In re C.K.

2023 IL App (5th) 230012
NOTICE
Decision filed 05/22/23. The
text of this decision may be NO. 5-23-0012
changed or corrected prior to
the filing of a Peti ion for IN THE
Rehearing or the disposition of
the same.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

In re C.K., a Minor ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
(The People of the State of Illinois, ) Williamson County.
)
Petitioner-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 21-JA-45
)
Chad K., ) Honorable
) Amanda Byassee Gott,
Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE McHANEY delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Barberis and Vaughan concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 At issue in this appeal is whether the trial court had personal jurisdiction to enter its

December 15, 2022, default judgment finding that Chad K. (Chad) was an unfit parent and that the

best interest of C.K. would be served by terminating his parental rights. We must determine if the

State adequately conducted a “diligent inquiry” to locate Chad as required for service by

publication pursuant to section 2-16(2) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/2-16(2)

(West 2020)). If the State failed to conduct the mandated diligent inquiry to locate Chad, service

by publication would not have established jurisdiction in the trial court. For the reasons that follow

in this opinion, we vacate the trial court’s judgment order terminating Chad’s parental rights and

remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings.

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¶2 I. Background

¶3 C.K., a male child, was born on October 26, 2012. C.K.’s father is Chad, and his mother is

Samantha K. Chad and his current wife, Emilie K. (Emilie), have a daughter, A.K., born on August

6, 2019. Although the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) removed both C.K.

and A.K. from the home of Chad and Emilie, this appeal only involves C.K.

¶4 Prior to the events that resulted in this case, Chad and Emilie were involved with the DCFS

in an intact family services case. On April 25, 2021, DCFS received a call from Emilie, who

advised her intact family services caseworker that there had been a domestic violence incident

involving Chad. She had concerns that Chad had been awake for an extended period and may have

been using drugs. Emilie stated that Chad threatened to harm her and the children by blowing up

the house. Emilie’s caseworker advised her that she should obtain an order of protection against

Chad and to contact law enforcement to have the children removed from Chad’s care. DCFS

investigator Melissa Ford accompanied local law enforcement officers and the DCFS intact family

services caseworker to Chad’s home. Ford found that Chad showed signs of being under the

influence in that he was sweating profusely, his pupils were dilated, and he was jittery and shaking.

Chad consented to a saliva drug test in the home that was positive for amphetamines and

methamphetamine. Emilie advised Ford that she was fearful of Chad because he had threatened

her with violence. Ford checked Chad’s criminal background and found multiple arrests that

involved violence and drugs. Ford also found that Emilie had a criminal history involving

substance abuse and domestic violence. Ford then made the decision to take C.K. and A.K. into

protective custody.

¶5 On April 28, 2021, DCFS filed its petition for adjudication of wardship. DCFS alleged that

C.K. was a neglected minor due to the April 26, 2021, incident and subsequent investigation,

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Chad’s and Emilie’s arrest histories, the intact family services case that was opened in February

2021, and multiple prior indicated reports involving Chad and Emilie. 1 The trial court also entered

its shelter care and temporary custody order finding that probable cause existed for a finding that

C.K. and A.K. were neglected and that, due to danger to the minor children, there was an

immediate and urgent necessity to remove the minors from the home. The trial court found that

reasonable efforts could not be made to prevent the children’s removal from the home and granted

temporary custody of the minors to DCFS.

¶6 An adjudicatory hearing was held on July 15, 2021. The State called three witnesses who

were involved with this case. Chad and Emilie also testified.

¶7 Melissa Ford, the DCFS investigator, testified about the call DCFS received from Emilie

reporting a domestic violence incident. DCFS had concerns regarding the safety of the children

because of Chad’s possible substance abuse and a reported gun in the house. During Ford’s visit

to Chad’s home to follow up on Emilie’s call to DCFS, she spoke to Emilie by phone. Emilie

confirmed that her caseworker told her to call law enforcement and to seek an order of protection

but that she did not do so. However, Ford testified that, after the children were removed from the

home, Emilie obtained the order of protection on April 28, 2021.

¶8 Chad testified that there was no domestic violence incident on April 26, 2021. He stated

that Emilie was not at the house because she had been with another child of hers at a sleep study

in Marion. Chad testified that, when he saw text messages Emilie sent a former partner, he became

angry and told her that he wanted a divorce. Thereafter, they “fought” via text messages. He denied

1
Four indicated reports were listed in the petition for adjudication of wardship: April 23, 2021—
risk of physical injury and dangerous state of environment; July 12, 2019—cuts, welts, bruises, and oral
injuries on C.K.; May 15, 2018—risk of harm and inadequate supervision because the children had access
to pills in the household plus domestic violence; and October 27, 2017—risk of harm and injurious
environment based on ongoing domestic violence.
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that he had threatened to burn down the house on April 26, 2021. Chad admitted that he had a

history of using drugs but that he last used drugs—methamphetamine—on April 6, 2021.

