A.Q. v. M.C. CA3

Filed 9/8/23 A.Q. v. M.C. CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----

A.Q., C095090

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 21DV02189)

v.

M.C.,

Defendant and Appellant.

This appeal arises out of a trial court order granting plaintiff and respondent A.Q.
a domestic violence restraining order (DVRO), protecting him and his girlfriend from
defendant and appellant M.C., his former girlfriend. M.C. contends insufficient evidence
supported the court’s order, and that the order unconstitutionally restricted her free
speech and was overbroad. We agree with M.C. that insufficient evidence supported the
DVRO, and therefore we reverse the trial court’s order.

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 FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Request for DVRO
A.Q. filed a request for DVRO on August 5, 2021, seeking protection for himself
and his girlfriend, K.H., from M.C., a person A.Q. used to date. A.Q. sought personal
conduct and stay-away orders against M.C. The request alleged that, on July 26, 2021,
M.C. had posted on her Facebook account arguing that anyone reading the post should
unfollow, unfriend, and cease contact with a third person. M.C. responded to those who
commented on her post and stated that A.Q. “should be ‘removed as a friend . . . unless
you like men who smother their girlfriends with pillows and cover them in bruises.’ ”
The request continued: “She proceeded to engage with and comment directly against
[A.Q.] in multiple other comment threads to no less than 11 people directly,” and it was
not clear how many people saw these or were affected. The actions came about suddenly
and were not based on any recent or new activity by A.Q. A.Q. suffered from Chronic
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD), and he experienced immediate and significant
emotional distress due to M.C.’s Facebook posts and subsequent communications with
third parties questioning or accusing him of abuse and ending their association with him.
The online posts were still live and being commented on by others.
A.Q.’s request further alleged that M.C.’s most recent Facebook posts were just
“one of many instances since [A.Q.] and [M.C.’s] separation [in 2018] where she has
harassed online or via text message or online messenger and inaccurately accused him of
abuse and/or slandered his name and character without substantiated evidence.”
The trial court denied a temporary restraining order until the court hearing,
scheduled for August 30, 2021. The court concluded that the facts stated in A.Q.’s
request did not show reasonable proof of a past act or acts of abuse and did not describe
in sufficient detail the most recent incidents of abuse.
M.C. filed an opposition to A.Q.’s request. She asserted that the case arose from a
post on M.C.’s Facebook account describing her prior “toxic relationship with a third

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party.” M.C. had blocked A.Q. from viewing her Facebook posts, but a mutual
acquaintance shared the post with him. This caused A.Q. to “post inaccurate information
regarding our past relationship,” which M.C. ended in 2018 out of fear for her safety.
During their breakup in 2018, A.Q. had held a pillow over her face, grabbed her hard
enough to leave bruises on her arms, and caused property damage. M.C. included
photographs of bruises on her right arm, a photograph of damage to a closet door, and a
statement from her brother. In the statement, M.C.’s brother described a phone call
between A.Q. and M.C. that he overheard shortly after their breakup in which A.Q.
pleaded with M.C. “not to tell anyone he was an abuser” and that “he would not be able
to live with himself if she told anyone about [A.Q.] being abusive.” The call had caused
M.C. to become tense, stressed, and overwhelmed.
M.C. further stated in opposition that she moved to Southern California in 2019 to
stay with her parents because she did not want to risk encountering A.Q. She only
recently had the courage to speak to others about the abuse from A.Q. during their
relationship. She did not share her story immediately after the events because she did not
feel safe, and she did not file a police report because she was, “at the time, sympathetic to
[A.Q.’s] mental health issues.”
M.C. disputed the need for any protection to either A.Q. or K.H. because she
posed no threat to them, “physical or otherwise,” and did not expect to have any future
contact with either A.Q. or K.H. because she lived 400 miles away from them.
A.Q.’s Testimony
A.Q. and M.C. testified at the hearing on the request for DVRO, held on
August 30, 2021. A.Q. testified that he had attempted to file 96 pages of evidence with
the trial court several days prior and had served M.C. with that evidence, but it was not

