If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
WATERWORKS PHYSICAL THERAPY, PC, UNPUBLISHED
August 17, 2023
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 361864
Wayne Circuit Court
AUTO CLUB GROUP INSURANCE COMPANY, LC No. 22-004612-AV
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and CAVANAGH and MARKEY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff, Waterworks Physical Therapy, PC, brought this healthcare provider’s action in
district court against defendant, Auto Club Group Insurance Company, for recovery of personal
protection insurance (PIP) benefits under the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq. Defendant moved
for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(4) (lack of subject-matter jurisdiction), (C)(8)
(failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted), and (C)(10) (no genuine issue of material
fact), arguing that the court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because defendant had previously
denied benefits after conducting a utilization review under MCL 500.3157a, and plaintiff failed to
appeal that determination to the Department of Insurance and Financial Services (DIFS) before
bringing this action in court. The district court denied defendant’s motion. Defendant then filed
an interlocutory application for leave to appeal the district court’s order to the circuit court, which
denied the application. This Court thereafter granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal.
We affirm the district court’s decision.
I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Plaintiff provided physical therapy services to defendant’s insured for injuries the insured
sustained in a motor vehicle accident. After conducting a utilization review of plaintiff’s
treatments under MCL 500.3157a, defendant determined that the number of treatments exceeded
recommended guidelines for patients with the insured’s condition. Defendant concluded that
plaintiff failed to establish the insured’s continued need for services and discontinued payment of
PIP benefits.
-1-
Plaintiff thereafter filed this provider’s action in district court, pursuant to MCL 500.3112,
for recovery of PIP benefits. Defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(4),
(C)(8), and (C)(10). Defendant argued that because it denied benefits after conducting a utilization
review of plaintiff’s claim, MCL 500.3157a(5) required plaintiff to appeal that adverse decision to
DIFS before filing a judicial action for recovery of benefits. Defendant asserted that plaintiff’s
failure to exhaust its administrative remedies deprived the court of subject-matter jurisdiction. The
district court denied defendant’s motion, holding that an administrative appeal under MCL
500.3157a(5) was not mandatory. Defendant applied to the circuit court for leave to review the
district court’s order, but the circuit court denied defendant’s application. This Court thereafter
granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal. Waterworks Physical Therapy PC v Auto Club
Group Ins Co, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered September 12, 2022 (Docket
No. 361864).
II. ANALYSIS
This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision regarding a motion for summary
disposition. Broz v Plante & Moran, PLLC, 331 Mich App 39, 45; 951 NW2d 64 (2020).
Summary disposition is appropriate under MCR 2.116(C)(4) when a trial court lacks subject-
matter jurisdiction. McKenzie v Dep’t of Corrections, 332 Mich App 289, 296; 957 NW2d 341
(2020). “When viewing a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(4), this Court must determine whether the
pleadings demonstrate that the defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law, or whether
the affidavits and other proofs show that there was no genuine issue of material fact.”1 Weishuhn
v Catholic Diocese of Lansing, 279 Mich App 150, 155; 756 NW2d 483 (2008) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). Issues concerning the interpretation of a statute present questions of law,
which are reviewed de novo. Sherman v City of St Joseph, 332 Mich App 626, 632; 957 NW2d
838 (2020). “The primary goal when interpreting a statute is to discern the intent of the Legislature
by focusing on the most ‘reliable evidence’ of that intent, the language of the statute itself.”
Fairley v Dep’t of Corrections, 497 Mich 290, 296-297; 871 NW2d 129 (2015) (citation omitted).
At issue in this case are MCL 500.3112 and MCL 500.3157a, which were enacted by 2019
PA 21, as part of a package of amendments to the no-fault act. MCL 500.3112 permits a healthcare
provider to “make a claim and assert a direct cause of action against an insurer . . . to recover
overdue [PIP] benefits payable for charges for products, services, or accommodations provided to
an injured person.” MCL 500.3157a permits an insurer to conduct a “utilization review” to
determine whether a provider’s services, treatments, and products are appropriate for a patient with
symptoms such as the insured’s. “Utilization review” is defined as “the initial evaluation by an
insurer . . . of the appropriateness in terms of both the level and the quality of treatment . . . based
on medically accepted standards.” MCL 500.3157a(6). Of significance to this case is MCL
1
Although defendant also moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10),
all of defendant’s arguments are premised on its claim that the trial court lacked subject-matter
jurisdiction because plaintiff did not pursue an appeal to DIFS under MCL 500.3157a(5).
