Courtney Chesson v. Wilbur Hah

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

________________

NO. 09-22-00416-CV
________________

COURTNEY CHESSON, Appellant

V.

WILBUR HAH, Appellee
________________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the 260th District Court
Orange County, Texas
Trial Cause No. D220291-C
________________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In this interlocutory appeal, we are asked to decide the applicability of the

Texas Citizens’ Participation Act (TCPA) to multiple causes of action arising from

a patient’s social media postings made about her physician. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. §§ 27.001–.011. The trial court failed to rule on Appellant Courtney

Chesson’s TCPA Motion to Dismiss Appellee Wilbur Hah’s claims for defamation,

business disparagement, invasion of privacy, breach of contract, and injunctive relief

within the statutory time frame, and the Motion was denied by operation of law. See
1
id. §§ 27.005(a), 27.008(a). In twelve issues, Chesson contends the trial court erred

by implicitly denying her TCPA Motion to Dismiss because: (1) the TCPA applies

to Hah’s allegations made against her; (2) once the burden of proof shifted, Hah

failed to present clear and specific evidence establishing a prima facie case for each

of his claims; and (3) even if he did establish a prima facie case, she established

affirmative defenses for those claims. For the reasons discussed below, we will

reverse the trial court’s denial of Chesson’s TCPA Motion to Dismiss and remand

for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Background

In 2020, Chesson approached Hah, a board-certified cosmetic surgeon, to

perform liposuction and a “tummy tuck” on her. As part of the preoperative process,

Chesson and Hah signed a “Contract of Reasonable Expectations.” In that document,

Chesson acknowledged that she was undergoing an elective procedure that was not

medically necessary and that she should not have unrealistic expectations. The

document also contained a provision addressing “social media and online content”

that stated, “I agree not to post any defamatory, derogatory, mean spirited, or

negative comments, reviews that is [sic] designed to damage the online reputation

regarding Dr. Hah, Dr. Chen-Hah or Beauty MDs, LLC team based on my perception

of not having my cosmetic outcome expectations met.”

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 Hah alleged that after Chesson underwent surgery, she and several other

patients began posting on social media about their experience with Hah. In August

2022, Hah sued Chesson and three other patients in separate lawsuits. He alleged

that Chesson “contractually agreed[] to refrain . . . from posting false, defamatory,

derogatory, mean-spirited or negative comments or reviews on social media

designed to damage the Plaintiff’s reputation or livelihood, or to interfere with

Plaintiff’s business relations with other patients.” Hah further alleged he provided

Chesson “with informed, elective cosmetic services within such reasonable

expectations and without any violation of the standard of care.” Hah also claimed

that in “direct violation of Defendant’s agreement,” she “published defamatory,

derogatory, mean-spirited, or negative comments or reviews on social media[.]” He

specifically claimed that Chesson “published in a website labeled ‘Botched

Cosmetic Surgeries in Orange Texas’ and ‘Local Failed Cosmetic Surgeries’ false,

defamatory, derogatory, mean-spirited and negative materials on social media,

intentionally, and with malice, designed to damage” his livelihood or reputation and

interfere with his business relations with other patients, and that “Plaintiff is the only

cosmetic surgeon in Orange, Texas.” Hah asserted claims for injunctive relief,

breach of contract, defamation, invasion of privacy, and business disparagement.

In her Original Answer, Chesson asserted a general denial and raised the

following affirmative defenses: 1) there is a lack of consideration or failure of
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consideration for the contract; 2) Chesson’s statements about Hah were true; 3) any

opinions Chesson gave about Hah are unactionable and do not support a claim for

defamation or disparagement; and 4) Chesson’s statements are protected speech and

an exercise of her right of association and are constitutionally protected by the

TCPA. In her Amended Answer, Chesson added two other affirmative defenses: 1)

that the contract was illegal or violates public policy; and 2) statements made by a

patient regarding their treatment by a physician and published for others who may

become patients are privileged and cannot be made the basis of a claim for

defamation.

Chesson filed an “Anti-SLAPP Motion to Dismiss and for Attorney’s Fees”

under the TCPA, claiming that Hah sued to “chill Defendant’s exercise of her right

to free speech[] and right of association.” Chesson supported her TCPA Motion to

Dismiss with her affidavit and those of the three other patients Hah sued, Ashley

Melton, April Gage, and Lauren Martynuik Robinson. Chesson argued the TCPA

covered Hah’s claims against her, because the communications that form the basis

of his claims occurred in connection with a matter of public concern–“the manner in

which a physician performed surgery on his patients in the Orange County area”–so,

they “relate to a matter of social or other interest to the community.” She also argued

that Hah’s lawsuit was in response to her exercising her right of association.

Specifically, she contended the supporting affidavits established that the Facebook
4
group postings Hah complained about have “a common theme and represent

statements of persons with a common interest in the results of surgery, which is

clearly a matter of public concern.”

