(dissenting). 1981 PA 194 increased from 5% to 12% per annum the interest on workers’ compensation benefits payable pursuant to an award of a hearing referee, the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board, or a court. This Court has granted rehearing1 on the question whether and to what extent workers’ compensation weekly payments that were due and payable before, on, or after January 1, 1982, the effective date of Act 194, bear interest at the higher rate.
In its opinion on the original submission of this cause, the majority stated that "we conclude that where an employer pays compensation pursuant to an award of a hearing referee, the WCAB, or a court which is entered after January 1, 1982, interest shall be paid at 12% from the date each payment was due”. Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, 419 Mich 1, 15; 345 NW2d 184 (1984). (Emphasis supplied.) Read literally, this would have meant *37that, even after January 1, 1982, interest would accrue on a pre-January 1, 1982 award at 5%.2
The majority now modifies its earlier opinion to eliminate the limitation that the higher interest rate is payable only if the award is entered on or after January 1, 1982, and substitutes a "limitation” that the higher interest rate is payable only if the award is paid after January 1, 1982. However, because Act 194 was approved December 30, 1981, only two days before the January 1, 1982 effective date,3 the majority’s construction makes the higher interest rate fully retroactive in every pending case. The specific January 1, 1982 effective date thus becomes no limitation at all.
We adhere to the view that interest accrues at the higher rate on and after, but not before, *38January 1, 1982, on weekly payments of workers’ compensation that became or become due before, on, or after January 1, 1982, without regard to the date of award or payment.4 We therefore agree with the Court’s modification of its earlier opinion insofar as it eliminates the limitation in its opinion on the original submission based on the date of the award, but disagree with the substitution of a date of payment limitation. We continue to disagree with the retroactive application before January 1, 1982 of the higher interest rate.
I
Before Act 194, interest was payable at 5% per annum pursuant to this Court’s decision in Wilson v Doehler- Jarvis Division of National Lead Co, 358 Mich 510; 100 NW2d 226 (1960).
Act 194, in pertinent part, contains two sentences. The first sentence added a new subsection (5) to § 8015 of the workers’ compensation act reading as follows:_
*39"(5) When weekly compensation is paid pursuant to an award of a hearing referee, the board, or a court, interest on the compensation shall be paid at the rate of 12% per annum from the date each payment was due, until paid.”
The second sentence stated a specific effective date: "This amendatory act shall take effect January 1, 1982”.
The majority on the original submission and again on rehearing focuses on the use of the word "was” in the first sentence of the amendatory act to the exclusion of any meaningful consideration of the words "shall take effect January 1, 1982” in the second sentence. Because the first sentence of the amendatory act states that the increased rate applies "from the date each weekly payment was due” (emphasis supplied), the majority has concluded that the increased rate of interest is fully retroactive to weekly payments that became due before January 1, 1982.
On the original submission, the majority stated that Act 194 "was unambiguously intended to award interest from the date payment 'was due’ ”. Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, p 8. We observed in dissent on the first submission that "[i]n using the word 'was’ in the amendatory act, stating that interest shall be paid at the 12% rate 'from the date each payment was due, until paid’ (emphasis supplied), the Legislature was apparently expressing the proper time relationship between the date on which the right to the payment arose and the subsequent date that payment pursuant to an award would be made. Because interest, when payable at all, is always payable for the period between the date the substantive right to payment accrues and the date interest is awarded or is paid, interest is in a sense inherently retroac*40tive. The use of 'was’ expresses that inherent characteristic of interest.” Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, p 25 (Levin, J., dissenting).
The majority further stated on the first submission that the amendatory act was "plain, certain, and unambiguous * * * and requires application, not interpretation”. Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, p 8. The Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board and the Court of Appeals had stated a January 1, 1982 award limitation.6 Today, the majority states that "[t]o the extent that it is consistent with this clarification, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed”.7 In today opting for a conclusion that differs from its own conclusion on the original submission and the conclusion of the WCAB and the Court of Appeals regarding the meaning of the January 1, 1982 effective date, the majority has "to that extent” demonstrated that, insofar as the rationale of the majority opinion on. the original submission was based on the view that the words of Act 194 were so clear as to "require application, not interpretation”, a new rationale is required to justify the "was” analysis. None is offered. The majority simply asserts its "conviction” that the Legislature intended that interest be paid at the higher rate from the date each weekly payment "was due”.
