State v. Sapien

ALOK AHUJA, Judge.

I respectfully dissent. Andrew Sapien was convicted of sexually molesting two of his siblings while he and his victims were living in the same household. The trial court permitted the State to adduce evidence during the guilt phase of Sapien’s trial of his rape of another sibling and household member, for which Sapien had been previously prosecuted through the juvenile justice system. I believe that the trial court erroneously admitted evidence *81of this uncharged rape, and that the erroneous admission of this substantially similar, serious, uncharged sex offense denied Sapien a fair trial. I would therefore reverse his convictions and remand for a new trial.1

I.

The rule' prohibiting the admission of evidence of uncharged crimes originates in provisions of the Missouri Constitution specifying that a criminal defendant shall only be tried for the crimes with which he is explicitly charged.

The rationale underlying this rule is grounded in the view that “[ejvidence of other crimes, when not properly related to the cause on trial, violates defendant’s right to be tried for the offense for which he is indicted.” This right arises from the guarantee of article I, sections 17 and 18(a) of the Missouri Constitution that a defendant has the right to be tried only on the offense charged. Article I, section 17 provides that “no person shall be prosecuted criminally for felony or misdemeanor otherwise than by indictment or information.” Article I, section 18(a) states=“[t]hat in criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right ... to demand the nature and cause of the accusation....”

State v. Vorhees, 248 S.W.3d 585, 587-88 (Mo. banc 2008) (citations omitted). The rule barring other crimes evidence serves a critical function in the criminal justice system.

This evidentiary bar stems from the need to avoid “encourag[ing] the jury to convict the defendant because of his propensity to commit such crimes without regard to whether he is actually guilty of the crime charged.” In other words, the law shields defendants from the perception that a person who has acted criminally once will do so again.

State v. Ellison, 239 S.W.3d 603, 606 (Mo. banc 2007) (citations omitted).

The Missouri Supreme Court has cautioned that, “[i]n all cases in which evidence of uncharged misconduct is offered, ‘the dangerous tendency and misleading probative force of this class of evidence require that its admission should be subjected by the courts to rigid scrutiny.’ ” State v. Burns, 978 S.W.2d 759, 761 (Mo. banc 1998) (citations omitted); see also State v. Nelson, 178 S.W.3d 638, 642 (Mo.App. E.D.2005) (“Generally, ‘trial courts should be wary of evidence of other crimes due to the highly prejudicial character of such evidence.’ ” (citation omitted)).

There are exceptions to the general rule that evidence of uncharged crimes is inadmissible, however. Relevant here, the “opened-door” doctrine provides that “ ‘[wjhere the defendant has injected an issue into the case, the State may be allowed to admit otherwise inadmissible evidence in order to explain or counteract a negative inference raised by the issue the defendant injects.’ ” State v. East, 976 S.W.2d 507, 511 (Mo.App. W.D.1998) (quoting State v. Lingar, 726 S.W.2d 728, 734-35 (Mo. banc 1987)). Put another way, when one party seeks to create an adverse inference based upon an incomplete presentation of the surrounding facts, the other party can introduce the rest of those facts to rebut the inference. State v. Newsom, 299 S.W.3d 784, 789 (Mo.App. S.D.2009). This opened-door doctrine was applied in, e.g., State v. Fassero, 256 S.W.3d 109, 118 (Mo. banc 2008); State v. Still, 216 S.W.3d 261, 270 (Mo.App. S.D.2007); State v. Uka, 25 S.W.3d 624, 627 (Mo.App. E.D.2000); and State v. Leitner, 945 S.W.2d 565, 575 (Mo.App. S.D.1997).