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processed in time for the hearing.1 A.Q. agreed to proceed with the hearing, relying on
his petition and testimony. He was under significant mental and emotional duress and
felt it was impossible to delay the proceedings further or it would continue to compound
his lack of emotional and mental calm. He was very emotional and had to stop and take
short breaks at several points during his testimony to maintain his composure.
A.Q. explained that he suffered from CPTSD due to childhood trauma and had
been treated previously for severe depression and suicidal ideation associated with his
CPTSD. He had also suffered traumatic levels of isolation when he came out as a
transgender man in 2015, which further compounded his CPTSD.
A.Q. acknowledged that he and M.C. had “an intense argument” at the time of
their breakup in 2018, but he denied that he had engaged in any abusive behavior. After
their breakup, M.C. harassed him via text messages for several weeks; he responded only
to tell her to stop contacting him.2 In the three years following the breakup, A.Q.
continued to receive sporadic and unpredictable loss of professional relationships and
personal contacts due to direct disruption by M.C. M.C. had harassed A.Q. repeatedly by
seeking out and directly communicating–publicly and privately–with multiple people
connected to A.Q. in an attempt to remove their connection with him and damage his
professional image. M.C. had publicly, through social media, and privately (including in-
person, phone, and text) accused A.Q. of being physically violent during their breakup.
M.C.’s conduct had caused A.Q. to be evicted by his landlord and had resulted in
significant damage to his personal and professional relationships.

1 These facts are taken primarily from the trial court’s settled statement of the
evidentiary hearing for the DVRO.
2 The record does not reflect that A.Q. testified about the nature of this alleged
harassment, although his request for DVRO alleged that M.C. had harassed him since
their 2018 breakup by “inaccurately accus[ing] him of abuse and/or slander[ing] his name
and character without substantiated evidence.”

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 Before the COVID-19 pandemic shutdown, A.Q. had been working in the
performing arts, which represented nearly 20 percent of his income at the time. M.C. was
aware of the nature of A.Q.’s work and knowingly caused a significant disruption to his
mental and emotional peace, with the intention of negatively impacting his career and
social standing in the Sacramento arts community.
Several months after their breakup, M.C. relocated to Southern California to live
closer to her family and attend school. Since M.C. had already damaged several of
A.Q.’s most significant relationships, he was fearful and defeatist in attempting to
denounce her claims. He took to social isolation, believing that if he spoke out, M.C.
would cause further damage to his professional and social reputation.
The conduct that prompted A.Q. to file his request for DVRO began with a public
Facebook post that M.C. initiated in July 2021. The initial post accused another of her
ex-boyfriends of sexual assault. However, M.C. immediately, purposefully, and without
provocation, began instigating new conversation threads on the post that were centered
on A.Q.; these comments were public and were intended to cause A.Q. harm and disturb
his emotional peace. M.C. initiated 11 identical comment threads on the original post,
each of which contained the same message but tagged a different mutual professional
contact within the Sacramento theater community. A.Q. quoted the post directly from
M.C.’s public Facebook account: “It has come to my attention that people don’t know
that [A.Q.] should also be removed from your friends list. Unless you like men who
smother their girlfriends with pillows and leave them covered with bruises.”
A.Q. was alerted to the posts by a colleague, who was tagged by M.C. in one of
her comments. This colleague contacted A.Q. via a private online message and told him
that she was ending their 10-year friendship due to M.C.’s allegations. Although M.C.
had blocked A.Q. and K.H. from viewing her Facebook account, her post and comments
were public and could be accessed by a routine Google search. All of the posts were
viewable by A.Q., his friends, his colleagues, and the general public.