Regarding the positive drug test from April 26, 2021, Chad testified that Melissa Ford tested him

twice. Ford told him that the first test did not work and that the second test was positive. However,

Ford did not show him the positive test result. He testified that any sweatiness or jittery behavior

that day was the result of his nerves, not illegal drug use. Chad also testified about his June 24,

2021, substance abuse and mental health assessment at Centerstone. He stated that, at the

conclusion of the assessment, no substance abuse or mental health services were recommended.

¶9 Emilie testified that she went to a sleep study for one of her children 2 on April 25, 2021.

The next morning when the test concluded, she drove this child back to her mother’s home. Emilie

testified that the argument she had with Chad did not take place on April 26, 2021, but was during

the period of the sleep study. She confirmed that she left C.K. and A.K. with Chad so she could

accompany her child to the sleep study. She testified that she had no concerns about leaving the

children with Chad that evening. Then, the morning of April 26, 2021, she and Chad started

arguing in text messages. Emilie testified that she wanted to pick up A.K. and bring her back to

her mother’s home, but Chad refused. She stated that she did not believe that Chad was using

drugs. She also stated that she never told DCFS that Chad was threatening to burn down the home.

She testified that she was not afraid of Chad and that she knew that he would never hurt her or the

children. However, she acknowledged that she did seek an order of protection after this incident.

¶ 10 Emilie St. Peter, a Lutheran Social Services intact family supervisor, next testified about

her interactions with Emilie on April 26, 2021. St. Peter testified that on April 26, 2021, her

coworker, Joe Howerton, received a call from Emilie. St. Peter was present when the children were

2
Emilie has two older children, both of whom are in the custody of family members.
4
removed from Chad’s care. She testified that Melissa Ford gave Chad one saliva drug test and that,

given her social work education and experience, she believed that Chad was under the influence

that date. St. Peter was present when Ford spoke with Emilie by phone, and she confirmed that

Emilie told Ford that she thought Chad was under the influence. St. Peter testified that the intact

family services case was not immediately processed at Lutheran Social Services until late March

or early April 2021. She indicated that Chad and Emilie had not yet begun services in the intact

family case but that Emilie had registered for domestic violence services through the Women’s

Center.

¶ 11 Joe Howerton was next called to testify. He testified that he was an intact family services

caseworker with Lutheran Social Services. On April 26, 2021, at approximately 8:30 a.m.,

Howerton received a phone call from Emilie, who expressed her fear and informed Howerton that

Chad would not allow her to take her daughter, A.K., and had threatened to burn down the house.

Howerton explained that Lutheran Social Services had received the case about two weeks before

he received the April 26, 2021, phone call.

¶ 12 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that C.K. was neglected and in an

environment injurious to his welfare. The court noted the ample supporting evidence for these

findings. There had been a recent DCFS intact family services case opened for this couple. The

couple had a substantial history of involvement with DCFS including past drug use and a domestic

violence history. The order of protection Emilie obtained within two days of the April 26, 2021,

incident contradicted her adjudicatory hearing testimony. The court noted that the Centerstone

evaluation “comically” found that Chad was not actively using and required no substance abuse

services, while Chad testified at the hearing to using methamphetamine on April 6, 2021. The court

found that the positive drug test obtained by DCFS on April 26, 2021, was corroborative of the

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allegations Emilie made in the phone call to her intact family services caseworker that same date.

Following its ruling, the trial court directly addressed DCFS caseworker Kadie Lind, who was

assigned to the case. The court noted its concern with the Centerstone substance abuse evaluation

and suggested that random drug testing should be utilized in this case.

¶ 13 On August 26, 2021, the trial court held the dispositional hearing. The court heard

testimony from DCFS caseworker Kadie Lind and Chad.

¶ 14 Lind testified that she worked for Caritas Family Solutions and was assigned in April 2021

as the DCFS caseworker for Chad and Emilie. She explained that she met with the parents and

created a service plan. Chad was to undergo a mental health and substance abuse assessment and

comply with any recommended services and to participate in domestic violence and parenting

services. Additionally, Chad was required to maintain safe and stable housing and obtain and

maintain a legal source of income. As of the date of the hearing, Chad had not completed any of

these services. Lind testified that Centerstone had recommended substance abuse services.

However, because Chad’s insurance would not cover these services, no services were available at

Centerstone. On cross-examination by Chad’s attorney, Lind explained that the Centerstone

counselor had phoned her and explained that although services could have been provided, since

insurance would not cover those services, Centerstone would not be officially recommending

services. Chad had taken one drug test at Centerstone that was negative. That negative result was

purportedly the reason that insurance would not pay for substance abuse services, because there

was no medical necessity for the services. Lind testified that Chad was in parenting services. As

of the date of the hearing, Chad was living in the Herrin home with Emilie. He reported that he

had a job but had not yet provided verification.

