OPINION
CONNOR, Justice.This lawsuit concerns the legality of the sale of certain offshore oil and gas leases located in the vicinity of Kachemak Bay. Kachemak Bay is a highly productive marine environment, and a number of commercially valuable species of fish and shellfish inhabit the area. The sale in question was denominated the “28th Competitive Oil and Gas Lease Sale,” and was conducted by the Division of Lands of the Department of Natural Resources of the State of Alaska on December 13, 1973. Plaintiffs sued to set aside the sale of the leases. The issuance of those leases is a prerequisite to the development of oil and gas resources in the Kachemak Bay area. Six of the plaintiffs are commercial fishermen residing in Homer and Seldovia; the seventh, McBride, owns and operates a lodge on Kachemak Bay. Plaintiffs believe their livelihood will be threatened if oil exploration and production occur in the waters in which they fish. The defendants are the State of Alaska and the lessees of the tracts in or near the bay which were leased at the sale.
This appeal was taken by plaintiffs from an order entered by Superior Court Judge Thomas E. Schulz, May 20, 1975, dismissing plaintiffs’ amended complaint and granting the defendants’ motions for summary judgment. Although the defendants had moved for summary judgment on a number of grounds, the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was based solely on the issue of laches.
In their complaint, as amended, plaintiffs alleged that the lease sale was unlawful for three reasons: 1) state officials did not comply with certain notice provisions; 2)' state officials did not make a reasoned finding that the sale would serve the best interests of the state; and, 3) state officials did not comply with AS 38.05.305 requiring joint study and review with local authorized planning agencies prior to the sale. The defendants denied plaintiffs’ allegations, and urged, in addition, several affirmative defenses, one of which was laches. Plaintiffs and defendants then filed cross-motions for summary judgment based on the aforementioned grounds.
The record indicates that the history of events leading to the sale of the leases and the initiation of this lawsuit is basically as follows. On April 13, 1972, a press release from the governor’s office announcing the proposed sale of oil and gas leases in Ka-chemak Bay was published. Following this announcement, citizens of Homer, including a representative of the Homer Chamber of Commerce, expressed their concern over the proposed sale to state officials. These individuals were reassured by the state officials that any plans to sell leases located in the vicinity of Kachemak Bay were indefinite, that industry interest in the area was slight, and that competing uses and environmental considerations would be taken into account before any leases were sold.
On July 13, 1973, the call for nominations was issued to the oil industry. The call for nominations represents the state’s request for expressions of industry interest in the sale. Nominations of particular tracts are made by the oil companies and indicate their opinions as to which tracts *15should be leased; they are confidential. The nominating period closed September 4, 1973.
On September 18, 1973, based on the information received from the nominations of the oil companies, the Chief of the Minerals Section of the Division of Lands, Pedro Denton, sent a recommendation to the Commissioner of Natural Resources, Charles Herbert, to include large portions of the Kachemak Bay area in the sale. On October 19, 1973, Herbert gave his approval of the sale per Denton’s recommendation. In November of 1973, the Division of Lands proceeded to issue formal notice of the sale. On December 5, 1973, a petition requesting a public hearing signed by about 300 residents of the Kachemak Bay area was received by the Division of Lands.- The request was denied. The sale was held December 13, 1973, and the leases were issued in January of 1974.
I.
In its memorandum of decision dated May 14, 1975, the trial court held that plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the defense of laches, and their suit was consequently dismissed. Since this case arose on summary judgment, we must determine whether there were any genuine issues of material fact, and whether the moving parties were entitled to judgment as a matter of law.1 Examination of the record does not reveal that there were genuine issues of material fact before the court with respect to the issue of laches. We now turn to a review of the legal questions presented to determine whether the court below erred in ruling that defendants were entitled to assert the laches defense as a matter of law.
