People v. Sloat CA4/1

Filed 7/18/23 P. v. Sloat CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D079871

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. INF1800297)

CANAAN JACOB SLOAT,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County,
Dale R. Wells, Judge. Reversed in part and remanded for resentencing.
Cindi B. Mishkin; and Kevin J. Lindsley, under appointments by the
Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Melissa
Mandel and Seth M. Friedman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
 INTRODUCTION
During a short-lived stay at a Palm Springs substance abuse treatment
facility, Canaan Jacob Sloat sexually assaulted a female resident. A jury
convicted him of four sex crimes and first degree residential burglary. He
was sentenced to serve a prison term of 12 years and eight months.
Sloat does not contend there is insufficient evidence to support the
jury’s verdict. Rather, he asserts his convictions should be reversed because
(1) an unjustified preaccusation delay of 32 months prejudiced his defense,
and (2) the trial court erroneously declined to release the victim’s privileged
treatment records to the defense. We find no merit in either contention.
Sloat raises three issues regarding his sentence. He claims the trial

court violated Penal Code1 section 654 by imposing separate sentences for
three of his sex offenses. He also contends he is entitled to remand for
resentencing in light of the amendments to section 1170, subdivision (b),
enacted by Senate Bill No. 567 (2021‒2022 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 567),
which limited the court’s discretion to impose an upper-term sentence, and
because the court erred in failing to determine he had the present ability to
pay certain fines and fees imposed as part of his sentence pursuant to People
v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 (Dueñas). We shall vacate and remand
the case for a full resentencing based on Senate Bill 567 error. On remand,
under the full resentencing rule, the trial court will have the opportunity to
consider Sloat’s objections to multiple punishment and his Dueñas claim,
thus we need not address these claims.

1 Further unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
I.
Conviction Offenses
Sloat was charged in an information with first degree residential
burglary (§ 459; count 1); aggravated assault (§ 220, subd. (a)(1); count 2);
sexual penetration by means of force, violence, duress, menace and fear
(§ 289, subd. (a)(1)(A); count 3); oral copulation by means of force, violence,
duress, menace and fear (§ 288a, subd. (c)(2)(A); count 4); and misdemeanor
sexual battery (§ 243.4, subd. (e)(1); count 5). It was further alleged as to
count 1 that a person was present in the residence at the time of the offense
(§ 667.5, subd. (c)(21)). As to all counts, it was alleged that Sloat had suffered
two prior convictions for which he was sentenced to prison within the
meaning of section 667.5, subdivision (b). After deliberating for less than
three hours, a jury convicted Sloat of all counts charged in the information
and returned a true finding on the allegation associated with count 1, based
on the evidence we summarize next.
II.
Trial Evidence
A. Prosecution Case
On the evening of June 9, 2015, 21-year-old Jane Doe checked into a
residential “detox” facility in Palm Springs operated by a company called
Sovereign Health. Three other patients were there when she arrived: Sloat,
another man, and a woman named Jackie. Sloat was a “pretty big” guy, 250
to 275 pounds, with a shaved head, tattoos all over his arms and face, and
two horns on his forehead. Jane was assigned to share a bedroom with
Jackie.

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 The next day, June 10, Jane spent her time watching television,
smoking cigarettes, and talking with Sloat. In the evening, Sloat invited
Jane to go with him to get beer, in violation of house rules requiring patients
to stay clean and sober and remain on facility grounds. Jane declined to go at
first because she did not want to get in trouble, but Sloat persuaded her to go.
They walked to a gas station, where Sloat went inside and bought four “tall
boy” cans of beer. They returned to the house around an hour later,
undetected by the house manager on duty, Genevieve H.
Sloat put the beers in a bathroom and drank two of them. Jane went in
after Sloat and took “maybe, two or three gulps” from one can of beer. Jane
and Sloat then sat in the back patio. Their “conversation was fine at first but
then it just went somewhere that [Jane] didn’t want it to go.” Sloat made “a
pass” at her. Although Jane had told Sloat she dated women, Sloat talked
about his attraction to Jane. When Jane got up, he tried to hug her. She let
him hug her out of “fear” and so “it wouldn’t be awkward.” She was scared of
Sloat, who was “a bigger guy,” and she had been scared of him even before he
started talking about his attraction to her. She also had difficulty “tell[ing]
someone something that could be considered not polite,” and she did not
know what Sloat was capable of when he was drinking.
Jane decided to remove herself from the situation. She went
immediately to Genevieve, who was still on duty, and asked to be moved to a
different facility because she “didn’t feel comfortable being there” because of
Sloat’s behavior. Genevieve said she would “get it taken care of” and told
Jane to go to her room. Jane did as Genevieve suggested and joined Jackie in
their shared bedroom.
At around 3:00 a.m., Jackie was taken to the hospital in an ambulance.
There was a period of chaos when everybody in the house was in the

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backyard. After Jackie was transported out of the house, Jane went back to
her room alone. Wearing basketball shorts and a sports bra, Jane laid in bed
on her right side, facing the wall, with her back to the door. She heard the
bedroom door open but did not move. In her experience, it was not unusual
for a house manager to open the door in the middle of the night. But she
realized it was not the house manager when she felt someone get into bed
behind her.
Jane smelled alcohol and knew it was Sloat. The first thing she felt
was “his hand across [her] chest, just groping on [her].” The front of his body
was against her back. He put his left arm around her and used his left hand
to touch her breasts, stomach, “[e]verything.” Jane had not consented to the
encounter. In disbelief, she pretended she was asleep. Sloat got up,
repositioned himself, rolled Jane onto her back, and pulled her shorts and
underwear down. He put his torso between Jane’s legs and put his mouth on
her genitals. Jane felt scared and continued pretending she was asleep.
Sloat then “put his fingers inside” of Jane’s vagina.
At that moment, the night manager, Jorge “George” A., opened Jane’s
bedroom door to check on her. Sloat got off of Jane and jumped up.
When George opened the door, he did not turn the bedroom lights on, so
the only light in the room was coming from the hallway. In a police
interview, George said that when he opened the door, he saw Sloat “on
[Jane’s] bed on top of her. He wasn’t . . . completely on top of her, but he was
kind of like up to her stomach area[.]” At trial, George testified Sloat was
kneeling on the floor near the foot of Jane’s bed with his body facing towards
the bed, and Jane was facing Sloat and “kind of sitting up” in the bed. Sloat’s
body was blocking George’s view of Jane from the waist down.

5
 George stood in the doorway and asked what was going on. Sloat told
George everything was “cool.” George said he needed to hear from Jane that
she was okay. Jane asked George to give her a minute, and George left.
Sloat started asking Jane if everything was okay. She “needed a minute to
figure out like if everything was okay and it wasn’t.” All she could think
about was getting to her phone to call her father.
After Sloat left the room, Jane put her clothes on and went to the
facility office to call her father. When she got to the office, she went inside,
locked the door behind her, and told George “[i]t wasn’t consensual.” She felt
“scared” and “[v]iolated.” George testified that Jane was crying and seemed
“frantic” and “shaken.” She was stuttering and “could barely talk.” George
retrieved Jane’s phone from a locker in the office. Jane called her father, who
told her to call the police. She did so.
In the meantime, Sloat came to the office door wanting to talk to Jane.
He started banging on the door and becoming aggressive. Jane hid behind a
desk “so he wouldn’t come near [her].” Sloat told George he was leaving the
facility and wanted to retrieve his phone from the office. George eventually
let him in. Sloat apologized to Jane, but Jane told him to get away from her.
Sloat got his phone, packed his belongings, and left the facility.
Police officers responded to the facility later that morning and
conducted recorded interviews of Jane and George. George told one of the
officers Jane and Sloat were “more or less . . . on the bed and together,” and
Sloat was on top of Jane with his head “about her torso, stomach area.”
Jane underwent a SART (sexual assault response team) examination.
In narrating the sexual assault for the SART nurse, Jane described Sloat as
“really scary with tattoos everywhere” and “double horns on his head” and
said he had kissed her on the shoulder in addition to orally copulating and