*82The “opened-door” doctrine presumes, however, that it is the defendant who “opened the door” to a particular line of inquiry by first introducing evidence from which a negative inference could be drawn. This is illustrated by State v. Revelle, 957 S.W.2d 428 (Mo.App. S.D.1997) (en banc), a case in. which a husband was accused of killing his wife. At trial, the State was permitted to introduce otherwise incompetent evidence indicating that the couple’s relationship was strained. Seeking to defend this evidentiary ruling, the State noted that the defense had testified that his relationship with his deceased wife was in fact amicable. The Southern District rejected this argument, because the State— not the defendant — had first offered evidence concerning the status of the parties’ marriage, and could not rely on its own injection of this issue into the case to support the admission of otherwise inadmissible — and highly ■ prejudicial — evidence. Revelle held that-the State’s argument fails for the simple reason that the State not Defendant — first injected the issue of whether Defendant and Lisa’s relationship was amicable. Id. at 432-33.

[T]he State first injected the issue by offering evidence thereon in its case-in-chief. ... Since the State first injected the good marriage issue into the case, Lisa’s note did not qualify as rebuttal evidence, the statements remained inadmissible, and their admission only served to improperly bolster an inference negative to Defendant.

Id. at 433. Extending the opened-door analogy, Revelle holds that the State may not walk through a door which it — not the defendant — first opens.

Here, it was the State which first introduced evidence concerning M.T.’s initial inaction and delayed reporting after witnessing Sapien’s molestation of D.T. Accordingly, the State cannot justify the admission of evidence concerning Sapien’s earlier rape of M.T. on the ground that Sapien opened the door to such evidence. In the prosecution’s direct examination of M.T., she described opening a bathroom door to find Sapien and D.T. with their pants down, with Sapien behind D.T. in what one could infer was the act of sodomizing D.T., or preparing to sodomize D.T. The State concluded its direct examination of M.T. with the following questions:

Q. Tell the ladies and gentlemen, what did you do when you saw that?
A. I kind of stood there in awe for just enough to kind of try and process everything and then I closed my bedroom, my bathroom door. I went back downstairs and sat on the couch and watched TV.
Q. What happened a couple of minutes after you sat back on the couch and started watching TV?
A. Andrew and Dustin had come downstairs.
Q. Did you tell anybody anything right away at that point in time?
A. No.
Q. Did you eventually tell someone?
A. Yes. ' '

This concluded the State’s direct examination. The entirety of Sapien’s cross-examination of M.T. follows:

Q. [M.T.], let me understand this correctly. You, after you say that you saw this you went back downstairs and you sat on the couch and you watched TV?
A. Yes.
Q. Didn’t tell anybody about it?
A. No.
Q. Didn’t bring it to anybody’s attention?
A. No.
*83Q. Can you tell me what the date was that this occurred?
A. I do not know the exact date.
Q. Can you even tell me what month it was in?
A. It was in between, it right between holidays. It was November or December.
Q. So sometime during a two-month period?
A. Yeah.
Q. Can you tell me if it was closer to the first of November or closer to Thanksgiving?
A. It, it was after Thanksgiving, so it wasn’t in the beginning of November. It was probably first of December, in between the first and the middle of December.
Q. And you went downstairs, sat on the couch and watched TV?
A. Yes.

Immediately after the last question, the prosecution approached the bench to express its concern about a possible negative inference triggered by this cross-examination. The prosecutor proposed that he be allowed to introduce evidence of Sapien’s prior rape of M.T., which would explain her initial reluctance to interfere with, or repoi’t upon, Sapien. Although it acknowledged that the issue was “a close call,” the trial court overruled Sapien’s objections.2 On redirect M.T. testified that she did not immediately report what she had witnessed “[bjecause I was scared of’ Sapien; in response to further questions from the prosecution asking for the source of her fear, M.T. testified that Sapien “raped.me” sometime between 2001 and 2003.3

Sapien’s cross-examination did not “open the door” to evidence of Sapien’s rape of M.T. In his brief cross-examination, Sapien brought out the following facts concerning M.T.’s initial reaction to- what she had witnessed: (1) that after witnessing Sapien and D.T. in the bathroom, she “went downstairs, sat on the couch and watched TV”; and (2) that she “[djidn’t [immediately] tell anybody about it” or “bring it to anybody’s attention.” Both of these facts had been brought out during the State’s immediately preceding direct examination, however. Sapien’s two questions concerning M.T.’s returning downstairs and watching television were virtually a verbatim quotation of her testimony on direct; and on direct, the State had expressly asked M.T. to confirm that she did not “tell anybody anything right away at that point in time.”