The decision to sustain a defense based on laches is properly addressed to the discretion of the trial court,2 and will not be overturned unless we feel a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.3 Concerned Citizens of South Kenai Peninsula v. Kenai Peninsula Borough, 527 P.2d 447, 457 (Alaska 1974).
In Concerned Citizens, of South Kenai Peninsula v. Kenai Peninsula Borough, supra, we set forth those elements which are crucial to a finding of laches. We stated:
“The doctrine creates an equitable defense when a party delays asserting a claim for an unconscionable period. A court must find both an unreasonable delay in seeking relief and resulting prejudice to the defendant. Sustaining this defense requires a decision by the trial court that the equities of the case justify refusal to hear and decide a party’s claim. .
No specific time must elapse before the defense of laches can be raised because the propriety of refusing to hear a claim turns as much upon the gravity of the prejudice suffered by the defendant as the length of a plaintiffs delay.” 527 P.2d at 457 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted)
Thus there are two independent criteria which must be met before the equitable doctrine of laches can be applied. The defendant must show the plaintiff was guilty of inexcusable delay, resulting in undue prejudice to the defendant.
*16The element of delay has been described as a “lack of diligence”4 and “neglect, for an unreasonable and unexplained length of time, under circumstances permitting diligence.”5 The plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in finding that they were guilty of such delay or neglect. Plaintiffs point out that the filing of their suit, in early December of 1974, closely followed the issuance of the first permits allowing commencement of actual oil exploration activities in Kachemak Bay. For example, the first permit authorizing a lessee to drill was issued to Shell Oil Company on November 12, 1974, approximately three weeks prior to the initiation of plaintiffs’ suit.6 Thus plaintiffs contend that they acted promptly once their usufructu-ary rights in the waters of Kachemak Bay were actually endangered. In reviewing all the facts and circumstances of this case, we must agree that plaintiffs were not guilty of such inexcusable delay as to bar them from asserting their claims. Moreover, sufficient prejudice has not been established on the record and, therefore, we do not believe the equitable doctrine of laches should apply.
The point in time at which plaintiffs must exercise their remedies in court or lose their right to assert their cause of action depends on the facts and equitable considerations of each case, including the knowledge of the plaintiffs, the conduct of the defendants, the interests to be vindicated, and the resulting prejudice. Defendants urge us to look to the time at or near the1 lease sale as the crucial date from which to measure plaintiffs’ delay. They assert that it is the appropriate point in time since it was the alleged irregularities of the sale itself that formed the basis of the suit below. We cannot agree; for, in determining when laches should be applied, our concern is not so much with when the alleged wrong occurred, as it is with when, in light of any resulting prejudice to defendants, it became reasonable to expect plaintiffs to act upon the wrong. It is from the latter point onward that the plaintiffs’ time begins to run. Thus in Steubing v. Brinegar, 511 F.2d 489 (2d Cir. 1975), a case similar to the one at bar, the Second Circuit did not measure plaintiffs’ delay from the time when the wrong which was the basis for the plaintiffs’ suit occurred. Instead, the Court of Appeals looked to that point in time when plaintiffs, as laymen challenging administrative action, would most likely have been galvanized into action and motivated to hire counsel.7 It noted that plaintiffs had a right to assume that federal officials would comply with the applicable law.8 We are in agreement with the analysis of the Court of Appeals. One of the factors we *17will consider in measuring the plaintiffs’ delay is when, under the circumstances, it became no longer reasonable for plaintiffs to assume that defendants would comply with the law. We will also look to that point in time when there were positive' steps taken by defendants which made their course of conduct irrevocable, and would have galvanized reasonable plaintiffs into seeking a lawyer.