5
 After seeing the number of professional colleagues who had interacted with the
posts, A.Q. descended into a CPTSD attack and required a week off from work to
recuperate. A.Q. sought a DVRO because M.C. had been persistently harassing him
through these accusations and would continue to do so through online interactions with
his friends and professional colleagues. A.Q. feared for his life because of the increased
CPTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety, which would continue until M.C.’s actions
ceased.
All of M.C.’s claims had changed; she initially claimed that A.Q. caused one
bruise, but her Facebook post said that he had “ ‘covered her in bruises’ and ‘attempted to
smother her.’ ” He reiterated that all her claims were false, and she showed no signs of
ceasing the actions that were causing him significant disturbance.
M.C.’s Testimony
M.C. testified that she had little to add to what she stated in her opposition to
A.Q.’s petition for DVRO. She and A.Q. broke up over two years earlier. The breakup
was difficult, and he had become physically violent with her. A.Q. held a pillow over her
face, grabbed her so hard that he left bruises, and broke a closet door.3 She did not report
these incidents to the police because A.Q. called her shortly after their breakup and
threatened his own life, and she was sympathetic to his mental health issues.4
M.C. was now living in Los Angeles County and did not pose a threat to A.Q. or
K.H. because she lived so far away. M.C. had blocked A.Q. from her social media since
the breakup and did not know how A.Q. saw the Facebook post; she assumed it was

3 M.C. referred the trial court to the photograph of her bruised arm and the damaged
closet door, although she acknowledged that the photographs did not include time or date
stamps.
4 M.C. referred the trial court to her brother’s statement that she had included in her
opposition to A.Q.’s request for DVRO; her brother wrote the statement recently at
M.C.’s request and was based on her brother’s memory of the incident.

6
shared with him by another person. The post and comments were still visible on her
Facebook page at the time of trial, and she had no intention of taking them down. The
post and comments were public, but they could not be seen by blocked profiles. M.C. felt
empowered to tell people about A.Q.’s abuse.
At the outset of M.C.’s testimony, she contested A.Q.’s claim that her story had
changed over time. She asserted that she had never claimed A.Q. had caused multiple
bruises, only one. At the end of her testimony and in response to the trial court’s request
for clarification, M.C. reiterated that she never posted about multiple bruises, but rather
that she posted about him giving her a bruise. When asked by the trial court to clarify
exactly what she had posted, M.C. read the following: “It has come to my attention that
people don’t know that [A.Q.] should also be removed from your friends list. Unless you
like men who smother their girlfriends with pillows and leave them covered in bruises.”
M.C. was informed in a private online message by a head director that a theater
had banned A.Q. due to inappropriate conversations with fellow actors. A.Q. responded
that was the first time he had heard that.
A.Q.’s Rebuttal Testimony
In response to M.C.’s testimony, A.Q. stated that the conversation from M.C.’s
brother’s statement occurred after M.C. had caused him to be evicted and had begun
publicly accusing him of abuse. He had called M.C. emotionally distraught and fearing
for his life and begged her to stop lying about what happened. A.Q. denied causing the
bruise in the photograph M.C. offered as evidence, that he had caused any property
damages (noting that neither M.C. nor his landlord attempted to collect on or report him
for property damages), and that he had engaged in any inappropriate behavior with any
actors from theaters as M.C. claimed. A.Q. was a respected member of the theater
community for 10 years and was never accused of any impropriety.
On August 30, 2021, the trial court found there was sufficient evidence to grant a
DVRO under the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (DVPA) (Fam. Code § 6200 et

