2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
No. 2-21-0635
Order filed September 19, 2023
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
DZMITRY SKRABETS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Du Page County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. 20-AR-1621
)
TIKHVINSKIY LAW, LLC, ) Honorable
) Robert E. Douglas,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Hutchinson and Jorgensen concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: Trial court did not err when it dismissed plaintiff’s claim for violations of the Fair
Debt Collections Practices Act (15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.) where plaintiff failed to
allege facts to state that the money sought to be collected was a “debt” as defined
by section 1692a(5). Trial court is affirmed.
¶2 Plaintiff, Dzmitry Skrabets, appeals the dismissal of his claim for violations of the Fair
Debt Collections Practices Act (FDCPA) (15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.) against defendant, Tikhvinskiy
Law, LLC. For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
¶4 In December 2020 plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant alleging violations of the
FDCPA. Plaintiff alleged the following. Defendant is a law firm and “is regularly engaged in the
business of collecting debts. *** The principal purpose of [d]efendant is the collection of debts
using the mails, telephone, and [d]efendant regularly attempts to collect debts alleged to be due to
another.” Defendant is a “debt collector” as defined by section 1692a(6) of the Act. Plaintiff is a
“consumer” as defined by section 1692a(3) of the Act. Defendant attempted to collect a debt
allegedly owed by plaintiff. The debt arose out of a transaction involving a Mercedes-Benz
Sprinter and fell within the definition of “debt” for purposes of section 1692a(5) of the FDCPA.
¶5 Plaintiff also alleged that defendant sent plaintiff a letter that was attached to the complaint.
The letter was written on defendant’s letter head and was signed by attorney, Maksim Tikhvinskiy.
The letter “made a vague allegation that the transaction could have involved a commercial
transaction,” but defendant sent the letter to plaintiff’s home address. No attorney reviewed or
investigated plaintiff’s account and no attorney was involved in plaintiff’s matter. Defendant
falsely raised the specter of potential legal action that it never intended to take. Later, defendant
informed plaintiff that it did not represent the client, but defendant never “submitted any notice of
withdrawal of representation.”
¶6 Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that defendant’s debt collection letter violated: (1) section
1692e(3) of the FDCPA, which prohibits the false representation that any communication is from
an attorney; (2) section 1692e(5) of the FDCPA, which prohibits threatening to take any action
that is not intended to be taken; and (3) section 1692e(10) of the FDCPA, which prohibits any false
representation or deceptive means to collect a debt. Plaintiff attached defendant’s letter to the
complaint. The letter was addressed to plaintiff and CargoBo Express at 174 Gregory St., Apt. A,
Aurora, IL.
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2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
¶7 On April 2, 2021, defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code
of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2020)). Defendant alleged that CargoBo
Express was registered at plaintiff’s home address. Defendant also alleged that plaintiff’s wife,
Liubou Skrabets, was the president of CargoBo Express, and that the letter was address to plaintiff
as manager of CargoBo Express. Defendant attached the letter it sent to plaintiff and an Illinois
Secretary of State document search that indicated that CargoBo Express’s registered address was
plaintiff’s home address and that its president was Liubou Skrabets. Defendant argued that
plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a cause of action as defined by the FDCPA because plaintiff
failed to provide or allege facts that (1) the debt at issue was a consumer debt, as required by the
FDCPA and defined by section 1692a(5), and (2) defendant was a debt collector as required by
the FDCPA and defined in section 1692a(6).
¶8 On April 12, 2021, the trial court granted plaintiff leave over defendant’s objection to issue
limited discovery as to defendant’s FDCPA debt collection practices. Defendant provided answers
to plaintiff’s interrogatories wherein it answered, in part, that it did not engage in consumer debt
collection. Defendant also answered that it never attempted to collect consumer debt.
¶9 On May 25, 2021, plaintiff filed his response to defendant’s 2-615 motion to dismiss.
Plaintiff argued that he properly pleaded that he was a “consumer” as defined by section 1692a(3)
and that the debt fell within the definition of “debt” for purposes of section 1692a(5), because the
debt arose out of an alleged transaction between three individuals that involved a Mercedes-Benz
Sprinter vehicle. Plaintiff also argued that he properly pleaded that defendant was a “debt
collector” because the complaint stated that defendant regularly engaged in the business of
collecting debts alleged to be due to another and that the defendant was a debt collector. Plaintiff
asserted that the demand letter on defendant’s letterhead attached to the complaint established that
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2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
defendant attempted to collect a debt.