6
digitally penetrating her. The nurse found a laceration on Jane’s posterior
fourchette (the tissue between the anus and opening of the vagina) that was
“[h]ighly consistent with digital penetration.”
The nurse, guided by Jane’s narrative of the sexual assault, swabbed
areas where Jane reported that Sloat had kissed her or touched her with his
mouth. Forensic testing of swabs of Jane’s left upper back and mons pubis
showed a mixture of DNA from three individuals. The major contributor was
Jane. The amounts contributed by the other two individuals were
insufficient to develop a genetic profile. Testing of a swab of the area around
Jane’s mouth revealed the presence of male DNA, but not enough to develop
a full genetic profile.
During her SART exam, Jane denied alcohol use within 12 hours of the
assault but admitted voluntary drug use within 96 hours of the assault. She
was calm and cooperative and did not appear to the nurse to be impaired by
substances in any way. The officer who interviewed Jane also detected no
drug or alcohol impairment. However, a subsequent analysis of blood drawn
during Jane’s SART exam showed the presence of alcohol as well as a small
amount of cannabinoids. The amount of alcohol in Jane’s system was not
consistent with someone who drank only two sips of beer eight hours earlier.
Instead, it was likely her blood alcohol level at the time of the sexual assault
was between .100 and .180.
B. Defense Case
In June 2015, Genevieve was the lead manager of the detox facility and
was responsible for patient care and safety. She had observed Jane and Sloat
on the afternoon of June 10. Jane had been “flirting with hands,” flipping her
hair, and sitting on Sloat’s lap. That evening, Jane told Genevieve that Sloat
was hitting on her and she felt threatened and uncomfortable. Genevieve

7
told Jane what she could do “to keep herself safe” and instructed her to go to
her room and stay there. When George came on duty, Genevieve “pass[ed]
down to [George]” her observations of Jane and Sloat, and that Jane had
reported feeling threatened, and told George to stay vigilant and monitor
them. On cross-examination, Genevieve admitted she had not told the
detective about her observations of Jane’s flirting, and she admitted she had
not noticed Sloat and Jane missing from the facility for at least an hour.
Sloat testified he has difficulty with methamphetamines and alcohol
and was “strung out” on June 8, 2015 when he arrived at the detox facility.
Jane checked in the next day, and he started spending time with her. Jane

told Sloat she had “brought some kief up in her vagina”2 when she flew on
the plane to Palm Springs. On June 10, they smoked the kief. Then, around
midnight, he invited Jane to walk to the store to get beer. He purchased four
cans of malt liquor. After they got back, he drank two of them, and Jane
drank the other two.
Sometime after 3:00 a.m., Jane invited Sloat to “go kick it” in her room.
They went to Jane’s bedroom and listened to a portable music device while
sharing headphones. Sloat did not kiss Jane, put his mouth on her genitals,
or insert his finger in her vagina. When George opened the door, he and Jane
were listening to music and talking.
Jane “flipped out thinking she was going to get kicked out of the
rehab.” She went to the office, “drunk and swearing,” and got on the phone
with her father, who was yelling at her. After two hours of trying to figure

2 Jane explained that kief is “the powder that comes at the bottom” of
marijuana, “[s]ort of like pollen.” She also denied bringing kief to the detox
facility.

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out what was going on, Sloat asked for his phone, left the facility, and went to
his father’s house in Bakersfield.
DISCUSSION
I.
The Trial Court Did Not Err in Concluding the Preaccusation Delay Did Not
Prejudice the Defense
A. The Defense’s Motion to Dismiss
At the close of the prosecution’s case-in-chief, Sloat moved for dismissal
of the charges based on pre-filing delay. Although the offenses were alleged
to have been committed on June 11, 2015, a criminal complaint was not filed
until February 16, 2018, two years and eight months later. He asserted the
delay was prejudicial because it had caused certain witnesses’ memories to
fade, and had affected his ability to procure certain physical evidence, such as
Jane’s bed sheets and clothing, which were collected but never tested for
DNA, and Jane’s blood and urine samples, which had been destroyed. He
asserted that because Sovereign Health was raided by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and its activities were suspended in June 2017, the defense was

unable to procure certain records.3 And because Sovereign Health shut
down, the defense also lost the opportunity to investigate and photograph the
crime scene.

3 Defense counsel did not submit in support of the motion a declaration
or other evidence establishing what efforts the defense had made, if any, to
obtain records from Sovereign Health. After trial, the defense received over
1,300 pages of records of Sovereign Health in response to a subpoena it
served one week before trial. This document production was the subject of
post-trial motions, the focus of Sloat’s second claim of trial error, which we
discuss next.

9
 The prosecutor acknowledged there had been a delay in filing charges,
and explained it was occasioned by the fact that when the investigating
detective tried to retrieve the DNA test results, they had not been recorded in
“the system.” The prosecution had not received a filing request from law
enforcement until June 29, 2017. Charges were then filed on February 16,
2018. The prosecutor contended, however, that the delay had not prejudiced
Sloat’s defense.
The prosecutor argued that any purported effect of the delay on witness
memories was mitigated by the fact that recorded interviews were conducted
with each witness almost contemporaneously with the events in the case.
Although biological samples taken from the bed sheet and Jane’s clothing
were not tested, the prosecutor argued there was no evidence these items had
been destroyed or that Sloat’s trial counsel had ever tried to obtain or test
them for DNA. Further, the probative value of testing the bed sheets for
DNA was low because a positive result would merely have corroborated that
Sloat was in Jane’s room, a fact that was not in dispute. With respect to the
alleged destruction of Jane’s blood and urine toxicology samples, the
prosecutor emphasized that although laboratory policy was to retain samples
for only two years, there had been no testimony these specific samples had
been destroyed. Even if they were destroyed, there was no prejudice to the
defense because the prosecution’s toxicology results were favorable to Sloat.
Thus, the defense failed to establish there was anything to be gained from
retesting the samples.
As for the alleged inability to obtain records from Sovereign Health,
the prosecutor pointed out that Sovereign Health did not close its doors until
July 10, 2018. Sloat was arraigned on the complaint, served with initial
discovery, and was represented by the public defender as of March 20, 2018.

10
Thus, Sloat was on notice of the charges and the need for investigation
almost four months before Sovereign Health closed. Yet there was no
evidence establishing what efforts the defense had made to retrieve records
from Sovereign Health, or, more importantly, the date when the defense
investigator initiated any such search for records. Thus it could not be said
whether the asserted unavailability of the records was due to late trial
preparation by the defense, or the prefiling delay.
Finally, in response to Sloat’s claim he was prejudiced by the inability
to investigate the grounds of the Sovereign Health facility, the prosecutor
stated that photographs of Jane’s bedroom taken close in time to the sexual
assault had been provided to defense counsel in 2018. Also, the only feature
of the facility that had been changed since the sexual assault was the
addition of a window in the office area, and the defense was not prejudiced by
this alteration because multiple witnesses had testified about it.
The trial court denied the motion, concluding there was not sufficient
evidence of prejudice to justify dismissal of the case for preaccusation delay.
It found the delay was attributable to the negligence of law enforcement and
was not caused by any intent on the part of the prosecution to obtain an
advantage. Because the delay was negligent rather than intentional, a
greater showing of prejudice was required to establish a due process
violation. Although it was troubled by the delay, the court found “little or no”
evidence of prejudice, including because Sovereign Health’s records were still
available after the case was filed; there was no indication the DNA samples
had been destroyed; and although witness memories may have faded, there
were recorded statements.

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B. Analysis
A delay in filing criminal charges does not implicate a defendant’s
speedy trial rights. (People v. Cowan (2010) 50 Cal.4th 401, 430 (Cowan).)
However, “[w]hen, as here, a defendant does not complain of delay after his
arrest and charging, but only of delay between the crimes and his arrest, he
is ‘not without recourse if the delay is unjustified and prejudicial. “[T]he
right of due process protects a criminal defendant’s interest in fair
adjudication by preventing unjustified delays that weaken the defense
through the dimming of memories, the death or disappearance of witnesses,
and the loss or destruction of material physical evidence.” [Citation.]
Accordingly, “[d]elay in prosecution that occurs before the accused is arrested
or the complaint is filed may constitute a denial of the right to a fair trial and
to due process of law under the state and federal Constitutions. A defendant
seeking to dismiss a charge on this ground must demonstrate prejudice
arising from the delay. The prosecution may offer justification for the delay,
and the court considering a motion to dismiss balances the harm to the
defendant against the justification for the delay.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
“ ‘[W]hether the delay was negligent or purposeful is relevant to the
balancing process. Purposeful delay to gain an advantage is totally
unjustified, and a relatively weak showing of prejudice would suffice to tip
the scales towards finding a due process violation. If the delay was merely
negligent, a greater showing of prejudice would be required to establish a due
process violation.’ ” (Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 431.) “ ‘We review for
abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for prejudicial
prearrest delay [citation], and defer to any underlying factual findings if
substantial evidence supports them.’ ” (People v. Jones (2013) 57 Cal.4th 899,
922 (Jones).) Whether a particular delay was prejudicial to the defense is one