7
seq.)5, and issued a DVRO protecting A.Q. and K.H. from M.C. for a period of three
years. M.C. timely filed a notice of appeal. The case was fully briefed in June 2023 and
was assigned to the current panel on June 30, 2023.
DISCUSSION
I
Sufficiency of the Evidence
M.C. claims the trial court abused its discretion by issuing a DVRO based on
conduct insufficient to violate the DVPA. As we will explain, we agree.
A. Standard of Review
“A trial court has broad discretion under the DVPA to determine whether to grant
a petition for a restraining order.” (M.S. v. A.S. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 1139, 1143.) “We
review an order granting a DVRO for abuse of discretion. [Citation.] In reviewing the
trial court’s factual findings, we apply the substantial evidence rule. [Citation.] The
inquiry is whether substantial evidence supports the court’s finding, not whether a
contrary finding might have been made. [Citation.] We accept as true all evidence
tending to establish the correctness of the trial court’s findings and resolve every conflict
in favor of the judgment.” (Id. at pp. 1143-1144.) Where, as here, neither party
requested a statement of decision or statement of reasons, we infer all factual findings
necessary to support the order on appeal, uphold those factual findings if they are
supported by substantial evidence, and then review the court’s conclusion based on those
implied factual findings for abuse of discretion. (Fair v. Bakhtiari (2011)
195 Cal.App.4th 1135, 1148.)
“ ‘However, the question of “whether a trial court applied the correct legal
standard to an issue in exercising its discretion is a question of law [citation] requiring de

5 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.

8
novo review.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] The trial court’s order ‘is presumed to be correct,
and all intendments and presumptions are indulged to support it on matters as to which
the record is silent. [Citation.] It is the appellant’s burden to affirmatively demonstrate
error. [Citations.]’ ” (Ashby v. Ashby (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 491, 509.)
M.C. contends that de novo review is required because the trial court applied the
incorrect legal standard. However, she does not argue in the opening brief how the court
applied the wrong legal standard. She provides no citations to any legal mistakes by the
court. The court was well aware that A.Q. sought the DVRO based on M.C.’s disturbing
his peace, and the court found the evidence was sufficient to support the DVRO. To the
extent M.C. argues that the court’s implied factual findings were insufficient to support
the DRVO, we will uphold the court’s implied factual findings if they are supported by
substantial evidence and review the court’s conclusion for abuse of discretion, which we
will find if the evidence was legally insufficient to support the order.
B. The DVPA
“ ‘Under the DVPA, the trial court may issue an order “to restrain any person for
the purpose of preventing a recurrence of domestic violence and ensuring a period of
separation of the persons involved” upon “reasonable proof of a past act or acts of
abuse.” ’ ” (Nevarez v. Tonna (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 774, 782, quoting § 6300.) “The
DVPA ‘confer[s] a discretion designed to be exercised liberally, at least more liberally
than a trial court’s discretion to restrain civil harassment generally.’ ” (Curcio v. Pels
(2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 1, 11 (Curcio).)
The DVPA’s definition of abuse includes, inter alia, “[t]o engage in any behavior
that has been or could be enjoined pursuant to Section 6320” (§ 6203, subd. (a)(4)) and
specifies that the definition of abuse “is not limited to the actual infliction of physical
injury or assault” (§ 6203, subd. (b)). Courts may issue a DVRO pursuant to section
6320 for behavior including “stalking, threatening . . . , harassing, telephoning, including,
but not limited to, making annoying telephone calls as described in Section 653m of the

9
Penal Code, . . . contacting, either directly or indirectly, by mail or otherwise, coming
within a specified distance of, or disturbing the peace of the other party, and, in the
discretion of the court, on a showing of good cause, of other named family or household
members.” (§ 6320, subd. (a), italics added.)
Former section 6320 did not define the phrase “ ‘disturbing the peace of the other
party,’ ” and courts construed it to mean “conduct that destroys the mental or emotional
calm of the other party.” (In re Marriage of Nadkarni (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1483,
1497 (Nadkarni); McCord v. Smith (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 358, 364-365 [citing
Nadkarni].) “The Nadkarni court’s definition has been applied consistently since 2009.”
(People v. Sorden (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 582, 601.)
Effective January 1, 2021, section 6320 was amended by Senate Bill No. 1141
(2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill No. 1141), which sought in part “to better protect
victims of domestic violence by . . . codifying language from [Nadkarni] on destroying
the other party’s mental or emotional calm.” (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of
Sen. Bill No. 1141 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 6, 2020, p. 1.)6
As amended by Senate Bill No. 1141, current subdivision (c) of section 6320
provides in relevant part: “As used in [§ 6320] subdivision (a), ‘disturbing the peace of
the other party’ refers to conduct that, based on the totality of circumstances, destroys the
mental or emotional calm of the other party. This conduct may be committed directly or
indirectly, including using a third party, and by any method or through any means
including, but not limited to, telephone, online accounts, text messages, internet-
connected devices, or other electronic technologies. This conduct includes, but is not

