[Cite as State v. Banks, 2023-Ohio-292.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
SCIOTO COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 22CA3980 &
CASE NO. 22CA3981
v. :
KACEY D. BANKS, :
and Allegheny Casualty Company
and Lee Bail Bonds, LLC, : DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
Defendants-Appellants. :
_________________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
George L. Davis, IV, Portsmouth, Ohio, for appellants.
Shane A. Tieman, Scioto County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jay S.
Willis, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Portsmouth, Ohio, for
appellee.
___________________________________________________________________
CIVIL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED:1-26-23
ABELE, J.
{¶1} This is an appeal from Scioto County Common Pleas Court
judgments that found Lee Bail Bonds, LLC and Allegheny Casualty
Company, appellants herein, did not show cause why judgment should
not be ordered in bond forfeiture proceedings.
{¶2} Kacey D. Banks, defendant below, was convicted of various
drug-related offenses in two cases. After Banks failed to appear
at sentencing, the trial court ordered his bond forfeited and,
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after a show-cause hearing, entered a judgment against appellants
in each case.
{¶3} Appellants assign one error for review:
“THE TRIAL COURT PREJUDICIALLY ERRED BY
ENTERING JUDGMENT AGAINST THE SURETIES.”
{¶4} In May 2020, a Scioto County Grand Jury returned an
indictment that charged Banks with multiple drug-related offenses
(Trial Court Case No. 20CR109A (Appellate Case No. 22CA3981)). In
August 2020, a Scioto County Grand Jury returned an indictment that
charged Banks with multiple drug-related offenses (Trial Court Case
No. 20CR470A (Appellate Case No. 22CA3980)).
{¶5} In Case No. 20CR109A, the trial court released Banks on a
$50,000 surety bond posted by Smith Bonds and Surety. After the
indictment in Case No. 20CA470A, the court granted the state’s
motion to revoke the bond and released Smith Bonds and Surety. On
July 22, 2020, the trial court decided to order a $250,000 cash or
surety bond and, on September 28, 2020, Lee Bail Bonds and
Allegheny Company, appellants herein, posted the $250,000 surety
bond in both Case No. 20CR109A and Case No. 20CR470A.
{¶6} On June 28, 2021, Banks entered a no contest plea to
trafficking in a Fentanyl-related compound with a major drug
offender specification, a first-degree felony. The trial court
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scheduled sentencing for July 30, 2021. When Banks failed to
appear for sentencing, the court, pursuant to R.C. 2937.35, ordered
forfeiture of bail in both cases, issued a bench warrant for Banks’
arrest, notified appellants, and ordered appellants to show cause
why judgment should not be entered for the bond amount set forth in
each case.
{¶7} On January 27, 2022, the trial court held a show cause
hearing. Andrew Callif testified that Lee Bail Bonds acted as his
sub-agent and acknowledged they had not yet apprehended Banks.
We * * * had his family sign the bond. We had him on ankle
monitor. He would call us every week, which he would do.
We * * * follow the monitor, as the company could too. He
would always check in with us. He would * * * come in
after his court date * * * to let us know what’s going on.
And like he made every single court date, and * * * I guess
he made a * * * plea deal * * * and he had a Codefendant,
Promise Hollings.
* * *
And when they were driving down here to * * * come to the
sentencing, she came down * * * and he ripped off his angle
monitor on I-75. I think it was near Detroit. And put it
in a nice bag, and we located it. But we got him to every
single court date * * * just after he pled guilty to it,
you know, his lawyer * * * [t]old me he was going to do
decades in prison. And you know * * * I’m guessing he
wasn’t willing to do decades in prison.
The trial court asked Callif if they had tracked Banks after he
failed to appear and Callif stated that they spotted Banks once in
Detroit, but did not have sufficient staff to apprehend him.
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Callif explained:
[W]e’ve had a sighting. I have people in Detroit working
on it. * * * [W]e’ve been to Detroit. We’ve been to
Chicago. You know, we’ve probable [sic.] put in about
$10,000.00 so far to locating him. We’re * * * doing
everything we can possibly do * * * I’ve been in business
for 20 years, my dad’s been in it for 50 years, and you
know * * * obviously we’re doing everything we can possibly
do * * *. [Y]ou know he pled guilty so he knows that when
he gets caught, you know, he’s going to be doing some major
time, so it makes it, you know, harder, I guess.
{¶8} Callif proposed payment to the trial court of a non-
refundable $10,000 monthly payment until they apprehended Banks,
but the court declined and entered judgment in 20CR109A and
20CR470A against Lee Bail Bonds, Phillip Lee, and Allegheny
Casualty Company for $250,000 per case, for a total of $500,000.
The court’s judgment states that “the Surety failed to produce the
defendant or show cause why judgment should not be ordered herein.”