II
The majority states that it "reaffirm[s] the rationale of the original opinion. We remain convinced that the Legislature intended 1981 PA 194 to award interest at 12% from the date each payment 'was due’ ”.
*41Manifestly, the 12% rate — where applicable at all — is applicable from the date each payment "was due”. That is what Act 194 states. That indisputable proposition does not answer the question presented, namely whether the 12% rate, applicable "from the date each payment was due”, is applicable
(1) only to weekly payments that become payable pursuant to an award made after January 1, 1982 — the majority’s decision on the original submission; or
(2) only to weekly payments paid on or after January 1, 1982 — the majority’s decision on rehearing; or
(3) only to interest accruing on or after January 1, 1982 — as we would hold.
Both majority opinions focus on the first ("from the date each payment was due”) sentence and essentially ignore the second ("shall take effect January 1, 1982”) sentence.
The focus and the analysis should, in our opinion, center on the second ("shall take effect January 1, 1982”) sentence. That is the sentence that concerns, or at least largely governs, whether and to what extent the increase in interest rate applies to weekly payments that were due before January 1,1982.
In stating that "[t]his amendatory act shall take effect January 1, 1982”, the Legislature has, we think, indicated its intention that the increase in interest rate shall become effective on January 1, 1982. The subject matter of the amendatory act is the rate of interest payable on disputed workers’ compensation benefits, those that become payable following an award of compensation by a referee, the board, or a court. The purpose of the amenda-tory act is to increase the interest rate on such *42payments from 5% to 12% per annum. The purpose of the January 1, 1982 effective date is to state when the increase from 5% to 12% shall become effective. The words "[t]his amendatory act shall take effect January 1, 1982” thus mean that the increase in the interest rate shall become effective on January 1, 1982, and not before that date. Accordingly, interest accrues at the higher rate on and after, but not before, January 1, 1982.
The date of payment will always follow the date of the award. Neither the date of payment nor the date of the award has any relationship to the date the weekly payment "was due”. Nor is the date of payment or award related to the apparent legislative purpose to increase the interest rate effective January 1, 1982, and not before. The injection of the dates of award and payment into the analysis serves no purpose other than to provide an appearance of giving some meaning to the January 1, 1982 effective date.
Ill
The opinion of the majority on the original submission stated that the increased interest rate applies only to awards made after January 1, 1982, and now, on rehearing, the opinion of the majority states that the increased rate applies only to payments made after January 1, 1982.
Although the majority opinions thus obliquely recognize that the January 1, 1982 effective date is a limitation on the retroactivity of the higher rate of interest, the majority states no reason for concluding that the January 1, 1982 effective date was not meant to preclude retroactive application before January 1, 1982 of the higher rate. The majority merely reiterates the indisputable proposition that, where the 12% rate is applicable, *43interest is to be computed from the date the payment "was due”.
The majority’s preoccupation with the word "was” is so complete that the opinion on the original submission did not explain why the majority thought the higher interest rate applied only to weekly payments pursuant to an award made on or after January 1, 1982, and it now finds no need to explain why it has concluded that the January 1, 1982 effective date relates to the date of payment and not the date the increase in interest rate should become effective. The majority simply states, without discussion, that "it is the date of payment which triggers the application of the 12% rate”.8 There is no recognition or acknowledgment that, because Act 194 was approved only two days before January 1, 1982,9 this construction is tantamount to holding that the specific January 1, 1982 effective date has no meaning.
So construed, the higher interest rate provided in the amendatory act — which by its terms applies only where compensation is paid pursuant to an award and hence following a dispute — is fully retroactive in every case pending on January 1, 1982, and thus without, as a practical matter, any meaningful January 1, 1982 effective date limitation.