6 We grant A.Q.’s motion for judicial notice of certain legislative materials and take
judicial notice on our own motion of other relevant legislative materials referenced
herein. (In re J.W. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 200, 211 [court may take judicial notice of
legislative history].)

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limited to, coercive control, which is a pattern of behavior that in purpose or effect
unreasonably interferes with a person’s free will and personal liberty. Examples of
coercive control include, but are not limited to, unreasonably engaging in any of the
following: [¶] (1) Isolating the other party from friends, relatives, or other sources of
support. [¶] (2) Depriving the other party of basic necessities. [¶] (3) Controlling,
regulating, or monitoring the other party’s movements, communications, daily behavior,
finances, economic resources, or access to services.”7
M.C. contends that the Legislature, in passing Senate Bill No. 1141, also
“establish[ed] narrow parameters to limit the application of its provisions to clearly
abusive behaviors” by setting forth parameters including “a mental state, objective
unreasonableness, causation, foreseeable harm, actual harm” in order to “provide strong
guardrails to help ensure that the bill will function as intended and not reach benign
conduct that is ordinarily tolerated in relationships or that does not actually distress the
person.” (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1141 (2019-2020 Reg.
Sess.), as amended May 6, 2020, p. 7.) As amended in the Senate on May 6, 2020, the
bill provided in part that “[a] person’s conduct constitutes coercive control if the person
intentionally, or with reckless disregard of the consequences, engages in a pattern of
behavior that interferes with the will of the victim with the intent to cause the victim
severe emotional distress or that a reasonable person would know would be likely to
cause the victim severe emotional distress, the victim does suffer severe emotional
distress, and the person’s conduct is not reasonable under the circumstances.” (Sen. Bill
No. 1141 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.), as amended May 6, 2020, § 4, p. 6.)
However, this language does not appear in the final version of the bill. (See
§ 6320, as amended by Senate Bill No. 1141 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.).) Further, the

7 Section 6320, subdivision (c) was subsequently amended again by Senate Bill No. 374
(2021-2022 Reg. Sess.), but those amendments are not relevant here.

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Senate Floor Bill Analyses rejected what could have been construed as narrowing
protections afforded to domestic violence victims: “As it left the Senate, this bill was
slightly narrower, prompting some stakeholders who supported this bill’s aims to argue
that it could perversely result in a narrowing of the law. The McCord case, [McCord v.
Smith, supra, 51 Cal.App.5th 358], decided in June, reaffirmed the broad approach courts
have adopted in determining whether a person’s actions disturb the peace of the victim.
The author, stakeholders, and Assembly Judiciary Committee worked closely to resolve
all significant concerns surrounding the bill by effectively codifying this line of cases and
providing courts additional guidance on the types of circumstances that amount to
coercive control or otherwise destroy a person’s mental or emotional calm. This elegant
solution removed all opposition.” (Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses,
Analysis on Sen. Bill No. 1141 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.), as amended Aug. 6, 2020, pp. 6-
7, fn. omitted.) That bill analysis reiterated that “the Legislature is making clear that
judges should broadly recognize instances of disturbing the peace of others as what it
is—domestic violence that can be prevented through the issuance of a protective order.”
(Id. at p. 6.) The analysis further noted that the bill “sets forth a non-exhaustive list of
examples of coercive control that should help courts recognize coercive control when
hearing these cases and in no way limit what a court may consider coercive control to just
these instances.” (Ibid.)
C. Sufficiency of the Evidence Supporting the DVRO
i. Factual Findings
We first briefly summarize the facts found by the trial court to support the DVRO.
A.Q. testified (in August 2021) that, in the weeks after his 2018 breakup with M.C., she
harassed him via text messages. The record does not reflect the nature of those harassing
text messages, although A.Q.’s request for DVRO stated that M.C. had previously
harassed him via text message or online messenger by accusing him of abusing her. In
the three years before the July 2021 social media posts that prompted A.Q. to request a