12
of the factual questions reviewed under the deferential substantial evidence
standard. (People v. Alexander (2010) 49 Cal.4th 846, 874; see Jones, at
p. 923 [affirming denial of motion where the “evidence of prejudice is
speculative”]; People v. Hill (1984) 37 Cal.3d 491, 499 [“Prejudice is a factual
question to be determined by the trial court.”].)
On appeal, Sloat does not challenge the trial court’s finding that the
delay in filing charges against him was the result of law enforcement
negligence. Instead, he contends the court erred insofar as it found he
suffered no prejudice from the delay. We conclude that he fails to establish
an abuse of discretion.
Rather than address the trial court’s specific factual findings, Sloat
largely rehashes arguments from his trial court motion. He first contends
that George, a “key” defense witness, “seemed unable to recall numerous
things” throughout his trial testimony, such as what time Genevieve left the
facility after her shift ended; whether “certain doors in the house were
opened or closed”; what Jane was wearing after the assault when she was
walking toward the office, or whether Jane told him she had been assaulted;
whether Genevieve gave him a pass down report regarding Jane; or whether
Jane or Sloat smelled like alcohol. But he neglects to explain how George’s
inability to recall these details “ ‘ “weaken[ed]” ’ ” the defense. (Cowan,
supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 430.) Nor do we independently perceive any such
prejudice. George’s failure to recall the foregoing facts was either innocuous
(e.g., whether certain doors were open or closed; what Jane was wearing after
the assault) or favorable to Sloat (as with his inability to recall whether Jane
told him she had been assaulted); or the information was established through
other witnesses (Genevieve or, as to alcohol use, the prosecution’s
toxicologist).

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 For his second contention, Sloat simply asserts without elaboration
that “Jane Doe could not remember a number of things she was asked.” We
are not required to address such unexplained, undeveloped assertions. (See
People v. Freeman (1994) 8 Cal.4th 450, 482, fn. 2 (Freeman) [rejecting
defendant’s claims to the extent they were asserted “perfunctorily” and
“without development”].) Even if we were to do so, Sloat fails to acknowledge
that Jane (like George) gave a recorded interview to law enforcement, and
that the trial court found the availability of the recorded statements to be a
mitigating circumstance undermining his claims of prejudice. (See Cowan,
supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 433 [prejudice from faded witness memories
diminished where contemporaneous police reports existed and could be used
to refresh witness’s recollection], citing Scherling v. Superior Court (1978) 22
Cal.3d 493, 506.) He fails to overcome the court’s basis for finding Jane’s
memory lapses not prejudicial.
Sloat’s next contention—from start to finish, that “[the lead detective]
could not remember several things, including why he waited so long to
submit the case to the District Attorney’s Office for prosecution”—is forfeited
for the same reason as the previous point. (Freeman, supra, 8 Cal.4th at
p. 482, fn. 2.) We pass on it without further consideration.
Addressing the asserted loss of forensic evidence, Sloat claims “[t]he
DNA samples obtained from the bed sheets and Jane Doe’s clothing were
never tested and [were] subsequently destroyed” and “[t]he lab samples of
Jane Doe’s urine and blood were also destroyed before the complaint was
filed.” (Italics added.) In making these claims, Sloat overlooks that the
prosecutor argued, and the trial court found, no independent evidence of any
destruction of DNA evidence. His only support for the claim that DNA
evidence was destroyed is a citation to his trial counsel’s argument in support

14
of the motion to dismiss. Attorney argument is not evidence. (People v.
Barajas (1983) 145 Cal.App.3d 804, 809.) To the extent he maintains that
the failure to test the sheets or clothing was prejudicial, he fails to cite
evidence connecting the absence of such testing to the prefiling delay. He
also fails to explain why the defense could not have conducted any such
testing itself. (See Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at pp. 431–432 [showing of
prejudice was weak where the defense had the ability to examine and test
forensic evidence underlying prosecution’s case].) As for the biological
samples, apart from asserting they were destroyed, Sloat does not attempt to
demonstrate how their asserted destruction was prejudicial, nor do we
independently perceive that it was given that Jane’s toxicology results
favored the defense rather than the prosecution.
Finally, Sloat asserts he was unable to obtain documents from
Sovereign Health because of the preaccusation delay. But in making this
assertion, he ignores that Sovereign Health did not shutter its facilities until
July 10, 2018, nearly four months after Sloat was assigned counsel and
arraigned on March 20, 2018. Implicit in the trial court’s finding that
Sovereign Health’s records were still available after the case was filed is that
Sloat failed to carry his burden of demonstrating that his initially-appointed
counsel could not have obtained the records in the exercise of reasonable
diligence before Sovereign Health closed. (See Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at
p. 430 [“ ‘ “A defendant seeking to dismiss a charge on this ground must
demonstrate prejudice arising from the delay.” ’ ”].)
In his reply brief on appeal, Sloat asserts for the first time that
discovery of Jane’s privileged records would not have been possible at the
pretrial stage pursuant to People v. Hammon (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1117
(Hammon). (See id. at p. 1127 [providing that the Sixth Amendment does not

15
guarantee pretrial discovery of privileged psychotherapeutic information].)
Sloat did not raise this argument in the trial court nor in his opening brief on
appeal, he does not attempt to demonstrate good cause for his failure to raise
the point sooner, and the People have had no opportunity to respond to it. As
a result, the argument is forfeited. (People v. Rangel (2016) 62 Cal.4th 1192,
1218‒1219 [“ ‘[i]t is axiomatic that arguments made for the first time in a
reply brief will not be entertained because of the unfairness to the other
party’ ”].)
It is also unpersuasive. As the party moving to dismiss, Sloat had the
burden of demonstrating “ ‘ “prejudice arising from the delay.” ’ ” (Cowan,
supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 430, italics added.) Although Sloat’s trial counsel
asserted that he had been unable by the time of trial to obtain any records
from Sovereign Health, counsel failed to indicate what, if anything, he had
done to procure the records, or when he had done it—including whether any
document search was commenced early or “in late preparation for this trial.”
The prosecutor argued that in the absence of such evidence, the asserted
inability to obtain records could not be attributed to the prefiling delay.
These same points apply equally to Sloat’s belated reply brief argument. His
claim that Hammon precluded pretrial discovery of Sovereign Health records
begs the question what evidence, if any, was presented to the trial court at
the time of the hearing of the efforts that had then been made to procure the
records for trial. Sloat has cited no such evidence, and our own review of the

record has disclosed none.4 (See Jones, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 923 [defense

4 As we are about to discuss, Sloat’s trial counsel submitted a declaration
after trial stating the defense investigator commenced efforts to locate
Sovereign Health records in February 2021, less than two months before the
start of trial. However, this evidence was not before the court at the time of

16
showing of prejudice was speculative where it offered no evidence of its
efforts to locate the two witnesses it claimed were lost due to prefiling delay].)
Thus, notwithstanding Sloat’s belated reliance on Hammon, it remains the
case that the defense did not meet its initial burden of showing evidence of
prejudice arising from the preaccusation delay.
Because we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
finding Sloat was not prejudiced by the preaccusation delay, we need not and
do not consider Sloat’s remaining arguments in which he attempts to
establish that the prejudice from the delay outweighed the justification for
the delay. (See Jones, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 921 [where “the defendant fails
to meet his or her burden of showing prejudice, there is no need to determine
whether the delay was justified”]; People v. Abel (2012) 53 Cal.4th 891,
910‒911 [where the defendant “did not meet his initial burden of showing
prejudice resulting from the precharging delay” the prosecution “was not
required to show justification for the delay, and the court had no obligation to
balance the harm from the delay against the justification”].)

the hearing on the motion to dismiss and so we do not consider it here. (See
Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 431 [review of trial court ruling on motion to
dismiss limited to considering the evidence “before the court up to [the] time”
the defense brought its motion in the trial court].)