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¶ 15 Chad also testified at the dispositional hearing. Chad confirmed that he was currently

enrolled in parenting classes and had been employed with a family member’s masonry business

since April 2018. He acknowledged that he had recently missed some work due to a heart

condition. Chad disputed that the Centerstone counselor recommended any substance abuse

services and testified that there had been no mention of insurance being an issue. On cross-

examination, he stated that he had informed the Centerstone counselor that he had used

methamphetamine on April 6, 2021. Chad testified that Lind advised him that he had to engage in

domestic violence services through the Carbondale Police Department. He explained that he called

on May 1, 2021, but that the class was full and that another class would not open for 16 weeks.

¶ 16 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court again expressed concern about the lack of

recommended substance abuse services for Chad. The court also directed Lind to find an

alternative domestic violence class for Chad. The written dispositional order was entered on

August 26, 2021, wherein the court found that Chad was not currently fit to care for C.K. and that

placement with Chad would be contrary to the health, safety, and best interest of C.K. The court

made C.K. a ward of the court and placed custody with DCFS. The court allowed Chad to continue

with supervised visits.

¶ 17 DCFS filed its family service plan dated September 14, 2021. DCFS reported that C.K.

asked to talk to someone about his experiences in living with Chad. DCFS referred him for

counseling services. C.K. informed caseworker Lind that he did not want to continue visitation

with Chad and that the only reason he attended was so he could see his sister, A.K. DCFS referred

Chad to Carbondale Counseling Associates for substance abuse services, but those services had

not yet started. Chad started domestic violence services in mid-September 2021, but the services

were not yet completed. His parenting services were also in process and not yet complete.

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¶ 18 DCFS filed its permanency hearing report with the court on November 15, 2021, stating

that its permanency goal was to return C.K. home to Chad within five months. DCFS reported that

Chad had made satisfactory progress and reasonable efforts toward the goal of bringing C.K. home.

Chad had complied with all random drug testing requests, and all tests as of that date had been

negative. DCFS had attempted to find another substance abuse provider at the trial court’s request,

as Centerstone would not allow Chad to engage in services unless he was currently using or

admitting to substance abuse. DCFS’s attempts to find an alternate provider were unsuccessful

either because the provider was not taking new referrals or would not accept the DCFS rate of

payment. Chad had completed parenting classes and was enrolled and attending domestic violence

classes. Chad continued to live with his wife Emilie in their Herrin home. DCFS conducted a home

safety check regarding the Herrin home and found no concerns. Visitations were supervised, but

DCFS reported that Chad’s visits with C.K. were going well.

¶ 19 On December 9, 2021, the trial court entered a permanency order finding that the

appropriate permanency goal was to return C.K. home within 12 months—not 5 months. The court

found that Chad had made reasonable efforts and substantial progress toward this goal. On this

same date, the trial court entered an order directing DCFS to provide family counseling services

for Chad and C.K.

¶ 20 DCFS filed its next family service plan with the court on April 7, 2022. DCFS reported

that A.K. was returned to Emilie on January 28, 2022, but in mid-February, Emilie and A.K. had

to leave the Herrin home because Chad had not completed his services. Emilie and A.K. moved in

with Emilie’s mother in her Carterville home. Emilie reportedly stated her commitment to the

safety plan and informed DCFS that she did not want to do anything that could disrupt A.K.’s

placement with her. As of the date of the report, DCFS relayed that Chad had completed most of

8
the services mandated by his plan and had made significant process overall with just a few sessions

remaining to complete his domestic violence service objective.

¶ 21 On April 11, 2022, DCFS filed its next permanency report. DCFS reported that in February

2022, Chad relapsed. Chad was admitted to Carbondale Memorial Hospital on February 7, 2022,

with withdrawal symptoms from fentanyl. Upon his release, Chad enrolled himself in outpatient

substance abuse services through the Gateway Foundation in Carbondale. DCFS spoke with a

Gateway Foundation provider who reported that Chad had been attending group counseling

sessions four times per week for several weeks. However, on March 11, 2022, Chad tested positive

for amphetamines and methamphetamine. The Gateway Foundation asked Chad to speak with a

counselor about this positive test result, but he refused, claiming that he would find a different

program for rehabilitative services. A Gateway Foundation representative informed DCFS that

Chad was currently in a short-term program, but he would need to transition to a longer-term

program lasting three to four months. Ultimately, Chad resumed counseling services at the

Gateway Foundation. Chad had successfully completed other required services, except for the

court-ordered family counseling. DCFS reported that Chad had only attended one of nine

counseling sessions with C.K. Overall, DCFS was concerned with Chad’s relapse and its potential

inability to monitor his substance abuse. The recommended permanency goal was to return C.K.

home within 12 months.