This appeal followed1.
I.
{¶9} In their sole assignment of error, appellants assert that
the trial court erred by entering judgment against the sureties.
In particular, appellants argue that the sureties showed good cause
why judgment should not have been entered against them.
1
On July 14, 2022, this Court consolidated Case No. 22CA3981
and 22CA3980.
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{¶10} “A trial court’s bond-forfeiture decision is reviewed
using an abuse of discretion standard.” State v. Slider, 184 Ohio
App.3d 68, 2009-Ohio-4179, 919 N.E.2d 775, ¶ 10 (4th Dist.), citing
State v. Green, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 02CA0014/02CA0019, 2002-Ohio-
5769, ¶ 11. “‘[A]buse of discretion’ [means] an ‘unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable use of discretion, or * * * a view or
action that no conscientious judge could honestly have taken.’ ”
State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E.3d
818, ¶ 67, quoting State v. Brady, 119 Ohio St.3d 375, 2008-Ohio-
4493, 894 N.E.2d 671, ¶ 23. “An abuse of discretion includes a
situation in which a trial court did not engage in a ‘ “sound
reasoning process.” ’ ” State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343,
2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34, quoting State v. Morris, 132
Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 14, quoting AAAA
Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50
Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990). The abuse of
discretion standard is deferential and does not permit an appellate
court to simply substitute its judgment for that of the trial
court. Darmond at ¶ 34.
{¶11} “Bail is security for the appearance of an accused to
appear and answer to a specific criminal * * * charge in any court
or before any magistrate at a specific time.” State v. McKinney,
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2021-Ohio-3108, 177 N.E.3d 1022, ¶ 10 (4th Dist.), citing R.C.
2937.22(A). Bail can be “cash or a bond.” State v. Dye, 2018-
Ohio-4551, 122 N.E.3d 678, ¶ 24 (5th Dist.), citing Black’s Law
Dictionary 7th Ed. Further, “[a] surety’s recognizance bond is a
contract between the surety and the state whereby the state agrees
to release the defendant into the surety’s custody and the surety
agrees to ensure the defendant is present in court on the
appearance date.” City of Youngstown v. Edmonds, 2018-Ohio-3976,
119 N.E.3d 946, ¶ 12 (7th Dist.), citing State v. Lott, 2014-Ohio-
3404, 17 N.E.3d 1167, ¶ 8 (1st Dist.); State v. Sherer, 108 Ohio
App.3d 586, 591, 671 N.E.2d 545 (2d Dist.1995); McKinney at ¶ 10.
{¶12} R.C. 2937.36(C) sets forth bond forfeiture proceedings.
The court notifies the accused and each surety and requires each of
them to
show cause * * * why judgment should not be entered against
each of them for the penalty stated in the recognizance.
If good cause by production of the body of the accused or
otherwise is not shown, the court * * * shall thereupon
enter judgment against the sureties or either of them, so
notified, in such amount, not exceeding the penalty of the
bond * * *. (Emphasis added.)
R.C. 2937.36(C).
{¶13} Recently, this court examined the forfeiture statute in
McKinney, supra. We noted that, in certain circumstances, “a
promisor may be excused from an obligation to the promisee when the
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performance promised is rendered impossible by operation of law, if
that impossibility was not foreseeable to the promisor.” Id. at ¶
11, citing Scherer, 108 Ohio App.3d at 591. In McKinney, the
surety alleged that, although McKinney had been arrested and jailed
in Michigan, the local sheriff declined to extradite McKinney.
Thus, the surety argued that McKinney’s incarceration made it
impossible by operation of law to apprehend and return McKinney,
and it should not be foreseeable that the sheriff would not
extradite McKinney or inform the surety about his incarceration in
Michigan.
{¶14} After review, this court noted the lack of evidence
regarding the sheriff’s actions and disagreed with the surety.
Consequently, McKinney’s out-of-state incarceration neither
constituted “good cause” nor was unforeseeable. Id. at ¶ 15. If
the bond indicates that a defendant “shall not depart the
jurisdiction without leave,” but departs Ohio on his or her
volition without leave of the court, the flight of the accused “is
a business risk that the surety assumes,” and a trial court does
not err in forfeiting a bond under that circumstance. McKinney at
¶ 14, citing State v. Sexton, 132 Ohio App.3d 791, 794, 726 N.E.2d
554 (4th Dist.1999), citing Scherer, 108 Ohio App.3d at 593-594,
671 N.E.2d 545 (2d Dist.1995).
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SCIOTO, 22CA3980 & 22CA3981
{¶15} In Sexton, supra, this court held that a defendant's
incarceration in another state did not render impossible a surety's
performance in Ohio. In Sexton, the defendant had been released on
bond in Lawrence County after arraignment, but failed to appear for
a preliminary hearing due to his incarceration in West Virginia.