In these circumstances, where Sapien’s cross-examination carefully stayed within the bounds of the information elicited by the prosecution on direct examination, I cannot agree that Sapien “opened the door” to the admission of highly-.inflammatory, and otherwise plainly inadmissible, evidence of his rape of M.T. Notably, the trial court itself apparently recognized that Sapien’s cross-examination had merely covered the same ground as the prosecution’s direct: when Sapien’s counsel argued that the rape evidence should not come in because the prosecution “asked that very same question,” the court responded that “[y]ou asked it too, Mr. Shull.” But Sapien was entitled to explore on cross-examination the ground covered *84by the prosecution on direct; by following in the prosecution’s footsteps, Sapien did not open a door which was otherwise closed.

The only other reason for admitting the rape evidence offered by the trial court was its observation that Sapien’s counsel “didn’t object to [the prosecution’s] question.” Testimony concerning M.T.’s immediate reaction following her observations was plainly relevant and admissible,' however. And the fact that she did not immediately intervene or report the incident was — if anything — helpful to the defense. I cannot conceive of any basis on which Sapien could have objected to the prosecution’s questions; nor can I perceive any reason why Sapien would have done so.4

It'may well be that the State elicited M.T.’s testimony concerning her inaction and delayed reporting in order to preemptively “remove the sting” from this issue before the defense could exploit it. However, in an analogous context this Court has held that, where a criminal defendant objects to particular evidence which the trial court has ruled in limine that it will admit; the defendant may not preemptively offer the evidence himself; by doing so, the defendant waives its objection. Instead, we have made clear that, “to properly preserve an objection to the admission of the evidence ..., the [defendant] was required to wait until the State actually sought to admit the evidence and then object.” State v. Mickle, 164 S.W.3d 33, 55 (Mo.App. W.D.2005) (en banc). In the same way, if the State intended to offer evidence of Sapien’s rape of M.T. to rebut any negative inference Sapien sought to raise based on her delayed reporting, it was required to wait until Sapien in fact broached the issue; the State cannot preemptively “open the door” itself, and then seek to exploit an opening it has itself created.

Even if Sapien’s cross-examination of M.T. — in its tone or inflection, or simply by revisiting ground covered during direct — somehow “opened the door” concerning her immediate reaction to what she had witnessed, this did not justify the admission of testimony of an uncharged rape. The overarching questions in deciding whether evidence of uncharged crimes should be admitted are (1) whether that evidence “ ‘is logically relevant, in that it has some legitimate tendency to establish directly the accused’s guilt of the charges for which is on trial,’ ” and (2) whether that evidence “ ‘is legally relevant, in that its probative value outweighs its prejudicial effect.’ ” State v. Johnson, 161 S.W.3d 920, 924 (Mo.App. S.D.2005) (quoting State v. Bernard, 849 S.W.2d 10, 13 (Mo. banc 1993)). In assessing the legal relevance of other crimes evidence, “the tidal court must carefully consider that ‘the inevitable tendency of such evidence is to raise a legally spurious presumption of guilt in the *85minds of the jurors.’” State v. Nelson, 178 S.W.3d 638, 644 (Mo.App. E.D.2005) (quoting State v. Clover, 924 S.W.2d 853, 856 (Mo. banc 1996)). “ ‘Evidence of other crimes is highly prejudicial and should be received only when there is strict necessity.’ ” Johnson, 161 S.W.3d at 928 (citation omitted).

This analysis of logical and legal relevance should apply with full force to other-crimes evidence admitted under the “opened door” doctrine.