Defendant does not present separate arguments in support of summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(8) or (C)(10).
-2-
500.3157a(5), which provides a mechanism for appealing an insurer’s utilization review decision
to DIFS.
The issue presented in this appeal is whether a healthcare provider is required to
administratively appeal an adverse utilization review decision to DIFS before bringing an action
in circuit court for recovery of PIP benefits. This Court recently decided this identical issue in
True Care Physical Therapy, PLLC v Auto Club Group Ins Co, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___
(2023) (Docket No. 362094), and held that “the administrative appeal provided by MCL
500.3157a(5) . . . [is] permissive, not mandatory,” and therefore, a healthcare provider may “file
suit under MCL 500.3112 without exhausting the permissive, nonexclusive administrative
appeal.” Id. at ___; slip op at 11. This Court’s decision in True Care Physical Therapy is
dispositive of the instant appeal.
In True Care Physical Therapy, this Court discussed the legislative history related to the
no-fault utilization review procedure in MCL 500.3157a, explaining:
The no-fault act is Michigan’s statutory framework for insurance coverage,
compensation, and dispute resolution related to motor vehicle accidents. See MCL
500.3101 et seq. Its goals are to provide individuals injured in motor vehicle
accidents with assured, adequate, and prompt recovery, minimize administrative
delays and factual disputes, and moderate the costs to the individual and to the
system. Spectrum Health Hosp v Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co of Mich, 333 Mich App
457, 479-480; 960 NW2d 186 (2020). In June 2019, our Legislature passed
comprehensive reforms to the no-fault act. Two of those reforms are at issue in this
case: (1) amendments that allow insurers to conduct a utilization review, see MCL
500.3157a; and (2) amendments that provide healthcare providers with a direct
cause of action against insurers for the collection of PIP benefits, see MCL
500.3112. [True Care Physical Therapy, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 5.]
MCL 500.3157a(1)(a) provides that a healthcare provider “is considered to have agreed”
that it will “[s]ubmit necessary records and other information concerning treatment, products,
services, or accommodations provided for utilization review under this section.” The provider also
“is considered to have agreed” to “[c]omply with any decision of the department under this
section.” MCL 500.3157a(1)(b). DIFS is required to promulgate rules under the APA to
“[e]stablish criteria or standards for utilization review that identify utilization of treatment . . .
above the usual range of utilization for the treatment . . . based on medically accepted standards.”
MCL 500.3157a(3)(a). DIFS also is required to “[p]rovide procedures related to utilization
review,” including procedures for appealing determinations. MCL 500.3157a(3)(b)(iii). If the
insurer finds that the provider’s treatments “are longer in duration than, are more frequent than, or
extend over a greater number of days than the treatment . . . usually require[s] for the diagnosis or
condition for which the patient is being treated,” the insurer may require the provider “to explain
the necessity or indication for the treatment . . . in writing under the procedures provided under
subsection (3).” MCL 500.3157a(4). At issue in this appeal is MCL 500.3157a(5), which states:
If an insurer or the association created under section 3104 determines that a
physician, hospital, clinic, or other person overutilized or otherwise rendered or
ordered inappropriate treatment, products, services, or accommodations, or that the
cost of the treatment, products, services, or accommodations was inappropriate
-3-
under this chapter, the physician, hospital, clinic, or other person may appeal the
determination to the department under the procedures provided under subsection
(3). [Emphasis added.]
Mich Admin Code, R 500.61-500.69, prescribes procedures for utilization reviews. Rule 500.65
governs appeals to the DIFS. Rule 500.65(1) provides:
A provider may appeal a determination made by an insurer or the
association. The appeal must be filed within 90 days of the date of the disputed
determination and must be made on a form prescribed by the department.
[Emphasis added.]