17
 II.
The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Declined to Release
Jane’s Privileged Treatment Records to the Defense
A. The People’s Motion to Quash the Subpoena for Jane’s Privileged
Treatment Records and Sloat’s Motion for New Trial
According to a declaration filed by Sloat’s trial counsel after trial

ended,5 on or about March 26, 2021, the defense investigator served
subpoenas duces tecum on an individual and entity the defense believed to be

in possession of Sovereign Health’s records.6 The subpoenas sought “[a]ll
medical and mental health records for [Jane’s] admission, treatment,
progress & follow up”; “[a]ll records pertaining to the alleged incident
between [Jane] and Mr. Sloat on 6/11/2015”; and “[a]ll medical and mental
health records for Canaan Sloat’s admission, treatment, progress, & follow
up.” One of the subpoenas had a return date of April 2. The other had a
return date of April 7. Both required delivery of the responsive records
directly to the trial court. (See Pen. Code, § 1326, subds. (b), (d) (formerly
subd. (c)); Evid. Code, § 1560, subd. (b).)
The week after the trial ended, defense counsel received over one
thousand pages of records in response to the subpoenas. In a declaration
filed with the court on May 12, 2021 in support of a motion to continue Sloat’s
scheduled sentencing hearing, defense counsel disclosed that he was in

5 Trial started on March 30, 2021. Jane testified on April 1. The jury
reached its verdict on April 15.

6 As mentioned in footnote 3 ante, the declaration revealed that the
defense investigation into “the whereabouts of records that were once held by
Sovereign Health in Palm Springs, CA, pertaining to [Jane Doe]” began in
February 2021.

18
possession of the records, that they were “from all of [Jane’s] and . . . Sloat’s

stays at all Sovereign Health facilities,”7 and that counsel planned to have
them duplicated for the prosecution. At a May 14 hearing, at the
prosecution’s request, the trial judge ordered the defense to surrender the
records to the court.
That same day, May 14, the prosecution filed a motion to quash. It
argued that Jane’s records were confidential and subject to the provisions of
Marsy’s Law (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28) as well as the statutory
psychotherapist-patient privilege (Evid. Code, § 1014). It further argued the
subpoenas were not supported by good cause, and that Jane was entitled to
(but had not received) advance notice of the service of any subpoena seeking
disclosure of her confidential medical and mental health records, citing Code

of Civil Procedure section 1985.3 in support of this position.8
In response, the defense asserted it was not required to give notice of
the subpoenas to Jane under either Code of Civil Procedure section 1985.3 or
Marsy’s Law. It argued the subpoenas were supported by good cause because
there were “numerous inconsistencies” in witness statements that the
defense anticipated the responsive records would settle; because the records

7 Sovereign Health had other facilities in California as well as in other
states. Jane testified she previously had been admitted to another Sovereign
Health facility for recovery.

8 Code of Civil Procedure section 1985.3, subdivision (e), applies to the
service of subpoenas duces tecum for the production of personal records, and
requires the subpoenaing party to serve a written notice to consumer that
“records about the consumer are being sought from the witness named on the
subpoena[.]”

19
would “clear up confusion regarding treatment dates and details”; and
because they would contain Jane’s “intake and release information.”
The reported hearing on the motion to quash went forward on July 16,
2021, in a closed courtroom with defendant, his counsel, and the prosecutor
present. The trial court first observed that the subpoenaed records had been
delivered directly to defense counsel, who appeared to have had the records
photocopied, as he had delivered two sets—the originals plus one copy—to
the court. The court observed that defense counsel should not have been in
possession of the records because “no notice to consumer” was provided to
Jane, who “obviously . . . should have had an opportunity to lodge an
objection to those documents being received.” The court stated its intent was
to go through the records in the presence of counsel, “tell you what I see in
the documents,” and then permit the defense to seek the release of any
confidential documents after giving notice to Jane.
The trial court began its review of the records, noting it had “briefly”
gone through them in advance of the hearing and had grouped them into
several sets. The first set pertained to Sloat. After obtaining consent from
Sloat, the court ordered these records released to defense counsel.
The remaining records—of which there were 1,395 pages—pertained to
Jane. The trial court reviewed these records as well, set by set, describing for
counsel the type of document (e.g., “Biopsychosocial assessment”), number of
pages, date(s) of treatment and facility location, and general content of
documents in each set. Most of the records pertained to Jane’s treatment in
other facilities in 2014 or 2016 (i.e., well before or after the June 11, 2015
sexual assault).
In records of Jane’s treatment at the Palm Springs facility (between
June 9, 2015 and June 13, 2015) the court found only one reference to the

20
incident—a progress note stating Jane “had [an] incident with other patient”
and had been transferred to another facility. The court also found two
references to the incident in records relating to Jane’s treatment at the
facility to which she was transferred after the sexual assault. One entry
dated June 14, 2015, apparently quoting Jane, stated, “[J]ust a couple of days
ago in a recovery treatment one of the patients tried to rape me.” Another
entry stated, “Client was [a] victim of a sexual assault approximately four
days ago,” and described symptoms Jane was reportedly suffering as a result
of this incident. The court did not find any other references to the incident
within the records of Jane’s treatment at these two facilities, and it expressly
found there was “no investigative report in there at all.”
After completing its review and hearing argument from counsel
(including defense counsel’s assertion that “[n]o one” but the prosecution had
“raised the privilege”), the court ruled: “These documents are privileged.
There’s no question whether it’s physician/patient privilege, the documents
are privileged. [¶] To say [Jane] hasn’t raised the privilege is a little
disingenuous because she couldn’t raise an objection to something she didn’t
know was going on.” The court explained to defense counsel it was “not
preventing [the defense] from bringing an appropriate motion and giving
notice to [Jane] if you wish to do so to try to obtain the release of some of
these documents.” The court acknowledged it “ha[d] not read everything in
the documents” and told defense counsel, “There could be something else. . . .
[But] short of a waiver by [Jane] or a motion by you that she is properly
noticed of, I won’t be revisiting the issue of releasing any of these to you.”
No such noticed motion, served on Jane, was filed by the defense.
Instead, on August 13, 2021, Sloat filed a motion for new trial. The contours
of the motion were expansive and somewhat murky, but the thrust of the

21
defense argument was that the court should have released Jane’s treatment
records to the defense at the motion to quash hearing, and that the records
(as the defense envisioned them, not as the court had described them)

constituted new evidence within the meaning of section 1181, subd. (8).9
The trial court denied the motion for a new trial. The court stated it
had “walked through [the documents] and . . . read every – there are 1300
pages” and had found “nothing in the documents that was exculpatory at all”
and “the few references there were, were more inculpatory than exculpatory.”
The court explained its “main concern about [the] documents was that the
victim in the case did not have the opportunity to object. . . . There was no
opportunity for the victim to be aware that her medical records were being
sought.” The court cited “the principles of Marsy’s law” as support for its
position the victim was entitled to notice. The court told defense counsel: “I
left the door open for you to give [Jane] notice so that she can object. And
then we can go forward on it. If you think there’s something in those
documents that you’re entitled to, give her notice. And for some reason or
another, you’ve never given her notice.”
B. Relevant Legal Principles

9 “When new evidence is discovered material to the defendant, and which
he could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and produced at the
trial. When a motion for a new trial is made upon the ground of newly
discovered evidence, the defendant must produce at the hearing, in support
thereof, the affidavits of the witnesses by whom such evidence is expected to
be given, and if time is required by the defendant to procure such affidavits,
the court may postpone the hearing of the motion for such length of time as,
under all circumstances of the case, may seem reasonable.” (§ 1181,
subd. (8).)