We observed in dissent on the first submission, "[t]o limit the meaning of the January 1, 1982 effective date language so that it serves only to deny retroactivity of the 12% interest rate where the award was paid before January 1, 1982, would be to deny the effective date language of meaning.18 It would mean that the effective date language affects only an award — if there is such an *44award — paid after the Governor signed the amen-datory act on December 30 and before the close of business the following day, December 31, 1981, where, despite payment, the issue is still open, pending on appeal, or under a reservation of rights.19
Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, pp 23-24 (Levin, J., dissenting). (Emphasis supplied.)
The legislative purpose in providing a specific future effective date was to indicate when the increase in interest rate would take effect and to indicate that it would not be retroactive or at least that it would not be fully retroactive. The majority construction, making the increase fully retroactive in every pending case, thwarts the legislative purpose. Although the Legislature has, by establishing the specific future effective date, indicated that the increase in interest rate was not to become effective before January 1, 1982, the Court makes the increase effective before that date, to weekly payments that became due in the instant cases over three and five years before the January 1, 1982 effective date, and even earlier in some other cases that await the final decision in this case.
The majority’s construction substitutes "the date each [weekly] payment was due” for "January 1, 1982” as the effective date of the amendatory act. *45In Kelly and Furman, where the injury occurred in 1976, over 250 weekly payments became due before January 1, 1982, and in Selk, where the injury occurred in 1978, over 150 weekly payments became due before that date.10 There are, thus, under the majority’s construction, as many effective dates for the 7% increase (from 5% to 12%) in the interest rate as there are days in years yet in dispute, over 250 different dates in Kelly and Furman and over 150 different dates in Selk.
IV
In closing, we repeat that on review of the case law from this and other jurisdictions, ”[t]he majority’s holding that a statute increasing the prejudgment/ award interest rate is effective as to interest that accrued before the effective date of the amendatory act appears to be unique”. (Emphasis in the original.)11
We also again state that "[t]he Legislature generally indicates, by stating a specific effective date, its intent that amounts payable for prior periods shall not be affected by an increase in benefits, taxes, or other governmentally mandated assessments. The Legislature did just that in the instant case in recognition that a change in a governmental benefit program requiring additional funding should not ordinarily be retroactive”.12
The Legislature decided, we are persuaded, that the increase in interest rate would not be retroactive, and that it would be effective only as to *46interest accruing on or after January 1, 1982.13 We accordingly adhere to the view "(i) that weekly payments that were due and payable before January 1, 1982, bear interest at 5% until December 31, 1981, and thereafter bear interest at 12% until paid whether or not the award was entered before, on, or after January 1, 1982, and (ii) that weekly payments that became or become due and payable on or after January 1, 1982, bear interest at 12% *47until paid even though the award was entered before January 1, 1982.”14
Kavanagh, J., concurred with Levin, J._On May 1, 1984, this Court granted defendants’ motions for rehearing in all three cases and ordered the cause "resubmitted for decision without further briefing or oral argument”, 419 Mich 1206 (1984).
"Neither the date of the award nor the date of payment has any homology with the date the change in interest rate becomes effective. The decision of the majority to make the date of the award determinative of entitlement to an increase in the interest rate will produce asymmetric and adventitious results.
"The amendatory act provides that interest is payable at 12% from the date each payment is due when 'compensation is paid pursuant to an award of a hearing referee, the board, or a court’. (Emphasis supplied.)
"Most awards are 'awards of a hearing referee or the WCAB. It is rare for a court to make or enter an award. Also, although the WCAB may, as in Kelly, award compensation denied by a hearing referee, that is the exception. Ordinarily, as in Selk and Furman, a hearing referee’s award is affirmed by the WCAB. A determination by the WCAB is left undisturbed when the Court of Appeals, or both the Court of Appeals and this Court, deny leave to appeal or affirm the WCAB after a grant of leave to appeal. It is unusual for a court to award compensation.