¶ 22 A permanency hearing was held on April 21, 2022. Emilie’s attorney informed the trial

court that his client intended to remain with Chad and to provide a support system for him but that

she and A.K. were currently living with her mother. Chad’s attorney informed the court that Chad

was still engaged in an outpatient rehabilitation program since his February 2022 relapse but that

he had completed all other services. The trial court determined that the goal of returning A.K.

9
home to Emilie had been achieved and granted custody and guardianship of A.K. to Emilie. The

court advised Chad and Emilie that Emilie should not allow unsupervised visits between Chad and

A.K., as his services were not completed at that time. The trial court commended Chad for

completion of his services in this case and encouraged him to continue working on his substance

abuse issue. The trial court’s order found that Chad had made reasonable efforts and “some”

progress with a goal to return C.K. to Chad’s care within 12 months.

¶ 23 On September 6, 2022, DCFS filed its next permanency hearing report. DCFS reported that

Chad had demonstrated reasonable progress and efforts toward returning C.K. home. However,

the report also contained information that reflected DCFS concerns about Chad’s progress and

commitment. On the date of the previous hearing—April 21, 2022—Chad submitted to a DCFS-

required drug test and tested positive for methamphetamine and amphetamines. Four more drug

tests were scheduled during June and August 2022. Chad missed three of them and tested negative

on the fourth test. Similarly, the Gateway Foundation, where Chad engaged in substance abuse

counseling, also mandated drug tests. Chad missed some of these drug tests and tested negative on

the two he did complete during the summer of 2022. The Gateway Foundation reported that Chad

was only attending one group counseling session per week and that he really needed to be attending

twice per week. Overall, the Gateway Foundation recommended that he continue with the group

counseling program for one to two additional months. DCFS also reported that Chad was

inconsistent with attendance of family counseling sessions with C.K. DCFS noted that Chad’s

employment status was unclear in that he indicated he was no longer working for the masonry

company but had a new employer. As of the date of the report, Chad had not provided new

employment information to DCFS. DCFS stated that the Herrin home where Chad lived met DCFS

requirements for stable housing. DCFS stated that the case fits the legal screening criteria.

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¶ 24 On September 22, 2022, the trial court held a permanency hearing. Chad did not appear,

and his attorney informed the trial court that she had not spoken to him since April 2022. However,

DCFS caseworker Kadie Lind, who was present at this hearing, informed the court that she spoke

to Chad by phone the previous day and that he stated that he would attend the hearing. During that

conversation, the worker learned that the Herrin home where Chad lived was owned by Emilie’s

father. Chad advised DCFS that his father-in-law wanted him to move out of the house because

Emilie and A.K. were not then living there with Chad. The court questioned why DCFS’s

permanency report still maintained that the goal was to return C.K. home to Chad within 12

months. Lind reported that her supervisor had recently directed her to submit the case to legal

screening. Lind also reported that she had provided the foster parent with the permanency

commitment paperwork. Until the legal screening was complete, DCFS was unable to change the

recommended permanency goal. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that the

appropriate goal was “return home pending status.” The court supported this goal by stating that

Chad “has failed drug tests, needs further counseling, is not employed, amongst other issues.” The

court set the next hearing for December 15, 2022.

¶ 25 DCFS filed its next family service plan on October 4, 2022. DCFS reported that Chad

tested positive for fentanyl on a September 14, 2022, scheduled drug test through the Gateway

Foundation. DCFS noted that the permanency goal was recently changed to “return home pending

status,” noting the next court hearing date of December 15, 2022. DCFS noted that Chad had not

yet provided any documentation supporting his alleged employment. His former employer, Dwyer

Masonry, informed DCFS that Chad had only worked approximately three weeks in 2021 and had

not worked at all as of the date of the report in 2022. DCFS reported that Chad maintained stable

housing. Chad continued to engage in substance abuse services through Gateway Foundation. The

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family counseling sessions had recently been placed “on hold” but were scheduled to restart in the

“next few months.”

¶ 26 On November 30, 2022, the State filed its petition for termination of Chad’s parental rights.

Chad’s last known address was listed as the Herrin home. The State alleged that Chad was an unfit

person on four bases: (1) the failure to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, or

responsibility as to C.K.’s welfare; (2) the failure to protect C.K. from conditions within his

environment that are injurious to his welfare; (3) the failure to make reasonable efforts to correct

the conditions that were the basis for C.K.’s removal during any nine-month period following

C.K.’s adjudication; and (4) the failure to make reasonable progress toward C.K.’s return during

any nine-month period following C.K.’s adjudication. The State alleged that it was in C.K.’s best

interest that Chad’s parental rights be terminated.