Chesson further asserted that after she showed the TCPA applied, Hah failed

to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential

element of his claims and that she could establish an affirmative defense. In her

affidavit, Chesson averred that to the extent she discussed Hah’s treatment of her

with Melton, Gage, and Robinson, or posted materials in a Facebook Group, she did

so “in an effort to collectively express, pursue or defend our common interests

relating to the manner in which Dr. Hah has treated patients like myself and the other

three people that he has sued.” Robinson, Melton, and Gage’s affidavits contained

identical language. In her affidavit, Chesson specifically denied posting anything to

the Facebook Groups mentioned in Hah’s Petition, “Botched Surgery in Orange

Texas” and “Locally Failed Cosmetic Surgeries” except a screenshot of something

originally posted by Dr. Hah’s wife, which stated, “Her allegations were reviewed

by the Texas Medical Board who found that appropriate medical care was provided

and her complaint was without merit. The complaint was dismissed.” Chesson later

supplemented her Motion to Dismiss by attaching a corrected affidavit in which she

denied posting anything except a screenshot originally posted by Hah’s wife, but this

time included the post, “Marian Chen-Hah does that make you feel better at night
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when you close your eyes? So the medical board didn’t shut you down or slap your

wrist so you feel like you do your patience [sic] justice?” Chesson filed a Second

Supplement to the Motion to Dismiss and for Attorney’s Fees that addressed with

greater particularity why this is a matter of public concern and included counsel’s

affidavit.

Hah filed his Response to Defendant’s TCPA Motion to Dismiss and objected

to any evidence offered by Chesson or the other patients he sued to the extent they

are not experts and complained Chesson failed to present evidence of attorney’s fees.

Hah argued the TCPA does not apply, and the 2019 amendments removed “good,

product, or service in marketplace” from the definition of “matter of public concern.”

Hah characterized this case as “a private contract dispute to which the TCPA does

not apply[.]” Hah contended that Chesson contracted with him to perform elective

cosmetic services, and she agreed to refrain from posting . . . negative comments or

reviews on social media[.]” Hah alleged he performed under the contract by

completing the surgery, but Chesson breached the contract. Hah alleged that

Chesson and the three other patients “conspired” and posted “false, defamatory,

derogatory, mean-spirited or negative comments or reviews on social media

designed to damage” his reputation in breach of Chesson’s contract. Finally, he

argued that Chesson breached her contract with him by posting on social media but

only asserted that he had shown a prima facie case for his breach of contract claim
6
and did not address the essential elements for any other cause of action. Hah also

sought attorney’s fees.

Hah later filed a First Amended Response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.

Hah supported his First Amended response with the following: the “Contract of

Reasonable Expectations;” his affidavit; his Curriculum Vitae; various screenshots;

and his attorney’s affidavit and billing invoices. He asserted that during her post-

operation recovery care, Chesson experienced “infection and seromas (fluid

collections)” and that “[t]reatment for seroma is drainage” and for recurrent fluid

collection, “it is important to install a Penrose drain, to keep open the incision site

so that any residual fluid can drain out over subsequent days.” He responded that

Chesson resisted placing drains, specifically that she “refused the placement of

Penrose drains as recommended on several occasions and finally was persuaded to

accept one Penrose drain, but only after extended and difficult discussions.” Hah

also responded that Chesson “did not follow up, but chose to seek post-operative

care elsewhere against [his] advice” and “further refused any communication that

Plaintiff requested with Defendant’s other treating physicians.” He complained that

Chesson, a “newly graduated nurse practitioner” considered herself “an expert” on

VASER Liposuction but did not complete any formal surgical training for such. The

Amended Response contained the same general arguments that the TCPA did not

apply and only addressed his prima facie case for breach of contract. In his affidavit,
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Hah averred that Chesson and the other patients entered into a contract with him to

provide cosmetic services, agreeing they would “refrain from posting, false,

defamatory, derogatory, mean-spirited or negative comments or reviews on social

media designed to damage my reputation.” Hah also stated that he provided services

“within the accepted standards of medical care[.]” In his affidavit, Hah also outlined

problems that arose post-operatively for Chesson, his recommended course of

treatment, and her resistance to his recommendations. He further averred that the

four patients, including Chesson, “each conspired to post false, defamatory,

derogatory, mean-spirted, or negative comments or reviews on social media

designed to damage my reputation, as depicted in the attached, which are true and

correct copies of each’s postings on social media[.]” Finally, he averred that he did

not authorize Chesson or the three other defendants to use or publish photos or

videos of him, his exam rooms, offices, or other patients. The screenshots attached

to Hah’s First Amended Response included an exchange between unidentified

individuals, seemingly a patient and physician, regarding placement and removal of

drains that appeared to have been posted on a social media site by an unidentified

individual with the hashtags that included “#botched,” “#botchedplasticsurgery,”

and “#botchedsurgery.” The second page of screenshots again did not identify who

posted them or where they were posted, rather, the screenshots were labeled “Group

participant’s Post” and provided an account of what the patient experienced after
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surgery and what a doctor told her but did not identify the patient or physician. The

third page of screenshots also included a conversation via text message, seemingly

between a patient and physician and was labeled “Group participant’s Post” but did

not identify the patient or physician.