22
 “ ‘Documents and records in the possession of nonparty witnesses . . .
are obtainable by subpoena duces tecum.’ ” (Kling v. Superior Court (2010)
50 Cal.4th 1068, 1074 (Kling); see Pen. Code, §§ 1326, 1327; Evid. Code,
§ 1560.) “It is important to note, however, that such a criminal subpoena
does not command, or even allow, the recipient to provide materials directly
to the requesting party. Instead, under subdivision (c) of section 1326, the
sought materials must be given to the superior court for its in camera review
so that it may ‘determine whether or not the [requesting party] is entitled to
receive the documents.’ ” (Facebook, Inc. v. Superior Court (Touchstone)
(2020) 10 Cal.5th 329, 344 (Facebook); see People v. Blair (1979) 25 Cal.3d
640, 651 [materials produced in response to criminal subpoena cannot legally
be given directly to the requesting party].) Any records produced in response
to a criminal subpoena are held under seal in order to assure the privacy of
the records. (Evid. Code, § 1560, subd. (d); see Susan S. v. Israels (1997) 55
Cal.App.4th 1290, 1296 [“the subpoena duces tecum procedure itself
implicitly recognizes an expectation of privacy on the part of the person
whose records are subpoenaed”].)
An affidavit of good cause is not required to support the issuance of a
criminal subpoena. (Facebook, supra, 10 Cal.5th at pp. 343‒344.) However,
“in order to defend such a subpoena against a motion to quash, the
subpoenaing party must at that point establish good cause to acquire the
subpoenaed records. In other words . . . at the motion to quash stage the
defendant must show ‘some cause for discovery other than “a mere desire for
the benefit of all information.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 344.)
In Facebook, our Supreme Court identified seven factors (called the
“Alhambra factors” because they were originally developed in City of
Alhambra v. Superior Court (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 1118) that should be

23
considered by a court in determining whether good cause has been shown to
support enforcement of a subpoena challenged by a motion to quash. They
are: (1) “Has the defendant carried his burden of showing a ‘ “plausible
justification” ’ for acquiring documents from a third party . . . [o]r does the
subpoena amount to an impermissible ‘ “fishing expedition” ’?” (citations
omitted); (2) “Is the sought material adequately described and not overly
broad?”; (3) “Is the material ‘reasonably available to the . . . entity from which
it is sought (and not readily available to the defendant from other sources)’?”;
(4) “Would production of the requested materials violate a third party’s
‘confidentiality or privacy rights’ or intrude upon ‘any protected
governmental interest’?”; (5) “Is defendant’s request timely?”; (6) “Would the
‘time required to produce the requested information . . . necessitate an
unreasonable delay of defendant’s trial’?”; and (7) “Would ‘production of the
records containing the requested information . . . place an unreasonable
burden on the [third party]’?” (Facebook, supra, 10 Cal.5th at pp. 345‒347.)
The defendant in Facebook was seeking discovery of private social
media messages of an assault victim, in part for the purpose of revealing the
victim’s propensity for violence, thereby bolstering the defendant’s claim of
self-defense. (Facebook, supra, 10 Cal.5th at pp. 338, 349.) The Court
explained the relevant plausible justification inquiry would need to “assess
whether a claim of self-defense is sufficiently viable to warrant the intrusion
that would occur if the sought communications were required to be disclosed.”
(Id. at p. 349.)
Due to the confidentiality interests implicated by production of the
requested social media records, the Facebook court explained that “the
California Constitution, as amended [in 2008] to incorporate Marsy’s Law,
calls for yet additional special inquiry.” (Facebook, supra, 10 Cal.5th at

24
p. 355; see Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (b)(4) & (5) [providing that a crime
victim has the right “[t]o prevent the disclosure of confidential information or
records to the defendant” including records “which disclose confidential
communications made in the course of medical or counseling treatment, or
which are otherwise privileged or confidential by law” and “[t]o refuse . . . [a]
discovery request by . . . any . . . person acting on behalf of the defendant”].)
The Court observed that the request for the victim’s private communications
implicated subdivision (b)(4) and (5) of article I, section 28 of the California
Constitution, and that subdivision (c)(1) of section 28 specifically allows the
prosecution to enforce a victim’s rights to prevent disclosure of such
communications. “[T]hese provisions contemplate ‘that the victim and the
prosecuting attorney would be aware that the defense had subpoenaed
confidential records regarding the victim from third parties.’ [Citation.]
Accordingly, in circumstances like those here it would be appropriate to
inquire whether such notice has been, or should be, provided.” (Facebook, at
p. 355.)
In this case, in addition to Marsy’s Law, the statutory psychotherapist-
patient privilege was identified as a legal basis for preventing the release of
Jane Doe’s treatment records to the defense. Under Evidence Code section
1014, “the patient, whether or not a party, has a privilege to refuse to
disclose, and to prevent another from disclosing, a confidential
communication between patient and psychotherapist[.]” The
psychotherapist-patient relationship exists interpersonally as well as
“between a psychological corporation [and other listed entities] . . . and the
patient to whom it renders professional services[.]” (Evid. Code, § 1014,
subd. (c).)

25
 Relevant to Sloat’s arguments on appeal, in People v. Reber (1986) 177
Cal.App.3d 523 (Reber), disapproved in Hammon, supra, 15 Cal.4th at page
1123, the defense issued third party subpoenas before trial seeking discovery
of the victims’ psychotherapeutic records in order to challenge their
credibility on cross-examination at trial by showing the alleged crimes were
actually the product of the victims’ delusions or hallucinations. The trial
court precluded the defense from obtaining confidential communications
between the victims and their psychotherapists. The Court of Appeal held
this was error, reasoning that “adherence to a statutory privilege of
confidentiality must give way to pretrial access when it would deprive a
defendant of the constitutional right of confrontation and cross-examination.”
(Reber, at p. 531.) To protect the defendants’ right of confrontation, the trial
court should have “(1) obtain[ed] and examine[d] in camera all the materials
under subpoena, (2) weigh[ed] defendants’ constitutionally based claim of
need against the statutory privilege invoked by the People, (3) determine[d]
which privileged matters, if any, were essential to the vindication of
defendants’ rights of confrontation and (4) create[d] a record adequate to
review its ruling.” (Id. at p. 532.)
In Hammon, supra, 15 Cal.4th 1117, the California Supreme Court
disapproved of Reber to the extent it held the confrontation clause served as a
basis for granting pretrial access to a victim’s privileged psychotherapeutic
records. It explained, “The court in Reber believed the confrontation clause of
the Sixth Amendment (U.S. Const., 6th Amend.) as interpreted in Davis v.
Alaska (1974) 415 U.S. 308 [ ], required pretrial disclosure of privileged
information when the defendant’s need for the information outweighed the
patient’s interest in confidentiality.” (Hammon, at p. 1123.) Our high court
held this was error, because the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation is a

26
trial right and thus did not confer a right to discover privileged information
before trial. (Id. at pp. 1127, 1128.) Rather, access to such information must
await a showing of materiality during trial, at a point when the trial court is
better equipped to balance the defendant’s need for cross-examination with
the policies the privilege is designed to serve. (Id. at p. 1127.) Hammon has
been interpreted to authorize a procedure under which “the trial court
conducts an in camera hearing during trial to determine if the defendant’s
need for the material outweighs the statutory privilege.” (Facebook, Inc. v.
Superior Court (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 729, 740.)
C. Contentions on Appeal
Sloat’s arguments on appeal are somewhat difficult to characterize.
After initially asserting the trial court erred by denying his motion for a new
trial, he goes on to devote all of his arguments to establishing that the court
erred when it declined to release the subpoenaed records of Jane’s treatment
at the hearing on the motion to quash. In this way, he appears to regard the
court’s denial of his new trial motion as a vehicle for challenging its earlier
ruling on the prosecution’s motion to quash.
Sloat’s claims of error with respect to the motion to quash ruling rely
on Reber and Hammon. He does not dispute that the records of Jane’s
treatment are privileged psychotherapeutic records. Instead, he contends the
trial court erred by “fail[ing] to assess the . . . records pursuant to Hammon-
Reber.” More specifically, he claims the trial court erroneously “treated the
claim of privilege as absolute” and failed to “balance[ ] [his] need for cross-
examination with the policies the privilege is intended to serve.” He asserts
he “did not receive a fair trial” and asks us to conditionally reverse the
judgment so the trial court can review the records anew and consider
whether they contain anything relevant to Jane’s credibility. Alternatively,

27
he asks us to conduct such a review. Conspicuously absent from his opening
brief on appeal, however, is any developed argument addressing the trial
court’s stated concerns about the lack of notice to Jane.
The People respond that we can and should affirm the trial court’s
ruling on procedural or substantive grounds. Procedurally, they urge
affirmance based on the defense’s failure to notify Jane of its effort to obtain
the records of her treatment. They point out the court explicitly invited the
defense to renew its effort to obtain the records after first giving Jane notice,
and yet it never did. Citing Facebook, the People contend Sloat “does not, nor
could he, claim that notice to Jane was not required before the potential
disclosure of her confidential records.” Substantively, the People argue it is
unclear whether and to what extent Hammon applies to a posttrial
proceeding, but to the extent it does, the trial court reviewed the records as
required and found no information that was exculpatory or that could have
been used to impeach Jane. To the extent we choose to review the records
ourselves, the People suggest we remand with an order that defense counsel
should receive access to “whichever records should have been disclosed.”
D. Analysis
As noted, although Sloat fails to clarify whether he is challenging the
trial court’s resolution of the prosecution’s motion to quash or his motion for
new trial, the thrust of his claim is that the court erred by declining to
release Jane’s treatment records at the conclusion of the hearing on the
motion to quash. Rulings on both motions are reviewed under an abuse of
discretion standard. (People v. Verdugo (2010) 50 Cal.4th 263, 308 [“the trial
court has broad discretion in ruling on a new trial motion” and its “ruling will
be disturbed only for clear abuse of that discretion”]; Facebook, supra, 10
Cal.5th at p. 359 [“We review a ruling on a motion to quash, like other