¶ 27 DCFS filed its permanency hearing report on December 1, 2022. DCFS noted that on

November 3, 2022, Emilie advised DCFS that she would be seeking a divorce from Chad. At the

next supervised visitation in November, Chad confirmed to DCFS that Emilie planned to divorce

him. Thereafter, on November 18, 2022, Chad called his DCFS caseworker and left a voicemail.

Chad informed his caseworker that Emilie was planning on seeking an order of protection to force

him to leave their Herrin home. Chad asked his caseworker if she could obtain a court order

directing Emilie to continue living in Carterville with her mother, so that he could remain in the

Herrin home. DCFS indicated that it returned Chad’s phone call “the following week” 3 and left

3
From a review of the 2022 calendar, the “following week” would have been the week of November
21, 2022. Time and Date Calendar, https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/?year=2022&country=1 (last
visited May 19, 2020) [https://perma.cc/8DM6-EFTN]. In order to fully understand the timeline of actions
noted and/or taken by DCFS and the State, we take judicial notice of the 2022 calendar dates. See People
v. Hawkins, 284 Ill. App. 3d 1011, 1015 (1996) (citing Roberts v. Sisters of Saint Francis Health Services,
Inc., 198 Ill. App. 3d 891, 902 (1990)).

12
him a voicemail that there were no orders in this case setting forth where Chad and Emilie could

live. In this December 1, 2022, report, DCFS noted that Chad had not returned DCFS’s call. DCFS

concluded its permanency hearing report stating that “the agency is currently unaware of [Chad’s]

location or if he is still living in the home in Herrin, IL.”

¶ 28 On December 1, 2022, the State filed its affidavit for service by publication, stating that

Chad “cannot be found within this state, or has left this state and cannot be located, so that process

cannot be served upon him either personally or by certified mail. The present [Herrin] address ***

cannot be ascertained upon diligent inquiry.” The Stated listed Chad’s last known address as the

Herrin marital home. On this same date, the State sent a letter, enclosing a notice of publication,

to the Herrin Independent in Marion asking that the notice be published in one edition of the paper.

Also on this same date, a summons was issued to be served upon Chad at his Herrin address.

¶ 29 On December 7, 2022, Officer M. Byrne of the Williamson County Sheriff’s Department

attempted to personally serve Chad at his Herrin address. Notes from the officer indicated that he

had not found Chad at that address but that he left “notice” at that address. The officer also noted

that Chad did “not live there.” The return of service was filed on December 14, 2022.

¶ 30 On December 8, 2022, the Marion Star newspaper published the notice of the December

15, 2022, termination hearing. The certificate of publication was filed on December 13, 2022.

¶ 31 On December 15, 2022, the trial court held the hearing on the State’s petition to terminate

Chad’s parental rights. Chad did not appear, but his attorney was present. The court found that the

summons to Chad was returned unserved at the last known address the court had on file and

accepted the publication notice as satisfactory. The court then entered its order terminating Chad’s

parental rights by default, stating as follows:

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 “I would note that this is an Order by Default. Certainly, parents have rights, if they

wish, to request to vacate that within 30 days in the event that they decide to avail

themselves of this Court and the process. But at this point, Termination Order will be

entered, Permanency Order entered, and goal changed to adoption.”

¶ 32 Chad timely filed his notice of appeal from this order. Chad’s attorney sought leave to

withdraw, which the trial court granted on January 25, 2023.

¶ 33 II. Analysis

¶ 34 At issue in this case is whether the trial court obtained personal jurisdiction over Chad

pursuant to service by publication. Without personal jurisdiction, the trial court’s order terminating

Chad’s parental rights would be void. Chad argues that the State did not conduct a diligent inquiry

to ascertain his address or whereabouts, and thus, service by publication was improper and could

not have conferred personal jurisdiction on the trial court. We agree.

¶ 35 We review the legal issue of whether the trial court obtained personal jurisdiction over a

party on a de novo basis. In re Dar. C., 2011 IL 111083, ¶ 60 (citing In re Detention of Hardin,

238 Ill. 2d 33, 39 (2010)). “If a court lacks either subject matter jurisdiction over the matter or

personal jurisdiction over the parties, any order entered in the matter is void ab initio and, thus,

may be attacked at any time.” In re M.W., 232 Ill. 2d 408, 414 (2009). Moreover, if the trial court

does not obtain personal jurisdiction over a litigant, the court is “deprived of the authority or power

to impose judgment against the litigant.” In re Dar. C., 2011 IL 111083, ¶ 60 (citing In re M.W.,

232 Ill. 2d at 428).

¶ 36 Termination of parental rights involves a fundamental liberty interest. Id. ¶ 61 (citing In re

M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 363 (2001)). Therefore, the process used by the State must be in compliance

with due process rights. Id. To obtain personal jurisdiction, the party must have been served with

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summons, which provides “a means of protecting an individual’s right to due process by allowing

for proper notification of interested individuals and an opportunity to be heard.” Id. (citing Mullane

v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950)). If service of process is inadequate,

the trial court does not have personal jurisdiction. Id.