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DVRO, M.C. had told multiple contacts of A.Q. that he had abused her, in an attempt to
effectuate these contacts’ severance of their connections to A.Q. and to damage his
professional image.
A.Q. requested a DVRO the month after M.C. posted 11 identical public
comments to a Facebook post, each of which included the same text but tagged a
different one of A.Q.’s professional contacts in the Sacramento theater community. A.Q.
was alerted to the comments by a colleague who contacted him to tell him that she was
ending their professional relationship. The post and comments were able to be viewed by
the public through a Google search, including by A.Q., although M.C. had blocked his
Facebook account from viewing hers. After seeing that a number of his professional
colleagues had interacted with the posts, A.Q. descended into a CPTSD attack from
which it took him a week to recover. M.C.’s posts were live at the time of trial, and she
had no intention of taking them down. A.Q. testified that M.C.’s conduct caused him to
be evicted by his landlord, to lose professional contacts, and to become socially isolated.
ii. Analysis
Primarily relying on Curcio, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th 1, M.C. contends the evidence
was insufficient to support a DVRO.8 Curcio involved two romantic partners, one of
whom–the petitioner, Curcio–had secured a DVRO based on the other partner’s (Pels’s)
single, private social media post about Curcio. On appeal, the court recognized that
conduct involving social media can constitute abuse under the DVPA for disturbing the
petitioner’s peace, but it agreed with Pels that “her private Facebook post does not
constitute disturbing the peace under the DVPA.” (Id. at pp. 11, 12-13.)

8 M.C. contends Curcio “should control here.” We note that “[w]e, of course, are not
bound by the decision of a sister Court of Appeal. [Citation.] But ‘[w]e respect stare
decisis, however, which serves the important goals of stability in the law and
predictability of decision.’ ” (The MEGA Life & Health Ins. Co. v. Superior Court
(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1522, 1529.)

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 In determining that Pels’s conduct was not sufficient to disturb Curcio’s peace as
required to obtain a DVRO, the Curcio court distinguished the facts there from those in
Nadkarni, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th 1483, and In re Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney
(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1416, 1419. In Nadkarni, the petitioner alleged that her ex-
husband had accessed, read, and disseminated the contents of her confidential emails,
which caused her to suffer embarrassment and “to fear for her safety.” (Nadkarni, at
pp. 1497-1499.) In In re Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney, a husband downloaded tens
of thousands of the petitioner’s text messages and information from the “notes”
application on her cell phone (which she used as a diary), transmitted her text messages
to third parties, threatened to reveal more text messages and emails, and hacked her
Facebook account, changed her password, and rerouted emails from her Facebook
account to his own email account. (In re Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney, at p. 1419.)
The Curcio court observed that “Pels’s single, private Facebook post accusing
Curcio of abusing her is a far cry from the conduct described [in Nadkarni and In re
Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney].” (Curcio, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 13.) The court
reiterated that “Pels expressed political views and posted her opinion of Curcio to her
own private social media account,” and Curcio testified that the post “ ‘was not public.’ ”
(Id. at p. 13.) Curcio did not present any evidence that Pels sent her harassing,
threatening, or unwanted texts, emails, or social media posts. (Ibid.) Nor did Pels
publish or distribute to third parties Curcio’s private information or messages. (Ibid.)
The court recognized that Curcio “understandably was upset by the social media post and
it may have made her fear for her career,” but it concluded that did not rise to the level of
“destruction of Curcio’s mental and emotional calm, sufficient to support the issuance of
a domestic violence restraining order.” (Ibid.)
M.C. acknowledges that, unlike the social media post at issue in Curcio, her social
media posts about A.Q. were public. However, she contends the Facebook account’s
privacy setting “is not dealt with as a factor determinative in the Curcio court’s analysis,”