"It appears, under the majority construction stating a pre-January 1, 1982 award limitation, that where an award was entered before January 1, 1982, and an appeal was thereafter taken that is still pending, interest will accrue at 5% — during the 2-1/3 years or longer the appeal has been pending — on weekly installments that have or shall become due and payable on or after January 1, 1982.” Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, pp 21-22 (Levin, J., dissenting).
The text of Act 194 is set forth in its entirety in fn 1 of the dissenting opinion in Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, 419 Mich 1, 15; 345 NW2d 184 (1984) (Levin, J., dissenting).
"The question presented is whether and to what extent workers’ compensation weekly payments that were due and payable before, on, or after January 1, 1982, the effective date of 1981 PA 194, which increased the interest rate on payments paid pursuant to an award from 5% to 12% per annum, bear interest at the higher rate.
"The majority holds that. the increase in interest rate is fully retroactive to the date each weekly payment was due if the compensation is paid pursuant to an award of a hearing referee, the WCAB, or a court 'entered after January 1, 1982’.” (Emphasis in the original.)
"We would hold (i) that weekly payments that were due and payable before January 1, 1982, bear interest at 5% until December 31, 1981, and thereafter bear interest at 12% until paid whether or not the award was entered before, on, or after January 1, 1982, and (ii) that weekly payments that became or become due and payable on or añer January 1, 1982, bear interest at 12% until paid even though the award was entered before January 1, 1982.” Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, pp 15-16 (Levin, J., dissenting). (Emphasis in the original.)
MCL 418.801; MSA 17.237(801).
See Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, p 23.
Ante, p 36.
Ante, p 35.
See text accompanying fn 2.
"is There is not likely to be a case where the award was entered before January 1, 1982, and was subsequently paid and is nevertheless presently pending on appeal.
"The effective date language was not needed to deny retroactivity to cases that had been closed by payment before the amendatory act became law. Surely, even absent a specific effective date, this Court would hold that interest did not accrue either at the old or the increased rate where the award had been paid — whether a day, or a month, or years — before December 30, 1981, when the amendatory act became law.”
In each case there are now almost 250 weekly payment dates since January 1,1982.
Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, pp 29-30 (Levin, J., dissenting).
Id., pp 30-31 (Levin, J., dissenting).
The majority in fn 2 states that the January 1,1982 effective date "says nothing about retroactivity”. In support, the majority states that a purpose of an effective date is to provide notice to those who must conform their conduct to the new law. Since the time lag between the date of approval of Act 194 and the effective date was only two days, that could not have been the purpose in the instant case. In all events, such a purpose is not inconsistent with the stated purpose of providing when the act shall become effective and, hence, that it is not theretofore effective.
In further support of its contention that the effective date "says nothing about retroactivity”, the majority refers to 1976 PA 79, where, in an act approved April 12, 1976, the Legislature both included a specific effective date of July 1, 1975 and, in a separate sentence, stated that "this amendatory act shall apply to all actions pending or commenced on or after the effective date of this act.” The majority concludes therefrom that "[w]hen it wishes to address the question of retroactivity, the Legislature has specifically done so in addition to providing for an effective date”. (Emphasis in the original.) In 1976 PA 79, however, the specific effective date was nine and one-half months before the date the act was approved; thus, the act was, by the terms of its effective date, retroactive. The separate statement concerned the extent of the retroactivity and spelled out that the amendatory act applied to actions commenced before, and thus "pending” on, the effective date as well as to actions commenced on or after that date.
The separate statement concerning retroactivity in the cited 1976 act is understandable in light of this Court’s statements that "statutes are presumed to operate prospectively unless the contrary intent is clearly manifested. In re Davis Estate, 330 Mich 647, 651-653; 48 NW2d 151 (1951).” Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, p 9. The separate statement in the 1976 act does not, however, support the view that in order to bar this Court from giving an act retroactive effect the Legislature should both provide a specific effective date and state separately that the act shall not become effective before that date. Nor does it support the view that, in the absence of such a statement, the operative effect of an amendatory act may be fully retroactive before its specific effective date.
Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, ante, pp 15-16 (Levin, J., dissenting). (Emphasis in the original.)