The trial court heard the Motions to Dismiss filed by Gage, Chesson, and

Robinson during the same hearing. Chesson argued that the TCPA applies, because

the lawsuit implicates the exercise of her right to free speech and her right of

association. She argued that once the TCPA was triggered, Hah failed to prove a

prima facie case for each essential element of his causes of action. Chesson further

argued that none of the screenshots were authenticated and that “there has not been

any identification of what the alleged defamatory comment is.” Chesson and the

other patients contended that the pleadings that should be considered were those on

file when they filed their Motions to Dismiss, which specifically claimed the

statements made in Facebook Groups were problematic, and the pleadings should

not include the complaint in Hah’s Response about TikTok posts because it was an

attempt to expand the claims. Chesson and the other patients went through each

cause of action and explained why Hah failed to make a prima facie case. Chesson

also argued that she specifically swore in her affidavit that she only posted one

comment in the Facebook groups, which was directed at Hah’s wife.

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 At the hearing, Hah sought to offer live testimony to discuss certain videos

and authenticate screenshots. Chesson and the other patients objected to any

evidence or testimony being taken at the hearing, but the trial court overruled the

objection and allowed Hah to testify during the hearing. After the hearing, Chesson

and Hah filed letter briefs with the trial court to address the 2019 amendments and

whether the TCPA applied. The trial court failed to rule on Chesson’s Motion to

Dismiss within thirty days from the date of filing, which functioned as a denial by

operation of law. See id. §§ 27.005(a), 27.008(a). This interlocutory appeal

followed. See id. §§ 27.008(b), 51.014(a)(12).

II. Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s denial of a TCPA motion to dismiss de novo. See

Adams v. Starside Custom Builders, LLC, 547 S.W.3d 890, 897 (Tex. 2018); Walker

v. Hartman, 516 S.W.3d 71, 79–80 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2017, pet. denied). We

consider the pleadings, evidence we could consider under Rule 166a, and affidavits

stating facts on which liability or any defense is based in the light most favorable to

the nonmovant. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.006(a); In re Lipsky,

460 S.W.3d 579, 587 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding); see also Dall. Morning News,

Inc. v. Hall, 579 S.W.3d 370, 377 (Tex. 2019); Push Start Indus., LLC v. Hous. Gulf

Energy Corp., No. 09-19-00290-CV, 2020 WL 7041567, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont Nov. 30, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citations omitted). We also review de
10
novo whether the parties met their burdens of proof under section 27.005 of the

TCPA. Landry’s, Inc. v. Animal Legal Defense Fund, 631 S.W.3d 40, 45–46 (Tex.

2021) (citation omitted).

III. Analysis

A. TCPA Generally

The TCPA is meant “to encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights of

persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise participate in

government to the maximum extent permitted by law and, at the same time, protect

the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for demonstrable injury.” Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.002; see also McLane Champions, LLC v. Hous.

Baseball Partners LLC, No. 21-0641, 2023 WL 4306378, at *4 (Tex. June 30, 2023)

(citations omitted). The TCPA instructs courts to liberally construe it to ensure its

stated purpose and intent are fully effectuated, but it “does not abrogate or lessen

any other defense, remedy, immunity, or privilege available under other

constitutional, statutory, case, or common law or rule provisions.” See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.011(a), (b); ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. v. Coleman, 512

S.W.3d 895, 898 (Tex. 2017) (citation omitted) (noting directive to liberally

construe). Under the TCPA, a party may move to dismiss a “legal action” that is

“based on or is in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free speech, right to

petition, or right of association[.]” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.003. The
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TCPA defines the “[e]xercise of the right of free speech” as “a communication made

in connection with a matter of public concern.” See id . § 27.001(3); see Montano v.

Cronan, No. 09-20-00232-CV, 2021 WL 2963801, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

July 15, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.).

The TCPA “provides a three-step process for the dismissal of a ‘legal action’

to which it applies.” Montelongo v. Abrea, 622 S.W.3d 290, 296 (Tex.

2021) (citing Castleman v. Internet Money Ltd., 546 S.W.3d 684, 691 (Tex.