14
and, like A.Q., Curcio learned about the post after being contacted by a colleague. She
argues that the “correct focus” of our inquiry should be whether M.C. published or
distributed A.Q.’s private information or messages to third parties.
We agree with M.C. that while her social media post and comments here were
public, they shared key relevant characteristics with Pels’s post in Curcio. First, neither
the post here nor that in Curcio was directed at the party seeking the DVRO. In Curcio,
Pels’s post was posted to her private account, unlike M.C.’s public post here. However,
M.C. had blocked A.Q. from viewing her profile, where the post was contained. In other
words, not only was the post not sent to A.Q., but he was also blocked from viewing it, at
least in its original location, where it had been placed by M.C. Thus, in both this case
and Curcio, the person who was the subject of the post was informed about the post by a
third party and was not intended to see or receive the post directly from its creator.
Additionally, in both cases, the person who was the subject of the post feared that the
post would negatively affect their professional reputations because the post was
accessible by their professional colleagues. Thus, while the public nature of M.C.’s post
could have caused her post to have a wider reach, both M.C.’s post and Pels’s post in
Curcio had the primary negative effect of causing the subject of the post to fear the post’s
effect on their careers.
We recognize that A.Q. raised additional allegations against M.C. that were not
present in Curcio. A.Q. testified that M.C. reached out to his professional contacts and
his landlord to inform them that A.Q. had abused her, and M.C. had accused him of
abusing her in the weeks following their breakup three years prior to the post at issue.
However, we conclude that these differences are not dispositive and, as in Curcio,
M.C.’s conduct fell short of the conduct that has been held to violate the DVPA. As the
Curcio court observed: “We do not interpret Nadkarni and its progeny to hold a
restraining order may issue based on any act that upsets the petitioning party. The DVPA
was not enacted to address all disputes between former couples, or to create an alternative

15
forum for resolution of every dispute between such individuals. If Pels’s Facebook post
is libelous, for example, Curcio may seek recourse through a defamation suit.” (Curcio,
supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 13.) The same is true here. There is no evidence that M.C.
sent A.Q. any recent harassing, threatening, or unwanted texts or e-mails. There also is
no evidence that the allegedly harassing texts that M.C. sent to A.Q. in 2018 did anything
other than accuse him of abusing her. “Nor is there evidence [M.C.] published or
distributed to third parties [A.Q.’s] private information or messages, as was the case in
both Nadkarni and In re Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney. [A.Q.] certainly never
claimed the Facebook post included [his] confidential information.” (Id. at p. 13.)
A.Q. contends this case is analogous to Altafulla v. Ervin (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th
571. In that case, the partner of the petitioner seeking a DVRO had obtained a
surveillance report providing evidence that the petitioner had a romantic affair with
another person. (Id. at p. 575.) The partner copied the report and emailed it to their
mutual friends, relatives, and coworkers. (Id. at pp. 575-576.) In another incident, the
partner refused to allow the petitioner into her bedroom to retrieve her belongings until
after the police arrived and spoke with him. The partner also told the petitioner’s 17-and
nine-year-old daughters, “in fairly graphic terms,” that their mother “had engaged in oral
copulation with another man, and then warned the girls about what he believed was a risk
they could contract sexually transmitted diseases from towels their mother might use.”
(Id. at pp. 574, 576.) In a further effort to traumatize the children, the partner began
dismantling their bedroom furniture. (Id. at p. 574.) The petitioner’s 17-year-old
daughter was so traumatized she required inpatient care at a mental health facility. (Id. at
pp. 574, 576.)
M.C.’s conduct falls well short of the partner’s behavior in Altafulla. M.C. did not
conduct an invasive surveillance operation on A.Q., nor did she repeatedly attempt to
traumatize A.Q.’s children. M.C.’s conduct simply was not sufficient to warrant a
DVRO, which, as Curcio recognized, is no small concern: “[A] domestic violence

