarding the children's medical care "will aid in assuring their greatest
level of care"; that despite "accusations of domestic violence, the
[husband] has been a caring and nurturing father and poses no risk to the
children when they are in his care"; that the parties have stipulated that
the best interests of the children are served by granting the wife custody
of the children; that the wife desires to relocate with the children to
Livonia, Michigan, approximately 160 miles (two and a half hours of travel
time) from the husband's residence; that both Livonia, Michigan, and Allen
County, Indiana, offer equivalent resources and youth development
opportunities; that both Livonia and Allen County offer the presence of
numerous supportive family members with whom the children have a close and
positive relationship; that early in their marriage, the parties decided to
reside and raise their family in Allen County, but "over time, the [wife]
pined for relocation to her hometown of Livonia"; and that the wife's
"desire to live in Michigan was the primary cause for the parties'
arguments." Appellant's Appendix at 150-55. The court received and
considered custody evaluations from two clinical psychologists, one
presented by each party.
The decree expressly noted that the case of Hanks v. Arnold, 674
N.E.2d 1005 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), affirmed a trial court's order to
continue the custody of the child with the mother unless she relocated,
"whereupon, [the father] would become the custodial parent." Appellant's
Appendix at 161, quoting Hanks, 674 N.E.2d at 1007. The trial court in the
present case concluded in pertinent part:
6. The children need regular, consistent, and quality contact with
their father.
7. The best interests of the children are served by granting the
[wife] custody of the parties' minor children so long as the residence
remains in Allen County, Indiana.
8. The [husband] should be granted parenting time with his children
as set forth in the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines provided
however, that the [husband] be afforded deviations therefrom as may be
required by virtue of the time demands of his profession
in the medical field.
Appellant's Appendix at 162. While the wife proposed that she reside with
the children in the four-bedroom home of her mother in Livonia, the trial
court noted that, remaining in Allen County, the wife would "need
additional resources to establish a new home for herself and the children"
and ordered a division of the marital estate, awarding the wife a 60%
distribution under these circumstances. Appellants Appendix at 163. Based
upon its findings and conclusions, the trial court ordered, in part:
[The wife] is granted the custody of the parties' minor children . . .
. The best interests of the children are served by requiring that they
remain in the Allen County, Indiana community. Accordingly, the grant
of custody of the parties' minor children is subject to maintaining
their residence in Allen County, Indiana. In the event the [wife]
decides to relocate outside Allen County, Indiana, without the
agreement of the [husband] or further order of this court, custody of
the children shall be granted to the [husband]. . . . The [husband] is
granted parenting time with his children . . . . In the event the
[wife] foregoes custody and moves to Livonia, Michigan, then the
Indiana Parenting Time guild-
lines will be applicable to her.
Id. at 164-65.
Of the wife's several arguments regarding the trial court's order
relating to the relocation of the children's residence, we focus only on
her contention that the trial court erred in granting an automatic change
of custody prospectively upon her future relocation. She argues that the
order completely disregards the trial court's statutory obligations to
grant a change of custody only upon finding both that there is a
substantial change regarding enumerated factors and also that the
modification is in the best interests of the child. Indiana Code § 31-17-2-
21.
On this point, the Court of Appeals acknowledged that the prospective
change allegedly ordered would probably violate the statute "if the
language at issue in the trial court's dissolution order were applied in
the future to enact an automatic change in custody of the children."
Bojrab, 786 N.E.2d at 730. But its opinion explained:
[T]he trial court's order can be read to indicate either present or
future application. To have only a present impact, the trial court's
order would have had to read something like: "If Wife is staying in
Allen County, then custody of the children is granted to Wife.
However, if Wife is moving to Michigan, then custody of the children
is granted to Husband." Rather than explicitly using present tense,
the trial court's order provides that custody "shall be granted" to
Husband if Wife "decides to relocate," which can be read to indicate
that custody automatically would shift to Husband if Wife decides to
relocate at
any time in the future.
Id. at 729. Concluding that such eventuality was "not before us today,"
id. at 730, the Court of Appeals interpreted the order "to be only a
current denial of [the wife's] petition to move the children to Livonia,"
id., which it found was not erroneous and was supported by sufficient
findings. Id. at 735.
We agree that a trial court may not prospectively order an automatic
change of custody in the event of any significant future relocation by the
wife. The decree does contain language ordering that, in the event the
wife unilaterally decides to relocate outside Allen County, Indiana,
"custody of the children shall be granted to the [husband]." Appellant's
Appendix at 164. This language is inconsistent with the requirements of
the custody modification statute, Indiana Code § 31-17-2-21.[1]
Immediately preceding such language declaring a conditional future change
of custody, however, the decree states: "the grant of custody of the
parties' minor children is subject to maintaining their residence in Allen
County, Indiana." Appellant's Appendix at 164. There is a significant
difference between the two phrases. One purports to automatically change
custody upon the happening of a future event; the other declares that the
present award of custody is conditioned upon the continuation of the
children's place of residence. While the automatic future custody
modification violates the custody modification statute, the conditional
determination of present custody does not. The latter is a determination
of present custody under carefully designated conditions. Upon a violation
of said conditions by the wife as custodial parent, the basis for the
custody order is undermined, and the husband may seek a change in custody
pursuant to the custody modification statute. This is consistent with the
operation of Indiana Code § 31-17-2-23, which establishes procedures that
apply when a person who has been awarded child custody intends to relocate
outside Indiana or more than 100 miles from the existing residence. The
statute calls for a notice by the relocating party and, upon request of
either party, "a hearing for the purposes of reviewing and modifying, if
appropriate, the custody, visitation, and support orders." Ind. Code § 31-
17-2-23(b) (emphasis added). Construed in this manner, the trial court's
custody order is not improper. We understand this to be the position of
the Court of Appeals, which we find correct.