¶ 10 On June 15, 2021, defendant filed its reply in support of its renamed “2-619.1 motion to
dismiss.” Defendant argued that plaintiff understood that defendant’s original motion argued for
dismissal based on section 2-619 because defendant’s motion was supported by documents outside
the complaint. Defendant attached answers to interrogatories signed by Tikhvinskiy and dated May
18, 2021. Defendant also attached documents obtained by plaintiff through discovery. Defendant
argued that it demonstrated that it was not a debt collector because zero percent of its practice was
dedicated to debt collection and that the alleged debt was a commercial, rather than consumer, debt
and, therefore, did not meet the definition of “debt” for purposes of the FDCPA.
¶ 11 Defendant attached to its reply an October 2020 letter from plaintiff’s attorney to defendant
that stated in part that “Tracums” was in possession of CargoBo Express’s vehicle. Defendant also
attached a November 2020 redacted “Motor Vehicle Theft” Addison police report wherein
someone (redacted name) at their business office, CargoBo Express, stated that Ivan Tracums, an
employee, took a delivery truck, a 2019 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, on September 6, 2020. Tracums
picked up a load in Normal Illinois, delivered it two days later in Nevada, and then the GPS was
disconnected. On September 23, 2020, someone (redacted name) received a text message from
Tracums asking for $21,000 to be transferred into his bank account. Someone (redacted name)
stated that Tracums worked under the name Joker & Co. Tracums was not heard from again.
¶ 12 On June 23, 2021, the trial court dismissed plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice pursuant
to section 2-619. The same day, plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider, arguing that defendant’s
motion to dismiss failed to raise an affirmative defense. On October 22, 2021, the trial court denied
plaintiff’s motion to reconsider.
¶ 13 This timely appeal followed.
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2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 15 At issue in this appeal is whether the dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint was proper. Plaintiff
argues that the trial court erred by dismissing his complaint pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code
because defendant presented no affirmative matter to defeat his claim.
¶ 16 We need not consider plaintiff’s arguments concerning section 2-619, because we
determine that plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a cause of action. Although the trial court based
its dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint on section 2-619 of the Code, we may affirm the dismissal of
a complaint on any basis appearing in the record. Raintree Homes, Inc. v. Village of Long Grove,
209 Ill. 2d 248, 261 (2004). We consider whether plaintiff failed to state a cause of action as argued
in defendant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code.
¶ 17 A section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Dent v.
Constellation NewEnergy, Inc., 2020 IL 126795, ¶ 25. In reviewing the sufficiency of the
complaint, we take all well-pleaded facts as true and construe the allegations in the complaint in
the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. But we do not accept as true mere conclusions
unsupported by specific facts. Better Government Ass’n v. Illinois High School Ass’n, 2017 IL
121124, ¶ 57. In addition, a pleading that merely paraphrases the elements of a cause of action in
conclusory terms is insufficient. Paul v. County of Ogle, 2018 IL App (2d) 170696, ¶ 34.
¶ 18 A cause of action should not be dismissed under section 2-615 unless it is clearly apparent
that no set of facts can be proved that would entitle the plaintiff to recover. Id. A court will consider
all facts apparent from the face of the complaint, including any attached exhibits. Id. Matters
contained in such exhibits that conflict with allegations of the complaint negate any contrary
allegations of the complaint. Tucker v. Soy Capital Bank & Trust Co., 2012 IL App 103303, ¶ 23.
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2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
We review de novo an order granting a section 2-615 motion to dismiss. Village of Kirkland v.
Kirkland Properties Holdings Co., LLC I, 2023 IL 128612, ¶ 45.
¶ 19 Plaintiff’s claims arise under the FDCPA, which was passed to eliminate abusive,
deceptive, unfair debt collection practices by debt collectors and to promote consistent State action
to protect consumers against debt collection abuses. 15 U.S.C. § 1692(a), (e) (2020). See also
Aurora Loan Services, LLC v. Kmiecik, 2013 IL App (3d) 121700, ¶ 31 (citing same).
¶ 20 The FDCPA is a federal statute. “In construing a federal statute, we generally look to
federal decisions for [their] interpretation of the statutory provisions.” Melena v. Anheuser-Busch,
Inc., 219 Ill. 2d 135, 142 (2006). Accordingly, “[w]hen interpreting federal statutes, we look to the
decisions of the United States Supreme Court and federal circuit and district courts.” State Bank
of Cherry v. CGB Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 33. Our supreme court has instructed that
United States Supreme Court interpretation of federal law “is clearly binding” on Illinois courts.