2018)); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(b)–(d). First, the

movant bears the initial burden to show that the “legal action is based on or is in

response to[]” the movant’s exercise of: “(A) the right of free speech; (B) the right

to petition; or (C) the right of association[.]” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §

27.005(b)(1)(A)–(C). If the movant establishes that the nonmovant’s claim

implicates one of these rights, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to “‘establish[] by

clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim

in question.’” Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 587 (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. § 27.005(c)). A “prima facie case” means “evidence sufficient as a matter of

law to establish a given fact if it is not rebutted or contradicted.” Id. at 590 (citation

omitted). It is the “‘minimum quantum of evidence necessary to support a rational

inference that the allegation of fact is true.’” Id. (quoting In re E.I. DuPont de

Nemours & Co., 136 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tex. 2004)). Clear and specific evidence
12
means that the “plaintiff must provide enough detail to show the factual basis for its

claim.” Id. at 591. Finally, if the nonmovant establishes their prima facie case, the

burden shifts back to the movant to establish each essential element of an affirmative

defense by a preponderance of the evidence. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §

27.005(d); Youngkin v. Hines, 546 S.W.3d 675, 679–80 (Tex. 2018); Coleman, 512

S.W.3d at 899.

B. Issues One, Two, and Three: TCPA Applicability

In her first three issues, Chesson argues that the TCPA applies since Hah’s

lawsuit implicated her right to free speech on a matter of public concern and her

right of association. Hah responds that the 2019 TCPA amendments removed “a

good, product, or service in the marketplace” from the definition of “matter of public

concern.”

The TCPA defines the “exercise of the right of free speech” as “a

communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.” Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 27.001(3). The TCPA further defines “matter of public

concern” as:

. . . a statement or activity regarding:
(A) a public official, public figure, or other person who has drawn
substantial public attention due to the person’s official acts, fame,
notoriety, or celebrity;
(B) a matter of political, social, or other interest to the community; or
(C) a subject of concern to the public.

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Id. § 27.001(7). The 2019 amendments removed the “good, product, or service in

the marketplace” from the definition of “matter of public concern,” but the current

version of the statute includes “a statement or activity regarding . . . a matter of . . .

other interest to the community; or . . . a subject of concern to the public.” Act of

May 20, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 378, § 1, 2019 Tex. Gen. Laws 684, 684 (current

version at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.001(7)); see also McLane

Champions, 2023 WL 4306378, at *5 (discussing 2019 amendments and changes to

definition of “matter of public concern”). “The phrase ‘matter of public concern’

commonly refers to matters ‘of political, social, or other concern to the community,’

and a subject of general interest and of value and concern to the public, as opposed

to purely private matters.” Creative Oil & Gas, LLC v. Lona Hills Ranch, LLC, 591

S.W.3d 127, 135 (Tex. 2019) (quoting Brady v. Klentzman, 515 S.W.3d 878, 884

(Tex. 2017)); Montano, 2021 WL 2963801, at *4. Statements related to a physician’s

“professional competence and fitness to practice medicine” is “a subject matter that

has consistently been recognized by Texas courts as a matter of public concern.”

Rockman v. Ob Hospitalist Grp., Inc., No. 01-21-00383-CV, 2023 WL 3311548, at

*12 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 9, 2023, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (citing

Lippincott v. Whisenhunt, 462 S.W.3d 507, 510 (Tex. 2015)) (other citations

omitted). As the Texas Supreme Court recently clarified, “under the TCPA, the

communication on which the suit is based must have some relevance to the public
14
audience[,]” and “the ‘connection’ between the communication and the matter of

public concern must exist when the communication is made.” McLane Champions,

2023 WL 4306378, at *7.

The record before us shows that the complained-of posts within the Facebook

Groups were directed to a local community where Hah practiced medicine, although

Chesson expressly averred the only thing she posted in these specific Groups

pertained to Hah’s wife. Hah complained that the titles of the social media groups of

“Botched in Orange, Texas” and “Local Failed Cosmetic Surgeries” made clear what

the subject matter would be. The posts in these groups included those from patients

outlining their surgical experiences with Hah. Other courts have determined that

publishing disparaging comments about a medical practice is a communication that

constitutes “a matter of public concern.” See San Angelo Cmty. Med. Ctr., LLC v.

Leon, No. 03-19-00229-CV, 2021 WL 1680194, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 29,

2021, pet. filed) (mem. op.) (citations omitted) (concluding disparaging comments

about medical practice was a matter of public concern); Memorial Hermann Health

Sys. v. Khalil, No. 01-16-00512-CV, 2017 WL 3389645, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Aug. 8, 2017, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g) (mem. op.) (applying language

in prior version of statute and concluding that comments about healthcare

professional’s competence were a matter of public concern); see also Lippincott, 462

S.W.3d at 510 (applying prior version of statute and concluding statements about a
15
healthcare professional’s competence related to matter of public concern under the

TCPA). That people visited the Facebook groups labeled “Botched Cosmetic

Surgeries in Orange Texas” and “Local Failed Cosmetic Surgeries” indicate the

posts were of “interest to the community” or “a subject of concern to the public.”

See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.001(7)(B), (C). Any such posts or

discussions did not simply address private business negotiations in an arms-length

transaction, rather they outlined their negative experiences with a local surgeon,

referenced the alleged substandard quality of a healthcare professional’s treatment

of patients, and were made for reasons that relate to public health and safety, and

were made to a public audience. See McLane Champions, 2023 WL 4306378, at *7.