In a separate issue, the Court of Appeals held that in restricting the
wife from relocating outside of Allen County, the trial court imposed a
requirement more restrictive than the requirements for notice provided by
Indiana Code § 31-17-2-23,[2] and remanded for modification accordingly.
The husband did not challenge this determination in his petition to
transfer.
2. Denial of Provisional Order Modification
Contending that his real income considerably decreased during the two-
year pendency of the dissolution proceedings, the husband contends that the
trial court erroneously declined to retroactively modify its order for
provisional maintenance and child support by effecting the requested
reduction through "adjustment in the final distribution of the marital
estate." Br. of Appellee at 43.
The petition for dissolution was filed by the wife on January 10,
2000. On February 2, 2000, the trial court's provisional orders required
the husband to pay child support of $679.73 per week, granted the wife
exclusive possession of the marital residence, and ordered the husband to
pay the monthly mortgage indebtedness. Additional provisional findings
were entered on August 29, 2000, including an order that the husband pay
maintenance to the wife in the sum of $4,000 per month retroactive to
January 10, 2000. Supplemental Appendix of Appellant at 4-5. This
determination was based on the husband's 1999 annual income plus his 2000
bonus to the date of the hearing although the husband testified "that he
may leave his employment at Preferred Anesthesia consultants, Incorporated
(PAC) in the near future." Id. at 6. The husband points to a separate
order entered August 29, 2000, stating in part:
That the [husband] shall be given leave to present testimony and
evidence on the issue of the alleged change in his financial
circumstances since the presentation of testimony and evidence on
provisional matters. . . .
That the maintenance order entered this date, August 29, 2000, shall
continue in effect, however, the Court advises that said Order is
based on the parties' incomes from the period of January 10, 2000,
through July 31, 2000. In the event that at trial, the court
determines that a modification of the maintenance order is
appropriate, any amount of overpayment towards the maintenance award
shall be deducted from the [husband's]
maintenance arrearage.
Appellee's Supplemental Appendix of June 23, 2004, at 2. He contends that
the trial court viewed its maintenance order of August 29, 2000, order "as
a modifiable order, subject to revision on a retroactive basis, and that
the trial court intended to hear evidence on the issue at trial with an eye
toward modifying the order if the evidence supported modification." Id. at
10.
The final decree did include findings summarizing the obligations
imposed by the provisional orders of February 2 and August 29, 2000. The
decree also found that on July 31, 2000, the husband "voluntarily
discontinued his employment with PAC . . . whereby he surrendered his
partnership and ownership interest," and on August 1, 2000, "began
providing pain management services through Pain Management Associates
(PMA)," an entity formed and owned by the husband and another former
employee/shareholder/partner of PAC. Appellant's Appendix at 156. The
decree expressly found that the husband "could have chosen to continue his
employment, partnership and shareholder status with PAC and [to] provide
general anesthesia services, but not pain management services," id., that
the husband "likely would have taken financial measures to maintain the
standard of living for his wife and children during the transition from his
employment with PAC to PMA," that the indebtedness incurred by the husband
during the pendency is "not an unreasonable hardship" and that the husband
"had the financial ability to pay his maintenance obligations as previously
ordered." Id. at 157. The final decree ordered that "the [husband's]
prayer to retroactively modify the provisional orders is denied." Id. at
165.
The husband contends that the trial court erred in refusing to
retroactively reduce his provisional obligations so as to reflect his "real
income." Br. of Appellee at 42. He urges that during the start-up time
associated with the opening of his new practice in pain management, he
lacked the means to pay the provisional maintenance and support orders.
Arguing that the evidence established that he was entitled to a reduction
in his temporary support obligation, the husband urges that the trial court
erred in declining to grant such reduction through an adjustment of the
final distribution of the marital estate.
The Court of Appeals declined to address this contention, noting that
Indiana Appellate Rule 14(A) provides that interlocutory orders for the
payment of money may be appealed as a matter of right by filing a notice of
appeal within thirty days of the interlocutory order. Because an order of
temporary support and maintenance is an order for the payment of money, the
Court of Appeals held that by failing to appeal within thirty days
following the denial of his request for modification, the husband "waived
any error that occurred, and he may not now appeal the interlocutory order
on appeal of the final judgment." Bojrab, 786 N.E.2d at 721.