Id. However, “in the absence of a United States Supreme Court decision, the weight this court
gives to federal circuit and district court interpretations of federal law depends on factors such as
uniformity of law and the soundness of the decisions.” Id. “While we are bound only by the United
States Supreme Court, if the lower federal courts are uniform on their interpretation of a federal
statute, this court, in the interest of preserving unity, will give considerable weight to those courts’
interpretations of federal law and find them to be highly persuasive. [Citation.] However, if the
federal courts are split, we may elect to follow those decisions we believe to be better reasoned.”
(Emphases in original.) State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 34.
¶ 21 The FDCPA protects debtors in connection with the collection of certain debts but not
others. To recover under the FDCPA a plaintiff must make a threshold showing that the money
being collected qualifies as a “debt” pursuant the FDCPA. Oppenheim v. I.C. Sys., Inc., 627 F. 3d
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2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
833, 836-37 (11th Cir. 2010). The FDCPA defines “debt” as “any obligation or alleged obligation
of a consumer to pay money arising out of a transaction in which the money [or] property *** are
primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.” (Emphasis added.) Aurora Loan Services,
LLC, 2013 IL App (3d) 121700, ¶ 31 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(5)). Therefore, the FDCPA does
not cover actions arising out of commercial debts. Goldman v. Cohen, 445 F. 3d 152, 154 n.1 (2d
Cir. 2006), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Carlin v. Davidson Fink LLP, 852
F. 3d 207, 212-13 (2d Cir. 2017).
¶ 22 Here, plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the transaction at issue falls within the definition of
“debt” for purposes of section 1692a(5). However, we need not accept plaintiff’s conclusory
assertion that the transaction qualifies as a “debt” because it is unsupported by specific facts. See
Ash v. PSP Distribution, LLC, 2023 IL App (1st) 220151, ¶ 19 (a court will not admit conclusory
allegations or conclusions of law not supported by specific facts contained in a complaint).
¶ 23 Plaintiff also alleges that the debt does not involve a commercial transaction because
defendant sent the demand letter to his home address. However, an alleged debt collector’s
treatment of an obligation is irrelevant to an inquiry regarding the nature of the obligation itself.
Slenk v. Transworld System, Inc., 236 F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir.2001). Further, defendant’s
demand letter, attached to plaintiff’s complaint as “Exhibit A,” negates any allegation that the debt
qualifies as a “debt” as defined by section 1692a(5) of the FDCPA. Defendant’s letter is addressed
to “Dzmitry Skrabets[,] CargoBo Express” and states that it is regarding “Ivans Tracums[,] Joker
& Co[.]” The letter states:
“My client, Mr. Tracums contracted with you and your company to deliver loads. You
agreed to send 50% of all gross revenue receipts to Mr. Tracums. However, in violation of
all legal and contractual obligations you failed to do that and has [sic] not yet paid the
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2023 IL App (2d) 210635-U
amount of $18,670.00 to Mr. Tracums. Additionally, Mr. Tracums transferred to you
$3,000.00 to be paid as a down payment for [a] Mercedes-Benz Sprinter. You did not pay
any down payments and has [sic] no legal justification in keeping $3,000.00. Thus, the
total amount that you owe own to Mr. Tracums is $21,670.00.”
¶ 24 “Exhibit A” on its face is inconsistent with and negates plaintiff’s allegation that the
transaction falls within the definition of a “debt” for purposes of section 1692a(5). The letter is
addressed to plaintiff and “your company.” It then discusses a contract to “deliver loads” and
payment of “50% of gross revenue receipts.” “Exhibit A” reveals that plaintiff’s purported
obligation arose out of a transaction that was primarily for commercial or business purposes, and
not “primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.” (Emphases added.) Aurora Loan
Services, LLC, 2013 IL App (3d) 121700, ¶ 31 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(5)). Because
defendant’s letter, referenced in and attached to the complaint, belies the allegations upon which
plaintiff’s FDCPA is premised, the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff’s complaint.
¶ 25 We conclude that plaintiff’s complaint, stripped of its allegations that are legally deficient
(conclusory), is inconsistent with the attached letter from defendant; therefore, the complaint fails
to state a cause of action as a matter of law, and we affirm the trial court’s order dismissing it.
¶ 26 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 27 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County.
¶ 28 Affirmed.
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