No. 03-814
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2004 MT 343
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
CRAIG STEEN,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,
In and for the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DC 03-120,
The Honorable Mike Salvagni, Judge presiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Lucas J. Foust, Foust Law Office, PLLC, Bozeman, Montana
For Respondent:
Hon. Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Robert Stutz,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Marty Lambert, Gallatin County Attorney, Bozeman, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: August 17, 2004
Decided: December 7, 2004
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Jim Regnier delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Craig Steen (Steen) appeals from an order of the Eighteenth Judicial District Court,
Gallatin County, denying his motion to suppress evidence. We affirm.
¶2 The one issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred when it denied Steen’s
motion to suppress evidence on the basis that the police officer did not have particularized
suspicion to justify a traffic stop.
BACKGROUND
¶3 On June 8, 2002, at approximately 1:10 a.m., Bozeman Police Officer Doug Lichte
(Officer Lichte) was traveling east on Main Street in Bozeman, Montana, when he observed
a full-size pickup make a wide left hand turn at the intersection of Broadway and Main
Street, in violation of § 61-8-333(1)(b), MCA (2001). Broadway is a two lane roadway with
one lane for northbound travel and another lane for southbound travel. Main Street is a four
lane arterial street with two lanes for eastbound traffic and two lanes for westbound traffic.
The intersection of Broadway and Main Street is not perpendicular, and is in fact, slightly
acute. Steen turned left from the proper lane of Broadway into the outside eastbound lane
of Main Street rather than the inner closest lane, thereby violating § 61-8-333(1)(b), MCA
(2001). After making the turn, Steen swerved to straddle the center of both eastbound lanes.
After witnessing the pickup travel for a period of approximately five seconds, Officer Lichte
stopped Steen. Officer Lichte’s investigation ultimately led him to charge Steen with DUI.
¶4 Steen submitted a Brief in Support of Motion to Suppress in Municipal Court to
dismiss all evidence derived from his stop by Officer Lichte, which the Municipal Court
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denied after conducting a hearing. Steen pled guilty to DUI and reserved his right to appeal
from the denial of the motion. The District Court affirmed the Municipal Court in its denial
of Steen’s motion. We affirm the District Court.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶5 We review a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence to determine
whether the court’s finding that the officer involved had a particularized suspicion to justify
the investigatory stop is clearly erroneous. State v. Farabee, 2000 MT 265, ¶ 11, 302 Mont.
29, ¶ 11, 22 P.3d 175, ¶ 11. We review a district court’s conclusions of law regarding a
motion to suppress evidence to determine whether the district court’s interpretation of the
law was correct. Farabee, ¶ 11.
DISCUSSION
¶6 Whether the District Court erred when it denied Steen’s motion to suppress evidence
on the basis that the police officer did not have particularized suspicion to justify a traffic
stop.
¶7 Steen contends the District Court erred when it denied his Motion to Suppress because
Officer Lichte did not have the particularized suspicion that Steen was committing an offense
when he turned left from Broadway onto Main Street. To determine particularized suspicion
to justify an investigative stop, the State must show: (1) objective data from which an
experienced officer could make certain inferences, and (2) a resulting suspicion that the
occupant of the vehicle in question is or has been engaged in some wrongdoing. Moore v.
State, 2002 MT 315, ¶ 10, 313 Mont. 126, ¶ 10, 61 P.3d 746, ¶ 10. “Whether a
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particularized suspicion exists is a question of fact dependent on the totality of the
circumstances surrounding the investigative stop.” Moore, ¶ 10.
¶8 Section 61-8-336, MCA (2001), outlines the law for turning movements and required
signals. The pertinent part, as it stood in 2001 when Steen was stopped, states:
(1) No person shall turn a vehicle at an intersection unless the vehicle is in
proper position upon the roadway as required by 61-8-333 . . . or otherwise
turn a vehicle from a direct course or move right or left upon a roadway unless
and until such movement can be made with reasonable safety. No person shall
so turn any vehicle without giving an appropriate signal in the manner
hereinafter provided in the event any other traffic may be affected by such
movement.
Section 61-8-333, MCA, as it stood in 2001 when Steen was stopped, provides for the
required position and method of turning at an intersection:
(1) The driver of a vehicle intending to turn at an intersection shall do so as
follows:
....
(b) Left turn on two-way roadways. At any intersection where traffic is
permitted to move in both directions on each roadway entering the
intersection, an approach for a left turn shall be made in that portion of the
right half of the roadway nearest the center line thereof and by passing to the
right of such center line where it enters the intersection and after entering the
intersection the left turn shall be made so as to leave the intersection to the
right of the center line of the roadway being entered. Whenever practicable
the left turn shall be made in that portion of the intersection to the left of the
center of the intersection.