Shortly after the Court of Appeals issued its decision, we decided
Georgos v. Jackson, 790 N.E.2d 448 (Ind. 2003), which held that, even
though an interlocutory order may be appealable as of right under Appellate
Rule 14(A)(2), there is no requirement that an interlocutory appeal be
taken. Id. at 452. A claimed error in an interlocutory order is not
waived for failure to take an interlocutory appeal but may be raised on
appeal from the final judgment. Id.[3], [4]
As to the merits of the husband's challenge to the trial court's
decision not to retroactively modify support and maintenance, we find no
error. Here the trial court found that the husband voluntarily left one
position for another and that he could have remained at his prior position,
that he would have taken financial measures to maintain the standard of
living for his wife and children during the transition, and that he had the
capacity to finance the support and maintenance during this time. While
legitimate reasons may exist for a parent to leave one position and take a
lower paying position other than to avoid child support obligations, this
is a matter entrusted to the trial court and will be reversed only for
abuse of discretion. See Elliott v. Elliott, 634 N.E.2d 1345, 1348-49
(Ind. Ct. App. 1994); Ullery v. Ullery, 605 N.E.2d 214, 215 (Ind. Ct. App.
1992). Considering the facts most favorable to the judgment without
reassessing credibility or reweighing the evidence, we cannot say that the
trial court abused its discretion in the present case.
Conclusion
Because we hold that the trial court order does not order a
prospective custody modification upon the happening of a future event but
only conditions a present custody determination upon the continuation of
present circumstances, we affirm the trial court order in this regard. We
also hold that the husband did not waive the right to appeal from a
provisional order for support or maintenance by failing to take an
interlocutory appeal, but that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in denying his request for retroactive modification in the final decree.
In all other respects we summarily affirm the opinion of the Court of
Appeals, under which the trial court is affirmed in part, and reversed and
remanded in part.
Shepard, C.J., and Sullivan, Boehm, and Rucker, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] Indiana Code § 31-17-2-21 provides:
(a) The court may not modify a child custody order unless:
(1) the modification is in the best interests of the child; and
(2) there is a substantial change in one (1) or more of the
factors that the court may consider under section 8 and, if
applicable, section 8.5 of this chapter.
(b) In making its determination, the court shall consider the
factors listed under section 8 of this chapter.
(c) The court shall not hear evidence on a matter occurring before
the last custody proceeding between the parties unless the matter
relates to a change in the factors relating to the best interests of
the child as described by section 8 and, if applicable, section 8.5 of
this chapter.
Ind. Code § 31-17-2-21. Section 8 directs that custody determinations
shall be made in accordance with the best interests of the child, which
shall include consideration of all relevant factors, including:
(1) The age and sex of the child.
(2) The wishes of the child's parent or parents.
(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to
the child's wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years
of age.
(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:
(A) the child's parent or parents;
(B) the child's sibling; and
(C) any other person who may significantly affect the
child's best interests.
(5) The child's adjustment to the child's:
(A) home;
(B) school; and
(C) community.
(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.
(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by
either parent.
(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto
custodian, and if the evidence is sufficient, the court shall
consider the factors described in section
8.5(b) of this chapter.
Ind. Code § 31-17-2-8. Section 8.5 applies only where a child has been
cared for by a de facto custodian.
[2] Indiana Code § 31-17-2-23 provides in part as follows:
(a) If an individual who has been awarded custody of a child
under this chapter intends to move to a residence:
(1) other than a residence specified in the custody order; and
(2) that is outside Indiana or at least one hundred (100) miles
from the individual's county of residence;
the individual must file a notice of the intent to move with the clerk
of the court that issued the custody order and send a copy of the
notice to a parent who was not awarded custody and who has been
granted visitation rights . . .
[3] The effect of Georgos is to overrule prior decisions that held
orders for temporary maintenance or support (being orders for the payment
of money and thus appealable interlocutory orders) must be immediately
challenged by interlocutory appeal, and that the failure to do so waives
the right to assert such challenge in an appeal from final judgment. See,
e.g., Crowley v. Crowley, 708 N.E.2d 42, 50 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999); Burbach
v. Burbach, 651 N.E.2d 1158, 1162 (Ind. Ct. App 1995); Indiana High School
Athletic Assoc. v. Raike, 164 Ind.App. 169, 191, 329 N.E.2d 66, 80 (1975).
[4] Even in the absence of our holding in Georgos, we would disagree
with the Court of Appeals determination that the husband is erroneously
appealing from an interlocutory order. He is not appealing from an
interlocutory provisional order but from the final judgment. His request
for retroactive modification of provisional maintenance and child support
was not made in a pre-trial motion to modify but was presented as part of
the final trial, and the trial court denied the request as part of its
final dissolution decree. Neither of the authorities cited by the wife and
the Court of Appeals apply to modification decisions made as part of a
final decree. See Crowley v. Crowley, 708 N.E.2d 42, 50 (Ind. Ct. App.
1999) (appeal from interlocutory provisional order entered five months
before final decree); Burbach v. Burbach, 651 N.E.2d 1158, 1162 (Ind. Ct.
App 1995) (appeal from denial of interlocutory petition to modify
provisional order entered four months before final decree).