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restraining order is no ordinary injunction. Its violation is punishable as a misdemeanor.
(Pen. Code, §§ 166, subd. (c)(3)(A); 273.6.) Arrest is mandatory where an officer has
probable cause to believe the order has been violated. ([Id.], § 836, subd. (c)(1).)
Moreover, ‘[t]here often will be some social stigma attached while a person is subject to a
protective order. Existing employers may frown on an employee who is subject to such
an order and prospective employers almost surely will. Thus[,] the restrained party may
lose out on a promotion or a job.’ ” (Curcio, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 13, fn. 6.) We
reiterate that A.Q. “may seek recourse through a defamation suit” if he believes M.C. has
defamed him. (Id. at p. 13.)
We recognize that substantial evidence supports the finding that A.Q. was greatly
affected by M.C.’s conduct and that M.C. was aware of his mental health issues. We
agree with A.Q. that our consideration of whether his mental or emotional peace were
disturbed under a totality of the circumstances review includes his subjective response to
the conduct. As we have discussed, the legislative history of Senate Bill No. 1141 did
not impose a standard of “objective unreasonableness,” as M.C. contends. “What
disturbs the peace of a person differs in each case” (K.L. v. R.H. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th
965, 981), and it is “essential . . . that the court rigorously evaluate the evidence to ensure
that the moving party has, in fact, been victimized” (Conness v. Satram (2004)
122 Cal.App.4th 197, 205). In Nadkarni, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at page 1499, in
concluding that sufficient evidence supported the application for a DVRO, the court
recognized that the husband’s conduct caused the petitioner “to suffer ‘shock’ and
‘embarrassment,’ to fear the destruction of her ‘business relationships,’ and to fear for her
safety.” Similarly, in Rodriguez v. Menjivar (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 816, 822, the court
recognized that the disturbance of the petitioner’s mental calm continued “despite
respondents’ knowledge of the adverse consequences to [the petitioner’s] health and
pregnancy.”

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 But although we uphold the trial court’s implied factual finding A.Q. was,
unfortunately, every bit as traumatized and damaged as he claimed to be, that is not
dispositive of the question before us. The totality of the circumstances includes an
analysis of whether M.C.’s conduct itself merits the issuance of a DVRO, which, as we
have described, carries criminal penalties for its violation as well as other serious
consequences. A petitioner’s subjective response to the other party’s conduct is not
sufficient, on its own, to support a DVRO where the other party’s conduct is legally
insufficient to warrant one. (See Curcio, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 13 [“We do not
interpret Nadkarni and its progeny to hold a restraining order may issue based on any act
that upsets the petitioning party”].) Thus, based on the totality of the circumstances–
including M.C.’s conduct, M.C.’s knowledge of A.Q.’s mental illness, and A.Q.’s
reaction to M.C.’s conduct–we conclude that substantial evidence does not support the
issuance of a DVRO.9

9 Because we find M.C.’s conduct does not constitute abuse under the DVPA, we need
not and do not address M.C.’s constitutional claims that the DVRO is a prior restraint on
her speech and was overbroad.

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 DISPOSITION
The August 30, 2021, order restraining M.C. is reversed. The parties are to bear
their own costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a).)

/s/ ,
Duarte, Acting P. J.

We concur:

/s/ ,
Krause, J.

/s/ ,
Boulware Eurie, J.

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