As such, the posts involved a “matter of public concern,” and thus implicated

Chesson’s right of free speech. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.001(3).

Hah’s primary complaint about Chesson and the other patients seems to be

that she posted “mean-spirited or negative comments or reviews on social media.”

Further, notwithstanding certain enumerated exemptions, the TCPA applies to “a

legal action against a person related to the communication, gathering, receiving,

posting, or processing of consumer opinions or commentary, evaluations of

consumer complaints, or reviews or ratings of businesses.” Id. § 27.010(b)(2).

Although Chesson specifically denied that she posted material on the Facebook

Groups, Hah identified in his Petition except one that pertained to his wife, the
16
screenshots attributed to “Group participant’s Post” discussed surgical services Hah

provided and his treatment of patients. And Chesson commented about her

experience with those services. Although the screenshot does not identify the doctor

or patient, this is a post that Hah attributed to Chesson, and his legal action against

her was related to the “posting . . . of consumer opinions or commentary[.]” See id.

We conclude the TCPA applies to Hah’s legal action against Chesson as it

involved the exercise of her right to speech and was related to the “posting . . . of

consumer opinions or commentary[.]” See id. §§ 27.003(a), 27.010(b)(2). We sustain

issue one. Based on our resolution of issue one, we need not address issues two and

three. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (requiring appellate court to hand down a written

opinion as brief as practicable but addressing all issues necessary to final disposition

of the appeal).

C. Issues Four through Eight: Prima Facie Case for Each Cause of Action

In issues four through eight, Chesson argues that Hah failed to establish by

clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each of his causes of action. As

part of her argument that Hah failed to meet his prima facie burden, Chesson

contends that the trial court should not have permitted live testimony at the hearing.

Having concluded that the TCPA applies to Hah’s legal action against Chesson, we

now turn to whether Hah met his burden to establish a prima facie case for each

17
essential element of his causes of action by clear and specific evidence. See Lipsky,

460 S.W.3d at 587; see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(c).

1. Evidentiary Matters: Hearing and Live Testimony

We first address the scope of the evidence we are reviewing since Chesson

challenged Hah’s live testimony at the hearing. Prior to 2019, the courts of appeals

were split regarding whether live testimony could be considered during a TCPA

motion to dismiss hearing. Compare Batra v. Covenant Health Sys., 562 S.W.3d

696, 707 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2018, pet. denied) (“In addition to consideration of

the pleadings and affidavits, a trial court may, but is not required to, hear live

testimony and receive the submission of documentary evidence.”), with Quintanilla

v. West, 534 S.W.3d 34, 42 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017), rev’d on other

grounds, 573 S.W.3d 237 (Tex. 2019) (explaining that “[t]he trial court does not

hear live testimony” when considering a TCPA motion to dismiss), ; see also

Heavenly Homes of S. Tex., LLC v. Infinity Custom Constr., LLC, No. 13-21-00298-

CV, 2022 WL 2069232, at *7 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg June 9, 2022,

no pet.) (mem. op.) (discussing split in authority regarding live hearing testimony

under prior TCPA version). The 2019 amendments authorized consideration of

evidence similar to that considered in a summary-judgment context, and section

27.006(a) currently states:

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 In determining whether a legal action is subject to or should be
dismissed under this chapter, the court shall consider the pleadings,
evidence a court could consider under Rule 166a, Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure, and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts on
which the liability or defense is based.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.006(a). Rule 166a(c) expressly

provides that “[n]o oral testimony shall be received at the hearing.” Tex. R. Civ. P.

166a(c). The Texas Supreme Court has explained that Rule 166a allows only certain

forms of evidence, and “oral testimony cannot be adduced in support of or opposition

to a motion for summary judgment[.]” Martin v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc.,

989 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam) (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c)).

Further, live testimony is not included within the enumerated evidence in section

27.006. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.006(a). Accordingly, like our

sister courts, we conclude the TCPA as amended in 2019, like Rule 166a, does not

permit the consideration of live testimony on the merits of a TCPA motion to

dismiss. See Garcia v. Semler, 663 S.W.3d 270, 277 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2022, no

pet.); Heavenly Homes, 2022 WL 2069232, at *7; Kadow v. Grauerholz, No. 02-20-

00044-CV, 2021 WL 733302, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 25, 2021, no pet.)

(mem. op.). Therefore, because the appellants preserved their right to complain that

the trial court erred in considering oral testimony in a hearing on a TCPA motion to

dismiss, we will not consider the oral testimony the trial court admitted at the hearing

in our analysis.
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 2. Issue Four: Business Disparagement

In issue four, Chesson asserts that Hah failed to meet his burden of

establishing a prima facie case for his business disparagement claim. “The torts of

defamation and business disparagement are alike in that ‘both involve harm from the

publication of false information.’” Innovative Block of S. Tex., Ltd. v. Valley Builders

Supply, Inc., 603 S.W.3d 409, 417 (Tex. 2020) (quoting Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 591).