In True Care Physical Therapy, the plaintiff physical therapy facility provided ongoing
services to the insured over a two-year period. True Care Physical Therapy, ___ Mich App at
___; slip op at 1. The defendant no-fault insurer discontinued paying for the treatments after it
conducted a utilization review. “The utilization review concluded that True Care’s treatment
exceeded the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM)
guidelines’ recommendations for the frequency and duration of treatment for injuries” such as the
insured’s. Id. at ___; slip op at 2. The defendant issued explanation of benefit statements to the
plaintiff indicating that the plaintiff could submit an appeal “to the Department of Insurance and
Financial Services pursuant to Utilization Review Rule 500.65,” but the plaintiff did not appeal
the utilization review decision. Id. at ___; slip op at 2. The plaintiff filed a complaint against the
defendant in circuit court, alleging that the defendant breached its contractual obligation to pay
PIP benefits for the insured’s treatment. This Court summarized the trial court proceedings as
follows:
All of Auto Club’s arguments stemmed from its core position that MCL 500.3157a
of the no-fault act and Rule 500.65 of the Michigan Administrative Code required
True Care to appeal to the DIFS before filing suit. True Care responded, arguing
that it had a valid enforceable assignment of PIP benefits from [the insured], and
that MCL 500.3112 of the no-fault act explicitly granted it the right to pursue a
direct cause of action against the insurer in the trial court. An administrative appeal
to the DIFS was not mandatory, True Care insisted, and that if it were, that rule
would conflict with other portions of the no-fault act, including MCL 500.3112,
500.3142, and 500.3145. [True Care Physical Therapy, ___ Mich App at ___; slip
op at 2-3.]
This Court noted that although the defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(4), (C)(8), and (C)(10), Subrule (C)(4) was the only pertinent subrule because the
primary issue was whether the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction. The defendant insurer
did not present a meaningful argument regarding MCR 2.116(C)(8) or (C)(10). Id. at ___; slip op
at 4 n 4. This Court concluded that “the unambiguous language of MCL 500.3157a(5), its related
regulations, and MCL 500.3112 compel a conclusion that the administrative appeal provided under
MCL 500.3157(a)(5) and Rule 500.65 is permissive, not mandatory.” Id. at ___; slip op at 6. This
Court stated that the phrase in MCL 500.3157a(5), that the provider “ ‘may appeal the
determination’ to the DIFS” indicated “that both the Legislature and the DIFS intended subsection
3157a(5) and Rule 500.65 to provide an alternative and discretionary way to appeal a utilization
-4-
review determination to the DIFS, not an exclusive or mandatory method for challenging denial
of benefits.” True Care Physical Therapy, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 7. This Court rejected
the defendant’s argument that “may” should be construed as “shall” or “must.” Id. This Court
further concluded that the Legislature in MCL 500.3112 “did not use language expressing an intent
to grant the DIFS exclusive jurisdiction.” True Care Physical Therapy, ___ Mich App at ___; slip
op at 10. Accordingly, the plaintiff healthcare provider “remained free to pursue its action in
circuit court without exhausting this permissive administrative process.” Id.
The instant case is not materially distinguishable from True Care Physical Therapy. This
Court’s analysis in True Care Physical Therapy is equally applicable to this case and compels the
conclusion that the district court correctly ruled that the appeal procedure in MCL 500.3157a is
voluntary, not mandatory. Therefore, the district court did not err by denying defendant’s motion
for summary disposition.
Defendant raises additional arguments that its interpretation of MCL 500.3157a(5) is
consistent with the Legislature’s intentions in reforming the no-fault system with the 2019
statutory amendments. Defendant argues that a provider’s right to bring a direct action against a
no-fault insured is a right created by statute, and therefore is subject to the Legislature’s statutory
scheme for pursuing remedies. Defendant offers an analysis disputing plaintiff’s argument that a
mandatory administrative appeal under § 3157a(5) conflicts with a provider’s right to bring a direct
action against a no-fault insurer under § 3112. These arguments do not undermine this Court’s
analysis of the statutory language in True Care Physical Therapy. In interpreting a statute, this
Court “must give effect to every word, phrase, and clause in a statute, to avoid rendering any part
of the statute nugatory or surplusage.” SBC Health Midwest, Inc v City of Kentwood, 500 Mich
65, 71; 894 NW2d 535 (2017). “Judicial construction is not permitted when the language is clear
and unambiguous.” Barrow v Detroit Election Comm, 301 Mich App 404, 414; 836 NW2d 498
(2013). “Courts apply unambiguous statutes as written.” Id. In True Care Physical Therapy, this
Court concluded that the language of MCL 500.3157a(5) and Rule 500.65 plainly state that the
DIFS appeal process is voluntary, not mandatory. Because defendant’s arguments look beyond
the statutory language to infer that the Legislature must have intended a meaning different from
the meaning expressed by the statute’s plain language, we must reject those arguments.
Affirmed.
/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Jane E. Markey
-5-