¶ 37 The Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) provides the processes to obtain service on a parent.

See 705 ILCS 405/2-15, 2-16 (West 2020). Section 2-15 states that when a petition is filed, the

court must issue a summons with a copy of the petition attached. Id. § 2-15(1). The summons then

must be served “by any county sheriff, coroner or probation officer” by leaving a copy with the

person named in the summons, or by leaving a copy at his or her usual place of abode with a family

member or with any person who lives at the address and is over the age of 10, and then mailing a

copy to the person named in the summons. Id. § 2-15(4), (5). Personal service must be made at

least three days before the date of hearing. Id. § 2-15(5).

¶ 38 If the State is not able to obtain personal service upon the parent pursuant to section 2-15

of the Act, there are two other options. The first alternative is to serve the parent by certified mail

if personal service pursuant to section 2-15 was not made “within a reasonable time or if it appears

that any respondent resides outside the State.” Id. § 2-16(1). If this option is used by the State, the

return receipt constitutes proof of service. Id. The second alternative is service by publication. Id.

§ 2-16(2). Section 2-16(2) provides specific guidelines for when and how service by publication

can be utilized:

“Where a respondent’s usual place of abode is not known, a diligent inquiry shall be made

to ascertain the respondent’s current and last known address. The Department of Children

and Family Services shall adopt rules defining the requirements for conducting a diligent

search to locate parents of minors in the custody of the Department. If, after diligent inquiry

15
 made at any time within the preceding 12 months, the usual place of abode cannot be

reasonably ascertained, or if respondent is concealing his or her whereabouts to avoid

service of process, petitioner’s attorney shall file an affidavit at the office of the clerk of

court in which the action is pending showing that respondent on due inquiry cannot be

found or is concealing his or her whereabouts so that process cannot be served. The

affidavit shall state the last known address of the respondent. The affidavit shall also state

what efforts were made to effectuate service. *** [T]he court may not enter any order or

judgment against any person who cannot be served with process other than by publication

unless notice by publication is given or unless that person appears.” Id.

Based upon its express wording, section 2-16(2) “contemplates a trial court obtaining personal

jurisdiction through service by publication only when the State has conducted a diligent inquiry to

ascertain the respondent’s location and last known address.” (Emphasis in original.) In re Dar. C.,

2011 IL 111083, ¶ 64.

¶ 39 As the Illinois Supreme Court noted in In re Dar. C., section 2-16(2) does not define the

term “diligent inquiry.” Id. ¶ 65. Quoting caselaw and the Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary, the court stated that the standard for a diligent inquiry was “ ‘that kind of search or

investigation which a diligent person, intent on ascertaining a fact, would usually and ordinarily

make’ ” (id. (quoting In re Sheltanya S., 309 Ill. App. 3d 941, 956 (1999))) and “ ‘characterized

by steady, earnest, attentive, and energetic application and effort in a pursuit’ ” (id. (quoting

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 633 (1993))). In In re Dar. C., the court concluded

that the State did not make a diligent inquiry and, thus, service by publication was not appropriate.

The court noted that the State and DCFS primarily, if not completely, relied upon entering the

respondent’s name into various computer databases and then mailing letters to potential address

16
matches and on asking the children’s biological mother if she knew where the respondent lived.

Id. ¶ 67. The court concluded that the record established that the State did not conduct any search

or investigation to ascertain the respondent’s contact information, despite a “number of

opportunities” that were available. Id. ¶ 75. The court noted that DCFS was aware that the

respondent lived in the Chicago area and had multiple possible address matches, including where

his sister and parents lived, but DCFS employees “did not visit or inquire at any of the potential

address matches in the area.” Id. ¶ 76. DCFS was also aware that the mother of the children was

receiving Social Security disability income, but no one investigated to determine whether the

respondent was the source of the income. Id. ¶ 78. A DCFS worker was present during a supervised

visitation with the biological mother when the respondent called, but DCFS did not ask the mother

for the respondent’s phone number. Id. ¶ 79. After consideration of the missed investigative

opportunities, the court stated:

“In our view, the diligent inquiry of section 2-16(2) necessarily requires a good-

faith attempt at acquiring the contact information of a parent whose whereabouts are

unknown, including inquiry about potential leads on the parent’s whereabouts. When, as

here, the State and the Department possess information that reasonably could be relied on

to discover a missing parent’s location with further investigation, we believe that a diligent

person intent on locating the parent would perform that investigation.” Id. ¶ 81.