Defendants maintain, in addition, that plaintiffs should be held accountable for not filing suit to set aside the leases from the time they first learned of the sale itself. Since some of the plaintiffs knew of the lease sale before it occurred,9 defendants argue that suit should have been brought prior to the sale. However, the record shows that of the six plaintiffs deposed, one learned of the sale only after it had taken place, one heard only talk and “rumor” prior to the sale, and the remaining four only learned of it within a three week period prior to the event. The knowledge of some of the plaintiffs cannot be imputed to others. Moreover, it is hardly reasonable to expect the plaintiffs who did know of the pending sale to have not only recognized that they had a cause of action,10 but to have also hired counsel and filed suit in the days preceding the sale.11 In Steubing v. Brinegar, supra, the court acknowledged that the plaintiffs were long aware of the pending project, and that more • than a year before they brought suit they were aware or should have been aware that buildings were being demolished in contemplation of construction of the project which was enjoined.12 Nevertheless, the court chose to measure the plaintiffs’ delay from the time preparations for the project “began in earnest,” with the stripping of land, removal of trees, dredging, construction of the first test piling, etc. The Second Circuit explained that it was not until such “positive developments” had occurred that one could usually expect opposition to a project of that sort to be galvanized to the extent the parties would go out and hire counsel.'
Utilizing the criteria enunciated above, we do not find that plaintiffs in the instant case delayed unreasonably. Not until the first drilling permit was issued *18were plaintiffs affirmatively on notice that, barring litigation, development of per-troleum resources in Kachemak Bay would proceed as planned.13 Within a month following the issuance of that permit, plaintiffs’ suit was filed. In our opinion, the issuance of the drilling permit marked the time at which defendants became so irrevocably committed to a course of action, which endangered the plaintiffs’ interest, that plaintiffs reasonably could have been expected to seek legal remedies.
In so concluding, we recognize that it is no easy matter to mount an effective legal battle against a project of this magnitude and complexity. Often, the “mists of bureaucracy” remain impenetrable to the layman, and in cases such as these may tend to obscure the true posture of the defendant agencies. Moreover, as we noted before, plaintiffs had the right to presume defendants would proceed in accordance with the law. Before we will hold plaintiffs guilty of neglectful delay sufficient for laches, we will accord them a reasonable amount of time in which to ascertain the existence of administrative irregularities and the scope of defendants’ commitment.
One factor we have considered is the history of assurances made before the sale by state officials to many citizens of Homer. The assurances were to the effect that, although the sale was to be held, there was no immediate cause for concern because 1) it was uncertain that sufficiently large bids would be received for tracts in Kachemak Bay to be leased; 2) the issuance of leases did not mean development would take place; and, 3) no one knew if drilling would actually be allowed in the bay. The trial court found that such assurances were made “time and time again.” Furthermore, they were made to at least one individual who later worked with plaintiffs in organizing their lawsuit. The assurances underplayed the importance of the lease sale itself to the citizens of the Homer area, giving them a false sense of security.
Following the sale plaintiffs, members of their families, and organizations to which they belonged continued to protest the sale. They attended legislative and administrative hearings, where they aired their views and offered evidence on the relative merits of oil development in Kachemak Bay. Even the good faith pursuit of alternative remedies may not justify what is otherwise unreasonable delay resulting in undue prejudice to defendants. However, the record of the instant case does not reveal what would otherwise constitute prejudicial delay. Moreover, the pursuit of alternative remedies was itself a reasonable course of action and was conducted in a reasonable fashion. Under the circumstances, we will not penalize plaintiffs too heavily for any delay resulting from attempts to reach a more amicable resolution of the problem.14
*19In determining whether laches was properly applied in the case at bar, we cannot overlook the fact that under Section 1 of Article VIII of our constitution, the public also has an interest in the proper development of Alaska’s resources.15 While we cannot agree with plaintiffs’ assertion that laches should never be applied when the “public interest” is at stake, neither do we accept defendants’ contention that the public interest status of a case is irrelevant to whether laches should be applied. Instead, we choose to weigh the importance of the public interests in question, and the difficulties and merits of bringing a case of this type to court, as a part of the overall process of balancing the equities of a particular case to determine whether plaintiffs are guilty of inequitable delay.16
Finally, we must consider the element of prejudice. We do not find that plaintiffs’ delay in filing suit has sufficiently prejudiced defendants to justify barring plaintiffs’ suit. The oil company defendants have alleged that the disclosure of certain information at the lease sale will injure their respective competitive positions if they are forced to submit new bids for the same tracts in the future. They also maintain that the information was acquired at great expense. At the sale, the bids of the various lessees were opened and made public. It is the defendants’ position that both the bidding process and the nomination process, the results of which remained confidential until the date of the sale, effectively required bidders to disclose their best estimate of the likelihood of successful oil exploration on the particular lease sites bid upon. The trial judge described the information as “proprietary information.” Defendants argue that if plaintiffs had promptly brought an action to enjoin the sale, the release of the information would have been prevented, and they would have been spared the consequent prejudice.