¶9 Steen concedes he entered into the right hand lane of Main Street when turning left
off Broadway, but that under the traffic code at the time of his stop, a motorist’s left turn is
to be made in the left portion of the center of the intersection “whenever practicable.” Steen
argues “it was not practicable for him to remain in the left hand portion of the lane due to the
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extremely tight angle of the turn.” In fact, Steen notes, “[i]f the angle of the intersection of
Broadway and Main Street in Bozeman is anything other than acute, I must be obtuse.”
Further, Steen maintains, pursuant to § 61-8-336(1), MCA, he had no obligation to remain
in the left lane as no other traffic was affected by this travel. Therefore, Steen contends, that
in light of the totality of the circumstances, his driving could not be characterized as erratic,
which makes Officer Lichte’s stop illegal.
¶10 The State argues the totality of the circumstances demonstrate a particularized
suspicion existed to stop Steen for a traffic offense because Officer Lichte had objective data
from which he could make certain inferences when he witnessed Steen make a wide left turn
off Broadway into the outside lane, rather than the inside lane, of Main Street. Further, the
State maintains, Officer Lichte properly had a resulting suspicion Steen had committed a
traffic offense because a turn into the inside lane was practicable. Additionally, the State
asserts Steen’s argument would improperly render the last sentence of § 61-8-333(1)(b),
MCA, superfluous. We agree with the State.
¶11 Both parties agree Steen made a wide turn into the outside eastbound lane rather than
the inside eastbound lane, he did not enter the inside lane and he then made an unsignaled
lane change to the inside lane. It is also agreed upon that Steen straddled the center of both
eastbound lanes after swerving from the outside lane. We agree with the State that these
facts are objective data from which an experienced officer could make certain inferences and,
thus, satisfy the first prong of the particularized suspicion test.
¶12 Therefore, the focus of this appeal is the second prong of the particularized suspicion
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test, that is, whether Officer Lichte suspected Steen had engaged in wrongdoing. This
determination rests on whether a proper turn into the inside driving lane was “practicable.”
The intersection of Broadway and Main Street is not a 90 degree angle. Steen argues his
pickup had difficulty making the left hand turn regardless of how hard he pulled on the
steering wheel and as such, it was not practicable for him to stay in the left hand lane. The
State asserts Steen’s pickup should have had no difficulty making the turn. The District
Court found, after a hearing where expert testimony was presented, that Steen “made an
improper left turn from a two lane street to a four lane street. . . . Steen then straddled the
two lanes before bringing his truck fully within the proper lane.”
¶13 Whether a particularized suspicion exists is a question of fact dependent on the
totality of the circumstances surrounding the investigative stop. Officer Lichte, at
approximately 1:10 a.m., observed Steen turn from Broadway into the outside eastbound lane
rather than the inner closest lane of Main Street, swerve back to the center of both lanes and
straddle both eastbound lanes. After a review of the record, we conclude the Municipal
Court and the District Court correctly determined the evidence presented was enough for
Officer Lichte to suspect Steen had engaged in wrongdoing–violating § 61-8-333, MCA–
which was enough to justify the investigatory stop.
¶14 We note that Steen also argues Officer Lichte misunderstood the statutes, and as a
result, Officer Lichte could not have had a particularized suspicion to stop Steen. However,
to have “a particularized suspicion does not require certainty on the part of the law
enforcement officer.” Farabee, ¶ 19. We disagree with Steen because Officer Lichte
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observed Steen making a wide turn in violation of § 61-8-333(1)(b), MCA, thus we conclude
Officer Lichte correctly understood Steen failed to correctly make the left hand turn to the
inside lane, as it was practicable to do so.
¶15 Further, Steen maintains he could move into either lane of travel eastbound without
violating § 61-8-333(1)(b), MCA, because other traffic would not be affected by his
movement pursuant to § 61-8-336(1), MCA. However, we agree with the State that this
argument renders the last sentence of § 61-8-333(1)(b), MCA, superfluous by eliminating
the default requirement that left turns be made to the inside lane of travel, unless this is
impracticable. “We are required to avoid any statutory interpretation that renders any
sections of the statute superfluous and does not give effect to all the words used.” State v.
Berger (1993), 259 Mont. 364, 367, 856 P.2d 552, 554. Because we conclude the evidence
in this case demonstrates a proper turn to the inside lane was practicable, it is not necessary
to analyze this argument.
¶16 Steen also points us to State v. Lafferty, 1998 MT 247, 291 Mont. 157, 967 P.2d 363,
and Morris v. State, 2001 MT 13, 304 Mont. 114, 18 P.3d 1003, to support his position that
his improper turn does not constitute “erratic driving.” However, because we conclude
Officer Lichte had enough particularized suspicion to justify a traffic stop based on Steen’s
illegal left hand turn alone, and not the rest of his erratic driving, we decline to address this
argument.
¶17 The District Court’s finding that Officer Lichte had a particularized suspicion to
justify the investigatory stop on Steen was not in error and its conclusion to deny Steen’s
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motion to suppress evidence was correct. Affirmed.
/S/ JIM REGNIER
We Concur:
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER
/S/ JOHN WARNER
/S/ JIM RICE
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