¶ 40 Here, the State simultaneously issued a summons for in-person service, attempted to serve

Chad by certified mail, and filed its affidavit for service by publication. As stated earlier, the in-

person summons and the affidavit for service by publication were both instigated/filed on

December 1, 2022. The Williamson County circuit clerk sent Chad a copy of the summons and

petition by certified mail on December 5, 2022. The certified mail notice was not received by or

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picked up by Chad and was returned to the clerk’s office and filed with the court on January 18,

2023.

¶ 41 Reviewing the timing of the service attempts, along with the information provided by the

State in its affidavit for service by publication, we find no evidence that an inquiry was made to

locate Chad, let alone a diligent inquiry. The State filed its petition to terminate on November 30,

2022, and maintained the setting for the hearing for December 15, 2022. On December 1, 2022,

the State obtained a summons to have Chad personally served but also sought to have him served

by publication. The affidavit filed by the State on December 1, 2022, failed to include the required

detail about diligent search efforts to locate Chad, which is necessary to warrant service by

publication. 705 ILCS 405/2-16(2) (West 2020).

¶ 42 Looking further into the wording of section 2-16(2) of the Act, we note that part of the

requirement for a mandated “diligent inquiry” prior to attempting service by publication is

included in the statute itself. “The Department of Children and Family Services shall adopt rules

defining the requirements for conducting a diligent search to locate parents of minors in the

custody of the Department.” Id. DCFS adopted a procedural manual precisely on the issue of

diligent searches, dated June 1, 2003, and titled “Administrative Procedure #22, Diligent Search.”

See Ill. Dept. of Children & Family Services, Administrative Procedure #22, Diligent Search,

https://dcfs.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/dcfs/documents/about-us/policy-rules-and-

forms/documents/admistrative-procedure/admistrative-procedure-22.pdf (June 1, 2003)

[https://perma.cc/96CL-VSPK]. Section 22.4(d) of the manual provides detailed directions for a

diligent search necessary for service by publication for purposes of termination of parental rights.

Although lengthy, we believe that a full recitation of section 22.4(d) is appropriate given the facts

in this case.

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 “When it is necessary to do a diligent search for purposes of termination of parental

rights, in order to ensure that the diligent search meets the requirements of the Juvenile

Court Act to support the notice by publication, it should have been done no more than six

months in advance of the screening date.

In addition, when conducting diligent searches for the purpose of termination of

parental rights, adoption, or subsidized guardianship, the following tasks are mandatory,

and it is recommended that they be completed in the order listed:

1) Review the complete file: Your agency’s file may have information

regarding the identity of a parent whose identity is currently unknown. In addition,

you may find information regarding relatives who may be able to assist you in your

search. Be sure to check the Social Investigation done at time of disposition for

addresses.

2) You must do an in-person visit to the parent’s last known address and

confirm whether or not the individual actually resides there. ***

3) Relatives: Ask any available parent and relatives about names and

addresses of the missing parent. Obtain as much information as you can from any

relatives that you can find or have contact with. Relatives may have information as

to where the parent is now residing. Document your conversations and any

information you receive. You must do this again NOW, even if it was done before.

4) Public Aid search and printout: Do a public aid computer search if the

parent is known to have last resided in Illinois. Check the MARS/CYCIS CR08 and

CR03 screens for names similar to the parent’s name. Use the date of birth, if

available (from child’s birth certificate). If there is a match, send a letter to the

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 person at the address shown. *** Send the letter by regular mail. Attach a copy of

the letter and envelope. If there is no response to the letter, provide the information

to the DSSC in the Search Request Form.

5) Review the complete court file. The court file may have information

regarding the identity or address of a parent that is currently unknown. In addition,

you may find information regarding attorneys who represent parents, or relatives

who may be able to assist you in your search.

6) Do a jail check. Call the local County Jail *** and Illinois Department of

Corrections. NOTE Jail/DOC check must have been done within 48 hours of the

first legal screening date and each subsequent legal prescreening and legal

screening date and within 24 hours of the publication/default T[ermination of]

P[arental] R[ights] hearing.

Do a telephone book search: copy page from phone book of the city/town

where parent(s) believed to reside. Check for exact or similar names and initials.”

(Emphases in original.) Id. § 22.4(d).

¶ 43 What is apparent from the steps outlined by DCFS is the care and thoroughness required

when the State is seeking to terminate parental rights. This level of thoroughness is appropriate

because terminating a parent’s rights to his child impacts a fundamental liberty interest. In re Dar.