A notable distinction is that “[d]efamation serves to protect one’s interest in

character and reputation, whereas disparagement protects economic interests by

providing a remedy for pecuniary losses from slurs affecting the marketability of

goods and services.” Id. (citation omitted). “The publication of a disparaging

statement concerning the product of another is actionable when (1) the statement is

false, (2) published with malice, (3) with the intent that the publication caused

pecuniary loss or the reasonable recognition that it will, and (4) pecuniary loss does

in fact result.” Id. at 417 (citing Forbes, Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124

S.W.3d 167, 170 (Tex. 2003)).

In examining the pleadings and evidence the trial court could consider under

Rule 166a, we note that Hah identifies no statements in his Original Petition that

Chesson made as the basis of his business disparagement claim. In his Response and

Amended Response to Chesson’s TCPA Motion to Dismiss, while he attached
20
screenshots and photographs, Hah does not address the essential elements of his

business disparagement claim or how any of Chesson’s purported statements on

social media supported that cause of action. Rather, he focuses solely on his breach

of contract cause of action.

Hah complained in his Response and Amended Response that Chesson did

not offer expert testimony to opine that Hah acted below the standard of care. If

Chesson had filed a medical malpractice claim, we agree that Chesson would be

required to comply with the Texas Medical Liability Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. §§ 74.001–.507. However, Chesson has not sued Hah for medical

malpractice in this matter. Rather, Hah sued Chesson for the claims as outlined

above. As we have explained above, the TCPA applies, and Hah has the burden to

show a prima facie case for his business disparagement cause of action by clear and

specific evidence. See id. § 27.005(b)–(c); Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 590–92. Hah has

failed to allege or state how he suffered a pecuniary loss in his Responses or provide

any evidence of a pecuniary loss. See Innovative Block, 603 S.W.3d at 417 (including

resulting pecuniary loss as a requisite element of business disparagement). Hah

failed to establish a sufficient causal connection between any challenged statement

Chesson made and any particular loss. See Landry’s, Inc., 631 S.W.3d at 54 (noting

same in the context of business disparagement claim and concluding party failed to

meet its burden of establishing prima facie case). Since business disparagement is
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solely concerned with economic harm, “proof of special damages is ‘a fundamental

element of the tort.’” Innovative Block, 603 S.W.3d at 417 (quoting Waste Mgmt. of

Tex., Inc. v. Tex. Disposal Sys. Landfill, Inc., 434 S.W.3d 142, 155 (Tex. 2014)). His

affidavit did not state any specific damages that he sustained because of Chesson’s

postings. See Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 592–93 (concluding that general averments that

non-movant “suffered direct pecuniary and economic losses” absent facts illustrating

how defendant’s remarks caused the losses were insufficient to meet the TCPA

requirement of clear and specific evidence of damages); Camp v. Patterson, No. 03-

16-00733-CV, 2017 WL 3378904, at *7 (Tex. App.―Austin 2017).

We conclude that Hah failed to establish a prima facie case of his business

disparagement claim by clear and specific evidence. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 27.005(c); Innovative Block, 603 S.W.3d at 417; Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d

at 592–93. We sustain issue four.

3. Issue Five: Defamation

Chesson argues in issue five that Hah failed to meet his burden to establish a

prima facie case for his defamation claim. For a defamation claim, a plaintiff must

show (1) the defendant published a false statement of fact to a third party, (2) that

was defamatory concerning the plaintiff, (3) with the required degree of fault, at least

amounting to negligence, and (4) in some cases, damages. Innovative Block, 603

S.W.3d at 417 (citing Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 593). “A defamatory statement is one
22
that ‘tends [] to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of

the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him.’” Id.

(quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 559 (AM. LAW INST. 1977)) (other

citation omitted).

On appeal, Hah contends for the first time that Chesson’s statements

constituted defamation per se, and as such, Hah had no obligation to show proof of

damages. A party seeking to recover on a defamation claim must plead and prove

damages, unless the defamatory statements are defamatory per se. Lipsky, 460

S.W.3d at 593. “A statement constitutes defamation per se if it ‘injures a person in

his office, profession, or occupation.’” Hancock v. Variyam, 400 S.W.3d 59, 66

(Tex. 2013) (quoting Tex. Disposal Sys. Landfill, Inc. v. Waste Mgmt. Holdings,

Inc., 219 S.W.3d 563, 581 (Tex. App.–Austin 2007, pet. denied)). “Historically in

Texas, defamation per se claims allow the jury to presume the existence of

general damages without proof of actual injury.” Id. at 65 (citations omitted). “In a

defamation case that implicates the TCPA, pleadings and evidence that establishes

the facts of when, where, and what was said, the defamatory nature of the statements,

and how they damaged the plaintiff should be sufficient to resist a TCPA motion to

dismiss.” Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 591. Defamation per se refers to statements that are

so obviously harmful that general damages may be presumed. Id. Whether a

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statement is defamatory per se is generally a question of law. See Lipsky, 460

S.W.3d at 596.