28
discovery orders, for abuse of discretion.”].) An abuse of discretion occurs if
the court’s decision is based on impermissible factors or an incorrect legal
standard. (People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 156; see Facebook, at
p. 359.) We affirm because we agree with the People that Sloat has failed to
establish the court relied on an impermissible factor when it refused to
consider releasing any of Jane’s treatment records to the defense until the
defense first notified Jane it was seeking them.
It cannot seriously be questioned that Jane was entitled to such notice
or that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by requiring it. On appeal,
Sloat has raised no dispute with the court’s finding that the subpoenaed
records of Jane’s substance abuse treatment were privileged. Releasing them
to the defense would therefore have invaded Jane’s privilege under Evidence
Code section 1014 as well as her constitutional right of privacy (Cal. Const.,
art. I, §1; see People v. Stritzinger (1983) 34 Cal.3d 505, 511‒512 (Stritzinger)
[recognizing the psychotherapist-patient privilege as an aspect of the
patient’s constitutional right of privacy]). Under Marsy’s Law, Jane was
guaranteed the right to prevent disclosure of such records. (See Cal. Const.,
art. I, § 28, subd. (b)(4).) And the California Supreme Court has repeatedly
confirmed that Marsy’s Law “contemplates that the victim . . . would be
aware that the defense had subpoenaed confidential records regarding the
victim from third parties.” (Kling, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 1080; accord
Facebook, supra, 10 Cal.5th at pp. 347, 355.)
Our high court’s holding in Facebook, that “in circumstances like those
here [a subpoena seeking private social media messages of a crime victim] it
would be appropriate to inquire whether such notice has been, or should be,
provided” (Facebook, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 355, italics added) specifically
confirms that a trial court acts appropriately when it considers the existence

29
of prior notice to a victim whose confidential psychotherapeutic records are
sought by third party subpoena.
The facts of this case are sufficiently similar to those of Facebook to
support the conclusion the trial court acted appropriately when it made such
an inquiry here. Although Facebook involved a request for private social
media communications whereas this case involves a request for privileged
therapeutic treatment records, both requests implicate a crime victim’s rights
under Marsy’s Law. Indeed the interest in maintaining the confidentiality of
the records at issue in this case is arguably stronger than in Facebook, as the
statutory privilege that protects such records from disclosure serves the
additional public goal of encouraging patients to seek professional assistance.
(See Stritzinger, supra, 34 Cal.3d at p. 511; People v. Superior Court
(Humberto S.) 43 Cal.4th 737, 753 [describing the victim’s statutory and
constitutional interest in the privacy of her communications with her
therapist as “considerable”].) It follows that the trial court in this case did
not abuse its discretion when, after determining Jane had not yet been
properly notified of the efforts to obtain her privileged treatment records, it
required that she be provided with such notice before it would consider
releasing them.
We do not discern anything unreasonable about the manner in which
the trial court handled the notice issue. The court did not foreclose the
possibility of the defense obtaining the records due to the lack of notice. To
the contrary, as the People point out, the court repeatedly invited the defense
to seek release of the records anew by filing a motion and giving notice to
Jane. But rather than take this opportunity, the defense filed a motion for
new trial claiming the court had wrongfully deprived it of access to Jane’s
treatment records. In doing so, the defense risked the possibility that an

30
appellate court would later rule the trial court was justified in requiring that
notice to Jane precede any release of her records.
On appeal, rather than directly challenge the trial court’s ruling
requiring him to give notice before it would revisit the issue of releasing
Jane’s treatment records, Sloat has mostly sidestepped it. In his opening
brief on appeal, he quotes the court’s ruling but does not go on to present a
developed argument that the court erred by requiring him to give notice to
Jane. He does not mention Facebook or Marsy’s Law, despite having cited
both authorities repeatedly in his own trial court briefs. In his reply brief on
appeal, in response to the People’s reliance on Facebook (and indirectly,
Marsy’s Law) as authority supporting the court’s notice ruling, Sloat asserts

that we should follow a treatise,10 or Hammon-Reber, instead. But treatises
are persuasive authority at best and cannot supplant our state’s constitution
or a controlling decision of our high court. (See Aixtron, Inc. v. Veeco
Instruments Inc. (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 360, 400.) And both Hammon and
Reber predated Marsy’s Law and therefore had no occasion to consider its
impact on a court’s decision to grant access to a crime victim’s privileged
records. They are therefore not authority for the proposition that a trial
court abuses its discretion by requiring that the victim be notified before such

10 He asserts the procedure for obtaining privileged psychiatric records is
outlined in a practice guide that states, in relevant part, “[t]he defense may
secure the privileged psychiatric medical records of prosecution witnesses if
the defense can show good cause for discovery of the records” and “[t]he
motion for the disclosure of these records is known as a ‘Hammon-Reber
motion.’ ” (Cal. Crim. Law: Procedure and Practice (Cont.Ed.Bar OnLAW
2023) Motion to Obtain Privileged Psychiatric Records (Hammon-
Reber Motion), § 11.29.)

31
access is granted. (People v. Thomas (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 924, 945, fn. 6
[“ ‘Cases are not authority for propositions not considered.’ ”].)
In short, Sloat opted not to notify Jane of the effort to obtain her
confidential records and has now failed to establish that the trial court
abused its discretion, or violated his state or federal constitutions rights, by
requiring him to do so or by denying his motion for new trial in which he
claimed wrongful deprivation of access to the documents. Because it is
apparent the court’s ruling can and should be affirmed on this ground, we
conclude our inquiry and decline the invitation to independently review the
1,395 pages of records.
III.
Asserted Sentencing Errors
A. Remand for Resentencing Under Section 1170, New Subdivision (b) Is
Required
The trial court sentenced Sloat to a total prison term of 12 years and
eight months. It selected count 3 as the principal count and imposed the
upper term of eight years, consecutive to sentences of one year, four months
each on counts 1 and 2 (one-third the middle term of four years) and two
years on count 4 (one-third the middle term of six years).
In sentencing Sloat to the upper term of eight years on count 3, the
trial court identified five factors in aggravation and no factors in mitigation

as the reason for its sentencing decision.11 The aggravating factors were set

11 The factors in aggravation were: (1) the victim was particularly
vulnerable; (2) the defendant's prior convictions are numerous or of
increasing seriousness; (3) the defendant has served a prior term in prison or
county jail; (4) the defendant was on probation, mandatory supervision, post
release community supervision, or parole when the crime was committed; (5)
the defendant’s prior performance on probation, mandatory supervision, post

32
forth in the probation report, and were neither stipulated to by Sloat nor
found true by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
At the time Sloat was sentenced, section 1170, subdivision (b), left it to
the sentencing judge’s “sound discretion” to select the appropriate term
within a sentencing triad that “best serves the interests of justice.” (§ 1170,
former subd. (b), as amended by Stats. 2018, ch. 1001 (Assem. Bill No. 2942)
§ 1.) While Sloat’s appeal was pending, however, Senate Bill 567 was
enacted. Senate Bill 567 amended section 1170, subdivision (b), to limit the
situations under which an upper-term sentence could be imposed.
Effective January 1, 2022, a “court may impose a sentence exceeding
the middle term only when there are circumstances in aggravation of the
crime that justify the imposition of a term of imprisonment exceeding the
middle term, and the facts underlying those circumstances have been
stipulated to by the defendant, or have been found true beyond a reasonable
doubt at trial by the jury or by the judge in a court trial.” (§ 1170,
subd. (b)(2).) Bifurcation of such jury findings is also now required. (Ibid.)
However, under the newly amended law, “the court may consider the
defendant’s prior convictions in determining sentencing based on a certified
record of conviction without submitting the prior convictions to a jury.”
(§ 1170, subd. (b)(3).)
The amendments to section 1170, subdivision (b), implemented by
Senate Bill 567 are ameliorative and apply retroactively to Sloat’s sentence
under the rule of In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, pursuant to which we
presume absent a contrary indication from the Legislature that ameliorative

release community supervision, or parole was unsatisfactory. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 4.421(a)(3), (b)(2)‒(5).)