C., 2011 IL 111083, ¶ 61 (citing In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d at 363). The Illinois legislature through the

Juvenile Court Act directed DCFS to “adopt rules defining the requirements for conducting a

diligent search.” 705 ILCS 405/2-16(2) (West 2020). In turn, DCFS adopted very detailed rules

for its workers when attempting to locate a missing parent. See Administrative Procedure #22,

Diligent Search, supra. We return to the facts of this case to determine if DCFS conducted a

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diligent search to locate Chad sufficient to warrant service by publication.

¶ 44 From our review of the record, Chad lived in the Herrin marital home until mid-to-late

November. Chad left a voicemail for his caseworker on November 18, 2022. As of that date, Chad

was living at this Herrin home. The caseworker returned that call sometime during the following

week of November 21, 2022. We know that Emilie had stated her intent to divorce Chad and that

Emilie’s father owned the Herrin house. When Chad called the caseworker on November 18, 2022,

he said that Emilie was planning on seeking an order of protection to force him out of this Herrin

house. The record is silent about whether Emilie filed that petition for an order of protection and,

if so, on what date. DCFS indicated in its December 1, 2022, permanency hearing report that

Chad’s whereabouts were then unknown. No additional details were included in the report. On

December 1, 2022, the State filed its affidavit for publication of service containing boilerplate

language to the effect that Chad “cannot be found within this state, or has left this state and cannot

be located.” Section 2-16(2) of the Act requires the petitioner filing this affidavit to “state what

efforts were made to effectuate service.” 705 ILCS 405/2-16(2) (West 2020). The State’s affidavit

contained no detail about efforts made to effectuate service. The State asserted that Chad could

not be served by personal service or certified mail, but the record reflects that the State had not

attempted to do either as of December 1, 2022. However, on the same date that the State said it

could not find Chad and was unable to serve him personally, a summons was issued directed to

Chad at the Herrin address and sent to the Williamson County Sheriff’s Department for service.

Ultimately, on December 7, 2022, the Williamson County Sheriff’s Department attempted to

personally serve Chad at this Herrin address, but he was not there.

¶ 45 From that information alone, DCFS knew where Chad lived at least as of the date he left

his voicemail for his DCFS caseworker. More importantly, DCFS had Chad’s telephone number,

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because DCFS called Chad during the week of November 21, 2022. The record includes no

documentation that Chad’s DCFS caseworker contacted or attempted to contact him by phone to

ascertain if he had moved, or where he had moved, in late November 2022.

¶ 46 The record is also silent about whether DCFS and/or the State availed themselves of these

databases to see if a new address would somehow show up in the approximate one to two weeks

that Chad’s address became unknown.

¶ 47 Chad shared a child with Emilie, and they were still presumably married, as Emilie had

only started talking about seeking a dissolution of the marriage in November 2022. The record is

silent about whether DCFS reached out to Emilie to find out where Chad was living.

¶ 48 In its “diligent search” administrative manual, DCFS clearly states that a parent’s relatives

are a primary source of information about a parent’s whereabouts. Here, the record is silent about

whether DCFS contacted any of Chad’s relatives for information. In this case, C.K.’s foster

placement was with a relative. Chad’s mother Wanda was C.K.’s foster parent. DCFS could have

easily sought information about Chad’s location from his mother, as DCFS had Wanda’s contact

information. However, the record is devoid of any documentation that DCFS communicated with

Wanda or any other relative to ascertain Chad’s whereabouts.

¶ 49 We conclude that the State and DCFS have failed to establish that they made a diligent

search to locate Chad pursuant to section 2-16(2) of the Act (705 ILCS 405/2-16(2) (West 2020)).

Without evidence of a diligent search, there was no legal justification to proceed with service by

publication. We find that service by publication was improper and defective and, thus, the service

by publication did not provide the trial court with personal jurisdiction. In re Dar. C., 2011 IL

111083, ¶ 60 (citing In re M.W., 232 Ill. 2d at 428). Without personal jurisdiction, the trial court

was “deprived of the authority or power to impose judgment against the litigant.” Id.

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¶ 50 III. Conclusion

¶ 51 For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the judgment of the Williamson County circuit court

terminating Chad’s parental rights and remand for further proceedings.

¶ 52 Vacated and remanded.

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 In re C.K., 2023 IL App (5th) 230012

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Williamson County, No. 21-
JA-45; the Hon. Amanda Byassee Gott, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Frances E. Salimi, of Marion, for appellant.
for
Appellant:

Attorneys Ted Hampson, State’s Attorney, of Marion (Patrick Delfino,
for Patrick D. Daly, and Max C. Miller, of State’s Attorneys
Appellee: Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Teresa A. Machicao Hopkins, of Machicao & Associates, of
Marion, guardian ad litem.

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