Like his business disparagement claim, Hah failed to substantively address

the essential elements of his defamation cause of action in his Responses to

Chesson’s TCPA Motion to Dismiss. While he generally attached screenshots of

Chesson’s social media posts to his Response, he did not explain which of these

statements were defamatory, the defamatory nature of the statements, or specify how

Chesson’s statements damaged him. See id.

More importantly, in the trial court, Hah did not raise or argue in his responses

or in his affidavit that any particular statements constitute defamation per se. Rather,

in his Responses, Hah confined his argument to his breach of contract cause of action

and asserted he “has met his burden to establish by clear and specific evidence a

prima facie case for each element of his breach of contract claim against Defendant

that Defendant did not attempt to establish a valid defense to the claim.” However,

“[T]he TCPA requires that on motion the plaintiff present ‘clear and specific

evidence’ of ‘each essential element[,]’” which Hah failed to provide. See id. at 590.

While it is generally true that defamation per se does not require proof of damages,

in the absence of “pleadings and evidence that establishes the facts of when, where,

and what was said, the defamatory nature of the statements, and how they were

damaged,” Hah cannot avoid dismissal. See id. at 591; see also Bedford v. Spassoff,
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520 S.W.3d 901, 904 (Tex. 2017). We conclude Hah failed to establish a prima facie

case for each element of his defamation claim by clear and specific evidence. See

Bedford, 520 S.W.3d at 904; Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 591; see also Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(c). We sustain issue five.

4. Issue Six: Invasion of Privacy

In issue six, Chesson argues that Hah failed to meet his burden of establishing

a prima facie case for each element of his invasion of privacy claim. Hah counters

that “a fact issue exists as to whether Appellee suffered direct damages as a result

thereof by way of Appellant linking his image to the defamatory posts complained

of.” Hah also contends on appeal that “‘[i]nvasion of privacy’ can include

‘misappropriation’ that involves using another[] person’s name or likeness without

their permission.”

In Texas, the recognized types of invasion of privacy include: (1) intrusion

upon seclusion or solitude or into one’s private affairs; (2) public disclosure of

embarrassing private facts; and (3) wrongful appropriation of name or

likeness. See Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d 577, 578 (Tex. 1994) (outlining

cases recognizing each type of privacy right); Doggett v. Travis Law Firm, P.C., 555

S.W.3d 127, 130 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied). “Name

misappropriation is a species of invasion of privacy, and Texas law applies a very

restrictive interpretation of the tort.” Cardiovascular Provider Res. Inc. v. Gottlich,
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No. 05-13-01763-CV, 2015 WL 4914725, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 18, 2015,

pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citation omitted). Elements of a misappropriation claim are:

1) the defendant appropriated the plaintiff’s name or likeness for the value associated

with it, and not in an incidental manner or for a newsworthy purpose; 2) the plaintiff

can be identified from the publication; and 3) there was some advantage or benefit

to the defendant. Watson v. Talia Heights, LLC, 566 S.W.3d 326, 329 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (citations omitted). Texas law protects the value

associated with the name, rather than the name per se. See id. at 330; see also Express

One Int’l Inc. v. Steinbeck, 53 S.W.3d 895, 900 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, no pet.)

(citation omitted).

As explained in issues five and six, the question is whether Hah presented

clear and specific evidence of each essential element for his invasion of privacy

claim–not whether a fact issue exists. See Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 590. Hah likewise

failed to address the essential elements of an invasion of privacy misappropriation

claim. Other than summarily averring in his affidavit and Responses to the Motion

to Dismiss that he did not authorize Chesson to use or publish his likeness,

photographs, or videos of him, his offices, or other patients, Hah did not explain how

his evidence satisfied each of the requisite elements of this claim. See Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(c). Although the screenshots attached to Hah’s

Responses showed that the other patients may have used Hah’s image, Hah failed to
26
show that Chesson appropriated his image to take advantage of the value associated

with Hah’s name or image. See, e.g., United Locating Services, LLC v. Fobbs, 619

S.W.3d 863, 872–73 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2021, no pet.) (explaining

that plaintiffs failed to show the value associated with their names and concluding

they failed to establish “by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for the first

essential element of their Name Appropriation Claims”); see also Watson, 566

S.W.3d at 331 (explaining in no evidence summary-judgment context that plaintiff

was required “to produce evidence showing that his name was misappropriated to

take advantage of his reputation, prestige, or other values[]”). Hah therefore has also

failed to establish a prima facie case for each requisite element of his

misappropriation invasion of privacy claim by clear and specific evidence. See Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(c); Watson, 566 S.W.3d at 329; see also

Fobbs, 619 S.W.3d at 872–73. We sustain issue six.