Opening the door is one thing. But what comes through the door is another. Everything cannot come through the door....
... The doctrine of curative admissibility is one dangerously prone to overuse. Permission to explore in rebuttal with testimony not admissible on direct, on the ground that the other party has opened the doors, rests upon the necessity of removing prejudice in the interest of fairness.
The doctrine is to prevent prejudice and is not to be subverted into a rule for injection of prejudice. Introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence under shield of this doctrine is permitted only to the extent necessary to remove any unfair prejudice which might otherwise have ensued from the original evidence.

United States v. Winston, 447 F.2d 1236, 1240 (D.C.Cir.1971) (footnote, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted).5

In this case, Sapien’s cross-examination expanded on M.T.’s direct testimony only incrementally (if at all). The prosecution offered to limit its redirect examination to only the fact that M.T. was scared of Sa-pien due to “something that happened to her,” and the defense offered not to argue M.T.’s delayed reporting in closing. Moreover, the extremely (and unfairly) prejudicial effect of M.T.’s testimony on redirect is due not only to the fact that it involves the heinous crime of rape, but also because it involves a rape which occurred in strikingly similar circumstances to the offenses for which Sapien was on trial; it was another nonconsensual sexual offense involving one of Sapien’s siblings, who resided in the same household with Sapien and the two victims. The danger that the jury would impermissibly conclude that Sapien was guilty of the charged offenses based on the “legally spurious presumption” that he had a propensity to commit such crimes was extremely high; on the other hand, the prejudice to the State’s case caused by Sapien’s brief (and largely repetitious) cross-examination was limited, and could have been addressed in other fashions (including those suggested by the prosecution and defense during the bench conference). In these circumstances, permitting the *86prosecution to elicit testimony that M.T. had been raped by Sapien constituted an abuse of discretion, even if Sapien “opened the door” in some fashion.

II.

The prejudicial effect of the erroneously admitted evidence requires that we grant Sapien a new trial.

“ ‘If evidence of a prior crime is not admissible under any exceptions to the general rule prohibiting its admission, the admission is presumed to be prejudicial.’ ” State v. Johnson, 161 S.W.3d 920, 928 (Mo.App. S.D.2005) (quoting State v. Brooks, 810 S.W.2d 627, 634 (Mo.App. E.D.1991)); see also State v. Nelson, 178 S.W.3d 638, 643 (Mo.App. E.D.2005); State v. Lancaster, 954 S.W.2d 27, 29 (Mo.App. E.D.1997). Evidence of a prior rape is particularly likely to have such a prejudicial effect. Johnson, 161 S.W.3d at 926 (“ ‘Such proof, especially as to crimes such as sodomy, would ... be likely to have a decidedly prejudicial effect upon the jury.’ ” (quoting State v. Atkinson, 293 S.W.2d 941, 944 (Mo.1956))).

The presumption of prejudice is not overcome here. State v. Barriner, 34 S.W.3d 139 (Mo. banc 2000), identifies the following factors to consider in determining the prejudicial effect of the improper admission of evidence of uncharged misconduct: (1) “the similarity of the charged offenses to the improperly admitted evidence”; (2) “[t]he amount of evidence that was erroneously admitted and the extent to which the evidence was referred to during the trial”; (3) “[wjhether the erroneously admitted evidence was highlighted throughout the trial”; and (4) whether the prosecution’s elicitation of the improper evidence was intentional or inadvertent. Id. at 150-51. Here, the uncharged offense was markedly similar to the offenses for which Sapien was being tried: not only was it an additional nonconsensual sexual offense, but it was an offense committed against another sibling of Sapien’s, living in the same household as his victims in the charged offenses. Indeed, in its rebuttal closing argument, the prosecution tied the crimes committed against all three of Sa-pien’s siblings together in arguing that the jury should accept the veracity of them accounts:

You had two little children and their sister get up there and tell you in great detail as to what happened to them during that time frame, [D.T.] and [M.J.S.] in winter 2004 and [M.T.] in 2001 and 2002.