33
enactments apply retroactively to all defendants whose sentences are not
final on the enactment’s operative date. (See, e.g., People v. Flores (2022) 73
Cal.App.5th 1032, 1039; People v. Lopez (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 459, 465
(Lopez); People v. Jones (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 37, 45 [defendant whose
convictions remained nonfinal on appeal “entitled to retroactive application of
the ameliorative changes effected by Senate Bill 567”].)
The People argue, however, that despite retroactive application of
newly amended section 1170, subdivision (b), to Sloat’s sentence, remand for
resentencing is not required because the trial court’s failure to sentence him
in accordance with the new sentencing procedure was harmless error. They
rely on the harmlessness analysis articulated in Lopez, supra, 78 Cal.App.5th
459, and People v. Zabelle (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 1098 (Zabelle).
In Lopez, we set forth the following two-step prejudice test: “[T]he
initial relevant question for purposes of determining whether prejudice
resulted from failure to apply the new version of the sentencing law is
whether the reviewing court can conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a
jury would have found true beyond [a] reasonable doubt all of the
aggravating factors on which the trial court relied in exercising its discretion
to select the upper term. If the answer to this question is ‘yes,’ then the
defendant has not suffered prejudice from the court’s reliance on factors not
found true by a jury in selecting the upper term. However, if the answer to
the question is ‘no,’ we then consider [a] second question, which is whether a
reviewing court can be certain, to the degree required by [People v. Watson
(1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836], that the trial court would nevertheless have
exercised its discretion to select the upper term if it had recognized that it
could permissibly rely on only a single one of the aggravating factors, a few of
the aggravating factors, or none of the aggravating factors, rather than all of

34
the factors on which it previously relied. If the answer to both of these
questions is ‘no,’ then it is clear that remand to the trial court for
resentencing is necessary.” (Lopez, supra, 78 Cal.App.5th at p. 467, fn. 11.)
Zabelle devised a two-step prejudice test very similar to the Lopez test,
except that it applies a slightly different analysis at the first step. Whereas
step one of the Lopez test would have the reviewing court consider whether,
to the degree of certainty required by Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S.
18, all aggravating factors relied upon by the trial court would have been
found true beyond a reasonable doubt by a jury, Zabelle held the reviewing
court need identify only a single aggravating factor that withstands such
analysis. (Zabelle, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1111–1112.) Under Zabelle,
if the court identifies one such factor, it then, “for each [of the remaining]
aggravating fact[ors], consider[s] whether it is reasonably probable [(i.e., the
degree of certainty required by Watson)] that the jury would have found the
fact not true.” (Id. at p. 1112.) The reviewing court “must then, with the
aggravating facts that survive this review, consider whether it is reasonably
probable that the trial court would have chosen a lesser sentence had it
considered only these aggravating facts.” (Ibid.) In short, whereas the Lopez
test applies Chapman harmlessness analysis to all aggravating factors at
step one, the Zabelle test applies Chapman to the first aggravating factor,
and Watson to the rest. Both the Lopez and Zabelle tests rely on Watson
harmlessness analysis at step two.
In this case, it is clear that reversal is required under either test. Of
the five aggravating factors relied upon by the trial court (see footnote 11,
ante), the People identify only three that arguably survive the first level of
harmlessness analysis under Lopez or Zabelle: Jane’s vulnerability; Sloat’s

35
record of convictions; and Sloat was on probation when he sexually assaulted
Jane. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a)(3), (b)(2), (b)(4).)
Even if we assume the People are correct, on this record we cannot
conclude to a reasonable degree of certainty that the trial court would have
found these three factors sufficient to warrant exercising its discretion to
select the upper term. At sentencing, the court did not elaborate on its
sentencing decision. It simply stated that it had selected an upper term
sentence of eight years, and then identified as the reasons for its sentencing
decision the five aggravating factors it found to be true as well as the absence
of any mitigating factors. As in Zabelle, “[t]he trial court gave no particular
weight to any of its listed aggravating circumstances. Nor did it indicate
whether its decision to impose the upper term was (or was not) a close call.”
(Zabelle, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 1115.) On this record, we can discern
nothing more than that the court meant what it said, and that its sentencing
discretion was based on the existence of five sentencing factors, which
suggests there is at least a reasonable likelihood it would have imposed a
lesser sentence if the number of aggravating factors available to support its
sentencing decision was reduced.
Because we cannot determine to the degree of certainty required by
Watson whether the trial court would have issued the same sentence had it
been left with only three aggravating factors, we cannot affirm the upper
term sentence on count 3. (Zabelle, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 1115; Lopez,
supra, 78 Cal.App.5th at p. 468.) We will instead vacate Sloat’s sentence and
remand so that he can be resentenced under the current version of section
1170, subdivision (b). On remand, the procedures set forth in Lopez shall
apply. (See Lopez, at pp. 468–469.) Further, our remand for resentencing
triggers the full resentencing rule. (See People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th

36
857, 893 [“when part of a sentence is stricken on review, on remand for
resentencing ‘a full resentencing as to all counts is appropriate, so the trial
court can exercise its sentencing discretion in light of the changed
circumstances’ ”].)
B. Sloat Will Have the Opportunity to Object to Multiple Punishment of
Counts 2, 3, and 4 on Remand
The trial court ruled that section 654 did not apply to any of Sloat’s
offenses because he “committed several wrongful acts against one victim on
one continu[ous] occasion” and the elements of each of the five counts of
conviction “involve different operative facts.” Sloat contends this ruling was
erroneous because his conviction on count 2 (assault with intent to commit
sexual penetration or oral copulation) relied on the “exact same acts” as his
convictions on counts 3 (sexual penetration by force, fear, or threats) and 4

(oral copulation by force, fear, or threats).12

At the time of Sloat’s sentencing, former section 654, subdivision (a),13
provided in part: “An act or omission that is punishable in different ways by
different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that
provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall
the act or omission be punished under more than one provision.” Although
this provision by its terms applies only to punishment arising from the
“ ‘ “same act or omission,” ’ ” its protection “ ‘has been extended to cases in
which there are several offenses committed during “a course of conduct

12 Sloat did not object to the sentencing decision in the trial court, but this
is not a barrier to his ability to challenge it on appeal. (People v. Scott (1994)
9 Cal.4th 331, 354, fn. 17 (Scott).)

13 As we later explain, since the time of Sloat’s sentencing, section 654
has been amended by a new legislative enactment.

37
deemed to be indivisible in time.” ’ ” (People v. Hicks (1993) 6 Cal.4th 784,
789.)
“ ‘Whether a course of criminal conduct is divisible and therefore gives
rise to more than one act within the meaning of section 654 depends on the
intent and objective of the actor. If all of the offenses were incident to one
objective, the defendant may be punished for any one of such offenses but not
for more than one.’ ” (People v. Britt (2004) 32 Cal.4th 944, 951‒952; see also
id. at p. 952 [a defendant may be held to have harbored separate objectives if
the objectives were “different even if simultaneous”].)
Additionally, in sex crime cases, “[e]ven where the defendant has but
one objective—sexual gratification—section 654 will not apply unless the
crimes were either incidental to or the means by which another crime was
accomplished.” (People v. Alvarez (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 999, 1006 (Alvarez),
citing People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal.3d 545, 553; see People v. Harrison (1989)
48 Cal.3d 321, 335‒338 [section 654 did not preclude multiple punishment
where defendant committed three acts of forcible sexual penetration against
a single victim during a continuous seven- to 10-minute attack where each
repenetration was preceded by breaks in the activity]; People v. Siko (1988)
45 Cal.3d 820, 826 (Siko) [separate punishment for lewd conduct
impermissible where it was understood at trial to consist of the rape and
sodomy of which defendant was also convicted]; People v. Greer (1947) 30
Cal.2d 589, 604 [multiple punishment for both lewd and lascivious conduct
and rape precluded because the act giving rise to the lewd conduct, removal
of the victim’s underclothing, was merely incidental to the subsequent rape].)
This is because a “defendant who attempts to achieve sexual gratification by
committing a number of base criminal acts on his victim is substantially

38
more culpable than a defendant who commits only one such act.” (Perez, at
p. 553.)
As a general matter, “a trial court may base its decision under section
654 on any of the facts that are in evidence at trial, without regard to the
verdicts.” (People v. McCoy (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1333, 1340.) We review
the court’s explicit or implicit factual determinations for substantial evidence.
(Id. at p. 1338; People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 731; People v. Lopez
(2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 698, 717.) Here, however, Sloat does not contend that
substantial evidence in the record does not support the court’s sentencing
decision. Instead, he relies on a seldom-invoked rule that “where there is a
basis for identifying the specific factual basis for a verdict, a trial court
cannot find otherwise in applying section 654.” (McCoy, at p. 1339, citing
Siko, supra, 45 Cal.3d 820; see McCoy, at p. 1339 [noting the infrequency
with which this holding from Siko had been invoked].)
Sloat’s claim that the trial court erred in finding section 654 did not
apply to count 2 is based exclusively on the prosecutor’s closing arguments to
the jury about the factual basis of counts 2, 3, and 4. The prosecutor argued
to the jury that Sloat had committed count 3 (sexual penetration) and count 4

(oral copulation) by means of fear.14 She stated that “Jane Doe was afraid
when Mr. Sloat came into her room, got into her bed, placed his body against
her,” and argued Jane’s fear was reasonable because Jane was alone and
there was a substantial disparity in size between her and Sloat.