Later, Sexton was released from the West Virginia jail, but was
arrested and incarcerated in South Carolina before his return to
Ohio. Id. at 792. The trial court conducted a bond forfeiture
hearing and entered judgment against the surety. Id. On appeal,
the surety argued that Sexton's South Carolina incarceration should
be viewed as unforeseeable and that it was impossible to produce
Sexton's body. This Court, however, rejected the surety's argument
and concluded that Sexton voluntarily fled the jurisdiction, that
his recognizance explicitly provided that he shall “not depart
without leave,” and that “[t]he flight of a defendant is a business
risk that a surety assumes.” Id. at 794.
{¶16} In the case sub judice, appellants argue that the trial
court’s finding of a lack of good cause is arbitrary and
constitutes an abuse of discretion. Appellants contend that Banks
fully complied with the bond conditions up until his sentencing
hearing and then he absconded, and “[a]t that point, producing the
defendant was impossible.” Further, appellants contend that “the
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SCIOTO, 22CA3980 & 22CA3981
fact that defendant was released pending sentencing after pleading
to charges that could send him to prison for decades was
unforeseeable.” Appellants argue that in McKinney, the defendant
failed to appear for a pretrial hearing, while here Banks failed to
appear for a sentencing hearing after he entered a plea to serious
charges. Appellants argue that “had the sureties been made aware
of the defendant’s plea and release pending sentencing, perhaps
they would not have wished to continue on their bond.”
{¶17} However, appellee points out that appellants produced no
evidence to support a finding that their performance on the bond
had been rendered impossible by operation of law, or that such an
impossibility was foreseeable to the surety. Moreover, appellee
also notes that appellants posted this surety bond with knowledge
that Banks’ bond previously had been revoked in Case No. 20CR109A
due to his arrest for the offenses involved in Case No. 20CR470A.
Obviously, this particular defendant exhibited characteristics that
would appear to elevate his risk of non-appearance.
{¶18} It is not a trial court’s responsibility to notify a
surety of each decision in the case. In State v. Stevens, the
Supreme Court of Ohio observed:
The foregoing precedents make it abundantly clear that a
surety is charged with the knowledge of when its defendant
is to appear in court on the date set for trial. The surety,
by posting bail bond, guarantees that it will produce the
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SCIOTO, 22CA3980 & 22CA3981
defendant in court when called. State, ex rel. Howell, v.
Schiele (1949), 85 Ohio App. 356, 40 O.O. 234, 88 N.E.2d
215, affirmed (1950), 153 Ohio St. 235, 41 O.O. 249, 91
N.E.2d 5. See Hughes, supra. With respect to the instant
cause, the date the defendant pled guilty was the date set
for his trial. Had the surety performed its duty of
following the progress of defendant's case as well as his
whereabouts, it would have had actual notice in open court
that the defendant had pled guilty and that the bond was
continued. Since the surety did not attend the proceeding
where the court continued the bond, the surety had
constructive notice of the continuation by way of the
court's journal entry. In our view, the surety was afforded
sufficient due process by the trial court in a manner
provided by Crim.R. 46(J).
30 Ohio St.3d 25, 27, 505 N.E.2d 972 (1987).
{¶19} Sureties are provided constructive notice of a
continuation of bond by way of the court's entry, and are obligated
to remain informed about the status of its principle's case. State
v. AAA Sly Bail Bonds, 5th Dist. Richland No. 17-CA-56, 2018-Ohio-
2943, ¶ 65. Thus, if a surety perceives that continuation of bond
may be too risky, it may choose to apply for a discharge of the
bond. See Crim.R. 46 and R.C. 2937.40. Id. In the case at bar,
appellants had constructive notice of the status of the cases.
{¶20} As noted above, the act of fleeing to another
jurisdiction without a court’s permission should be reasonably
foreseeable by the surety. Sherer, 108 Ohio App.3d 586 at 594, 671
N.E.2d 545. Here, the trial court complied with the bond
forfeiture statute, informed the surety about the defendant’s
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failure to appear and held a hearing to provide appellants the
opportunity to show cause as to why judgment should not be entered
against them. Therefore, in our view the trial court did not abuse
its discretion when it failed to find good cause why judgment
should not have been entered against appellants.
{¶21} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we
overrule appellants’ sole assignment of error and affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
SCIOTO, 22CA3980 & 22CA3981
12
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee
recover of appellants the costs herein taxed.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court
directing the Scioto County Common Pleas Court to carry this
judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that
mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Smith, P.J. & Wilkin, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion
For the Court
BY:_____________________________
Peter B. Abele, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a
final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal
commences from the date of filing with the clerk.