While only a limited amount of evidence came in concerning M.T.’s rape during the guilt phase of Sapien’s trial, that incident was highlighted in the prosecution’s closing arguments. In its initial closing argument, the prosecution argued that M.T.’s testimony, although brief, “was very powerful” because she “was literally reliving her life” by telling the jury, first, what she had witnessed, and second, why she hadn’t immediately told because of her fear of Sapien, “[bjecause the very same Defendant had raped her.” At the outset of its rebuttal closing, the prosecution emphasized that, while Sapien’s closing had attacked the veracity of M.J.S. and D.T., he had not attacked M.T.’s credibility:

Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Shull just got up and called these two children, [M.J.S.] and [D.T.], liars. You saw them on the stand and I’ll let you make that determination for yourself. I did not hear him say [M.T.] was a liar, ladies and gentlemen, because you heard what her answer was when the question was asked, why didn’t you tell? I was scared. Why were you scared? Because of something that happened. Well, what happened? He raped my during the timeframe of 2001 and 2002. *87I did not hear that statement being called a lie.6

Finally, the evidence of M.T.’s rape was deliberately elicited by the prosecution; this evidence did riot come in inadvertently-7

The relative weakness of the State’s evidence also tilts in favor of a finding of reversible error. While the State plainly made a submissible case as to both counts of first-degree statutory sodomy, there was no physical evidence of sexual assault. There were also material inconsistencies in the testimony of the fact witnesses. Without exhaustively cataloguing all of the discrepancies, I find the following particularly significant:

• M.J.S. and D.T. only shared recollections of a single incident (even though each described further incidents in which the other child was present). Them descriptions of that single, common incident varied significantly. Thus, M.J.S.’s forensic interview and trial testimony make clear that, in the incident both she and D.T. describe, Sapien only sodomized her. She explained in both accounts' that Sapien had to go to work after the incident, and that when he was done with her, she, Sapien, and D.T. all exited Sa-pien’s bedroom. By contrast, D.T. testified at trial, and related in his forensic interview, that Sapien sodomized both children during this incident.
In her forensic interview M.J.S. described engaging in simulated sexual activity with D.T. at Sapien’s request during this incident, before Sapien sodomized her. She omitted this significant detail in her trial testimony. In his forensic interview, D.T. indicated that he actually engaged in anal intercourse with M.J.S., while at trial D.T. testified that he didn’t remember whether he actually had sex with M.J.S.,, or merely simulated it.
• D.T.’s testimony did not corroborate the other incident M.J.S. described. The second incident M.J.S. described at trial, and in her forensic interview, involved Sapien taking her. and D.T. to his parents’ bedroom, exposing and lubricating his penis, then dismissing D.T. before taking M.J.S. to a downstairs bedroom and sodomizing her. D.T. specifically testified at trial that he could not recall this (presumably memorable) incident, and did not describe it in his forensic interview.
• M.J.S’.’s testimony did not corroborate the other incidents D.T. described. D.T. related, both at trial and in his pre-trial statement, that there was more than one incident in Sapien’s bedroom in which both he and M.J.S. were sodomized. Yet M.J.S.’s interview account, and her trial testimony, both make very clear that she was sodomized by Sapien only twice before she told her parents, and that D.T. was only present during one of those two incidents. M.J.S. also did. not describe the other incident which D.T. *88described, even though D.T. claimed that M.J.S. had acted as a look-out during this event, and had alerted D.T. and Sapien that their mother, had returned home unexpectedly.
• D.T. did not testify at trial or in his forensic interview to the incident in the bathroom described by M.T., in which he was purportedly Sapien’s victim. Indeed, D.T.’s testimony as to where the abuse had occurred (once possibly in M.T.’s bedroom, and otherwise in Sapien’s bedroom) would exclude the incident M.T. described.
• D.T.’s description differed significantly between his forensic interview and trial testimony. During his forensic interview, D.T. stated that the first incident in which Sapien sodomized him occurred in his sister M.T.’s bedroom, because Sapien was trying to “frame” M.T. M.J.S. was not present, but served as a lookout from the living room downstairs, and alerted the boys when their mother arrived home. At trial, however, this became the final incident, and its location moved from M.T.’s upstairs bedroom to Sapien’s bedroom downstairs.