14 The jury instructions for counts 3 (sexual penetration in violation of
section 289, subdivisions (a)(1), (a)(2), and (g)) and 4 (oral copulation in
violation of section 287, subdivisions (c)(2), (c)(3), and (k)) stated each offense
is “accomplished by fear if the other person is actually and reasonably afraid
or she is actually but unreasonably afraid and the defendant knows of her
fear and takes advantage of it.” (See CALCRIM Nos. 1015, 1045.)

39
 As to count 2 (aggravated sexual assault), the prosecutor told the jury it
could infer Sloat entered Jane’s room with the intent to commit oral
copulation or sexual penetration from the fact he later committed both acts.
She explained this offense required proof of an “act that would result in the
application of force to someone.” She argued: “[W]hen he got in that bed,
when he placed his body behind her and began moving his hands along her
torso and shoulder and her chest, . . . he was touching her body and it was an
assault. In each of those he did an act that by its nature would result in the
application of force to a person.” She further argued: “He intended when he
touched her, when he climbed into the bed, placed his body behind hers,
placed his hands along her torso and her shoulders and her chest area, he
intended to commit a sexual penetration or oral copulation.”
Relying on these closing arguments, Sloat contends the prosecutor
“used the exact same acts” to prove the commission of counts 2, 3, and 4, and
that the trial court therefore erred when it found the counts were based on
different acts. In claiming section 654 was violated, Sloat principally relies
on two cases: Siko and Alvarez.
In Siko, our high court held section 654 precluded separate punishment
for defendant’s convictions of forcible lewd conduct, rape, and sodomy because
the forcible lewd conduct was understood at trial to “consist[ ] only of” the
acts of rape and sodomy. (Siko, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 823.) The People
argued the evidence at trial showed the defendant committed other acts
(twisting a handkerchief around the victim’s neck; taking off her clothes) that
supplied an independent basis for the lewd conduct conviction. (Id. at p. 825.)
The Court disagreed that separate sentencing could be upheld on the basis of
these acts. The jury’s verdict, which conformed to the charges in the
information, included a specific finding the lewd act in question was

40
“ ‘penetration of the vagina and rectum of the victim by the penis.’ ” (Id. at
p. 826.) “Thus the charging instrument and the verdict both identify the
lewd conduct as consisting of the rape and the sodomy rather than any other
act. Nor did anything in the prosecutor’s closing argument or in the court’s
instructions suggest any different emphasis.” (Ibid.)
Alvarez held, in part, that section 654 applied to two counts of forcible
lewd conduct based on two incidents in which the defendant forcibly
penetrated a child. (Alvarez, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1002‒1003.) The
defendant was also convicted of aggravated sexual assault based on the same
incidents. “As the court recognized at the time of sentencing, those two
counts of forcible lewd conduct were based on the very same acts of digital
penetration which formed the basis for the two counts of aggravated sexual
assault[.]” (Id. at p. 1007.) Since these forcible lewd acts “were the very
means by which” the aggravated sexual assaults were accomplished, the
defendant could not be punished for them more than once. (Ibid.)
Here, Sloat relies on the prosecutor’s closing argument rather than any
other aspect of the record as a means of circumscribing the universe of facts
available to support each of the offenses, on the apparent theory that in tying
each count to specific acts, the prosecutor made an election. (See People v.
Bradley (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 765, 770 [trial court could not rely for its
section 654 sentencing decision on theory the defendant entertained a specific
intent to attempt the victim’s murder where the prosecutor, by arguing the
defendant was liable as an aider and abettor of the murder under a natural
and probable consequences theory, “elected not to submit that possibility to
the jury”]; Siko, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 826 [identifying prosecutor’s closing
argument as a source from which the factual basis for jury’s lewd conduct
verdict could be determined].) In Sloat’s view, the jury’s verdict must be

41
interpreted as though it was based on the acts the prosecutor selected to
support each count. Because the prosecutor relied on “[t]he coming into the
room, getting into bed, and placing his body against Jane Doe’s . . . as
fulfilling the elements of [counts 2, 3, and 4],” the trial court erred when to
the extent it ruled these counts of conviction “involve different operative
facts.”
In their responsive brief, the People do not address whether Sloat’s
approach to demonstrating sentencing error is tenable, and they ignore his
reliance on Siko. Rather than confront Sloat’s arguments, they simply assert
that our review of the trial court’s sentencing decision is for substantial
evidence. Relying on a different holding from Alvarez than the one relied on
by Sloat, they contend the record is “entirely susceptible of the
interpretation” that Sloat touched Jane’s torso, chest, and shoulders for
reasons unrelated to accomplishing the oral copulation or sexual penetration,
such as “for the purpose of his own arousal.” (See Alvarez, supra, 178
Cal.App.4th at p. 1007 [section 654 did not preclude separate punishment of
lewd acts based on kissing, digital penetration, and forced fondling, where
the record was “entirely susceptible of the interpretation” defendant kissed
the victim for the purpose of his own arousal and not to facilitate other sexual
contact, “although that is where things ultimately led”].) Thus, whereas
Sloat claims the court’s section 654 error arose when it relied on different acts
than the acts assertedly embraced by the jury’s verdict, the People seek to
support the court’s sentencing decision on the ground Sloat, in committing
the sex crimes charged in counts 2, 3, and 4, inferably acted with different
even if simultaneous objectives.
We have concerns about deciding this issue on this record, on the basis
of these discordant arguments. Moreover, as we have mentioned, at the

42
sentencing hearing Sloat did not object to the trial court’s decision that
section 654 did not bar multiple punishment. Although his inaction does not
result in a forfeiture of the issue (Scott, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 354, fn. 17), it
does mean that the sentencing court did not have the opportunity to consider
the possible barriers to multiple punishment. And the record is devoid of any
indication the court considered the factual theory proffered by the People
here, namely that Sloat committed the aggravated sexual assault for reasons
unrelated to furthering his goal of committing the oral copulation or digital
penetration. On this record, were we to determine this factual issue for
ourselves, we would be deciding it in the first instance. We decline to do so.
As we have already discussed, the matter must be remanded for full
resentencing under section 1170, subdivision (b). In addition, effective
January 1, 2022, section 654, subdivision (a), was amended by Assembly Bill
No. 518 (2021‒2022 Reg. Sess.) to remove the requirement to impose the
longest prison term. (Stats. 2021, ch. 441, § 1.) It now provides that “An act
or omission that is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law
may be punished under either of such provisions, but in no case shall the act
or omission be punished under more than one provision.” (§ 654, subd (a).)
On remand, the parties and the trial court will have the opportunity to
address application of amended section 654. We leave it to the trial court to
make the factual determinations necessary to support its sentencing decision.
C. Sloat May Challenge the Imposition of Fines and Fees at Resentencing
Relying on Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th 1157, Sloat argues the trial
court unconstitutionally imposed certain fines and fees without first holding
a hearing as to whether he had the ability to pay them. He further argues we
should remand his case so the court can hold such a hearing and make a
determination of his ability to pay the fines and fees. At the same time, he

43
concedes he did not object to the imposition of the fines or fees, and the record
does not disclose that he requested an ability-to-pay hearing. We need not
address these contentions because this case is being remanded for full
resentencing, at which time Sloat may raise his challenge to the imposition of
fines and fees in the first instance.
DISPOSITION
The sentence is vacated. The case is remanded for resentencing
consistent with this opinion. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.

DO, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

DATO, J.

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