5. Issue Seven: Breach of Contract

In issue seven, Chesson argues that Hah failed to make a prima facie case for

his breach of contract claim by clear and specific evidence. Chesson specifically

challenges the contract’s validity and contends that Hah failed to provide evidence

of damages proximately caused by Chesson’s breach.

Once Chesson showed the TCPA applied to Hah’s claim, Hah needed to

establish “by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential
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element” of his breach of contract claim. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §

27.005(c); S & S Emergency Training Solutions, Inc. v. Elliott, 564 S.W.3d 843, 847

(Tex. 2018) (noting second step of analysis after TCPA applicability is whether non-

movant established by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case of each

essential element of its breach-of-contract claim). The essential elements of a breach

of contract cause of action are: “(1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) the plaintiff

performed or tendered performance as the contract required; (3) the defendant

breached the contract by failing to perform or tender performance as the contract

required; and (4) the plaintiff sustained damages as a result of the breach.” USAA

Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 501 n.21 (Tex. 2018) (citations

omitted).

Assuming without deciding the “Contract of Reasonable Expectations”

Chesson signed constituted a valid contract, Hah must still establish damages caused

by Chesson’s alleged breach. See id.; see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §

27.005(c). Hah pleaded in his Petition that as a result of Chesson’s breach, he “has

suffered and continues to suffer actual damages” and generally averred in his

affidavit that Chesson posted “false, defamatory, derogatory or mean-spirited or

negative comments or reviews on social media designed to damage my reputation[.]”

Hah’s pleading and affidavit alleging he has been damaged is conclusory and not

“clear and specific evidence” of particularized harm. See Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 592–
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93 (explaining that general averment of economic losses failed to satisfy TCPA’s

minimum requirements); Gensetix, Inc. v. Baylor Coll. of Med., 616 S.W.3d 630,

647 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. dism’d) (noting same). Since Hah

failed to provide “clear and specific evidence” of damages, Hah failed to establish a

prima facie case for his breach of contract claim. See Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 590,

592–93; Gensetix, Inc., 616 S.W.3d at 647; see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. § 27.005(c). We sustain issue seven.

6. Issue Eight: Injunctive Relief

In issue eight, Chesson contends that Hah cannot establish his entitlement to

injunctive relief and has not attempted to. She also contends that it is “linked to one

or more causes of action[,]” which all fail, so the claim for injunctive relief fails.

“[T]he TCPA does not allow a request for injunctive relief to be separately

challenged when it is linked to a cause of action.” See Cavin v. Abbott, 613 S.W.3d

168, 171 (Tex. App.—Austin 2020, pet. denied) (citations omitted). Hah concedes

in his brief that his request for injunctive relief “is not an independent cause of action

but is rather ancillary to Appellant’s other claims.” Having determined he failed to

make a prima facie case for his other claims, we decline to address this separately

from his other causes of action. See id.; see also Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

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D. Issues Nine through Twelve: Affirmative Defenses

In issues nine through twelve, Chesson asserts she established affirmative

defenses to Hah’s claims. Considering our conclusion that Hah failed to meet his

burden of establishing a prima facie case for the essential elements of each of his

causes of action by clear and specific evidence, the burden did not shift back to

Chesson to establish affirmative defenses. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §

27.005(c)–(d); Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 679–80 (discussing TCPA’s burden

shifting); Coleman, 512 S.W.3d at 899 (same). Accordingly, we need not address

Chesson’s remaining issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

IV. Conclusion

To summarize, we conclude that Chesson met her initial burden to show that

Hah’s claims against her fall within the TCPA. Therefore, the burden shifted to Hah

to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential

element of his claims. Hah failed to establish a prima facie case for his defamation,

business disparagement, invasion of privacy, and breach of contract claims, and his

claim for injunctive relief was derivative of those claims. We hold the trial court

erred by denying Chesson’s TCPA Motion to Dismiss. We reverse the trial court’s

denial of Chesson’s TCPA Motion to Dismiss, remand the case to the trial court so

that it can enter a judgment dismissing Hah’s defamation, business disparagement,

invasion of privacy, breach of contract, and injunctive relief claims, and instruct the
30
trial court to award Chesson reasonable attorney’s fees, costs, and other expenses

incurred as allowed under the TCPA. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§

27.005, 27.009(a); River Plantation Cmty. Improvement Ass’n v. River Plantation

Props., LLC, No. 09-17-00451-CV, 2018 WL 4120252, at *7 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont Aug. 30, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (remanding for entry of judgment

dismissing causes of action and award of attorney’s fees).

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

________________________________
W. SCOTT GOLEMON
Chief Justice

Submitted on June 16, 2023
Opinion Delivered August 10, 2023

Before Golemon, C.J., Johnson and Wright, JJ.

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