In these circumstances, I believe that the admission of M.T.’s testimony that she had been raped by Sapien necessitates reversal, based on my conclusion “ ‘that the erroneously admitted evidence so influenced the jury that, when considered with and balanced against all of the evidence properly admitted, there is a reasonable probability that the jury would have reached a different conclusion but for the erroneously admitted evidence.’ ” Barri-ner, 34 S.W.3d at 150 (citation omitted).

. I concur in the majority’s disposition of Sapien’s other claims.

. During the bench conference on this issue, the State suggested that M.T. could limit her redirect testimony to merely stating "[t]hat she was afraid of [Sapien] because of something that happened to her," without describing specifically what Sapien had done. Sa-pien’s counsel also offered not to argue any negative inference in closing. Neither alternative was further explored.

. In the sentencing phase of Sapien's trial, M.T. testified that the rape occurred in March 2004.

. On approaching the bench following Sa-pien’s cross-examination of M.T., the prosecution first expressed concern with "the way [Sapien’s counsel] asked that last question.” The State argues on appeal that this statement refers to the tone used by defense counsel in his final cross-examination question. The trial court did not express any concern with the tone or manner in which Sapien’s counsel conducted his cross-examination, however. Instead, as discussed in the text, the trial court stated only two bases for its evidentiary ruling on the record: (1) that Sapien’s counsel had followed the prosecution by also asking M.T. about her immediate reaction to what she witnessed; and (2) that Sapien’s counsel did not object to the prosecution's closing questions on direct examination. Given the explicitly stated grounds for the trial court’s ruling, and the lack of any indication that the court relied on the tone of Sapien’s cross-examination, the trial court’s ruling cannot be affirmed on the assumption that it depended on circumstances not reflected in the record.

. Cited and followed in, e.g., Goines v. United States, 905 A.2d 795, 800-01 (D.C.2006); State v. Vandeweaghe, 177 N.J. 229, 827 A.2d 1028, 1033 (2003); Clark v. State, 332 Md. 77, 629 A.2d 1239, 1245-46 (1993); State v. Graham, 200 Conn. 9, 509 A.2d 493, 496 (1986); State v. Benoit, 126 N.H. 6, 490 A.2d 295, 306 (1985); Bentley v. State, 711 P.2d 544, 546 (Alaska App.1985); see also, e.g., People v. Miller, 890 P.2d 84, 99 (Colo.1995). Citing Winston, a leading treatise explains:

Since this application of the doctrine of curative admissibility is based on the notion that the jury might be misled if contradictory evidence was excluded, the doctrine should not justify admission of that evidence when it is likely to do more harm in this respect than good. Thus, admissibility of evidence offered on the basis that defendant has opened the door should be evaluated under '[Federal] Rule [of Evidence] 403.

27 C.A. Wright & VJ. Gold, Federal Practice and Procedure § 6096, at 667 n. 37 (2007); see also 21 C.A. Wright & K.W. Graham, Jr., Federal Practice and Procedure § 5039.1, at 837-38 (2005) ("opening the door does not deprive the trial court of the power to exclude evidence coming through it by an exercise of the discretion conferred by Rule 403”).

. Later in its rebuttal closing argument, the prosecution argued that M.J.S. and D.T. had delayed reporting "because they knew what happened to their sister, [M.T.], as well.” Sa-pien’s objection to this argument — that there was no evidence the two victims knew of M.T.’s rape — was sustained.

. I recognize that the trial court expressly permitted the prosecution to conduct the challenged examination, and I do not mean to suggest that the prosecution engaged in misconduct. Nevertheless, Barriner the Supreme Court found that evidence was intentionally elicited where the prosecutor “argued vigorously to the trial court in response to motions in limine filed by appellant in advance of trial that the evidence was relevant, both logically and legally.” 34 S.W.3d at 151.