We fail to understand how defendants can ascribe such prejudice to plaintiffs’ “lack of diligence”.17 Plaintiffs only learned of the sale in the two or three weeks preceding it. As we noted previously, their failure to file suit immediately for injunctive relief was not unreasonable. Obviously, once the sale date had passed, the injury to defendants which resulted from the release of their bidding information became no greater because of any subsequent delay on the part of plaintiffs. Moreover, the expenditures made to procure the information must have occurred many months before the sale. Speculative expenditures of this type cannot be ascribed to plaintiffs’ delay in filing suit.
*20Defendant Shell "Oil Company claims that it suffered additional prejudice, because of action it took in reliance upon the lease sale. Following the lease sale, it applied for four permits in order to begin exploration activity on its tracts in 1975. It signed a contract in late June of 1974 for the services of a drilling vessel and had it brought to Alaska. It also' entered into some contracts for supplemental services such as helicopter services, warehouse and storage space, mobile office space, etc. Most, if not all, of these contracts were entered into before plaintiffs filed suit.
The seeking of the permits alone cannot constitute the kind of serious prejudice required to justify the imposition of laches. As for the contract for the drilling vessel, it appears that Shell was not planning] to use it at least until 1975, after another oil company had finished using it in another location in Alaska. When the drilling rig was finally moved to Kachemak Bay in 1975, Shell was unable to commence drilling operations because the rig had suffered a mechanical breakdown. The costs incurred in contracting for the drilling vessel may have been substantial. But we do not see how they are attributable to plaintiffs when another oil company was using the drilling vessel the entire time of plaintiffs’ alleged delay. The other contracts are not of sufficient magnitude to justify imposition of laches, especially where the interests at stake are so important. Most important, Shell entered into these contracts and activities, for the most part, prior to November of 1974, and we have concluded that November 1974 is the proper time from which to measure plaintiffs’ delay.
The state claims that it spent a great deal of money in preparing for the sale. However, such expenditures cannot be attributed to plaintiffs’ delay. The state’s argument that the money received from the sale has already been budgeted and appropriated is also unpersuasive. In the case at bar, plaintiffs are not trying to halt a project on which large amounts of state funds have already been spent.18 Moreover, as protector of our resources,19 the state can hardly argue that it would be inconvenient to return the funds to the oil companies if the sale were set aside because the state acted improperly. Finally, there is no evidence those funds were actually budgeted and appropriated.
Considering the importance of the public interests at stake, the lack of serious prejudice to defendants as the result of plaintiffs’ delay, the efforts of plaintiffs to secure more amicable means of relief, and the conduct of the defendant state, we cannot agree with the trial judge that prosecution of plaintiffs’ claim would be inequitable.
II.
The trial judge dismissed the plaintiffs’ action solely on the basis of laches, and did not reach the other questions which were presented on the cross-motions for summary judgment. However, defendants have urged us to consider these questions if we find that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on *21the basis of laches. Under Ransom v. Haner, 263 P.2d 282, 285 (Alaska 1961), we can affirm a trial court’s grant of summary judgment, if alternative grounds exist for upholding the judgment below. Since we have decided that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on laches, we now turn to the other arguments presented to the trial court on the cross-motions for summary judgment to see if grounds exist for upholding its judgment. The issues we must consider include the claims advanced by plaintiffs below, comprising the merits of their case.
III.
The first such question we will consider is whether the Division of Lands complied with legal requirements concerning the publication of notice. Plaintiffs asserted below that the sale was invalid on the ground that the publication of notice of the sale in the Anchorage Times and the Ken-ai Cheechako News failed to satisfy the relevant constitutional and statutory mandates. As noted above the trial court did not rule on the issue.
Article VIII, § 10, of the Alaska Constitution provides:
“No disposals or leases of state lands, or interests therein, shall be made without prior notice and other safeguards of the public interest as may be prescribed by law.”
Pursuant to this constitutional provision, the legislature enacted the Alaska Land Act, the provisions of which are now found in AS 38.05.005-.370. AS 38.05.345 provides in pertinent part:
“(a) Public notice of a sale, lease or disposal of land or interest in it, except grants under § 330 of this chapter and preference right grazing leases under §§ 75 and 80 of this chapter, when required, shall be substantially as follows.
(b) Notice shall be published once a week for three consecutive weeks preceding the time of sale stated in the notice, in at least one newspaper of general circulation in the zncinity in which the land, property or interest in it is to be sold, leased, or disposed of. Where there is no newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity, notices shall be posted in three public places near the land to be sold, leased, or otherwise disposed of. . . .” (Emphasis added)
The notice was published in the Kenai Cheechako News. However, the last publication in that paper was less than a week prior to the sale. Hence, there was not sufficient notice pursuant to AS 38.05.-345. Publication in the Anchorage Times, on the other hand, occurred within the proper time frame as set forth in the statute.
Thus we turn to the question of whether the Anchorage Times is a “newspaper of general circulation” in the vicinity of Kachemak Bay. Our threshold determination is how the phrase “general circulation" shall be construed. The proper construction of the term “general circulation” requires consideration of both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the publication. A newspaper which contains news of general interest to the community and reaches a diverse readership is one of general circulation.20 In view of the fact that the Anchorage Times carries news on a variety of subjects of general interest to the average reader, only a lack of readers in the Homer area could deny it the status of a “newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity” of the lands offered for lease.
At the time the notice was published, the population of the Homer area was approximately 3,500. The circulation of the Anchorage Times in the area was approximately 130. The number of read*22ers, albeit small,21 was not so insignificant that the newspaper would fail to reach a diverse group of people in the community. Therefore, it must be said that the Anchorage Times was a newspaper of “general circulation” in the Homer area.
The foregoing determination precludes plaintiffs from successfully arguing that the Division of Lands failed to give adequate notice of the 28th Competitive Oil and Gas Sale as required by AS 38.05.345.
IV.
Plaintiffs’ second claim on the merits was that the sale was unlawful because it was not preceded by a reasoned finding made by the Director of the Division of Lands that the sale would best serve the interests of the state.
AS 38.05.035(a)(14) provides:
“The director shall .
(14) when he finds that the interests of the state will be best served, he may, with the consent of the commissioner, approve contracts for the sale, lease, or other disposal of available lands, resources, property or interest in them.
A majority of this court believes that no formal, written finding is necessary under this statutory language. However, a majority of the court also believes that the determination of the director should be judicially reviewable.22 Accordingly, this case must be remanded to the superior court for appropriate further proceedings on this question.23
*23V.
The next question presented is whether the lease sale is voidable because the Division of Lands did not study and review the leases with local planning agencies prior to the sale. Plaintiffs contend that the state failed to comply with AS 38.05.305, which requires in certain circumstances that the state consult with local planning agencies before selling or leasing state lands. They argue that under AS 38.05.305 joint study and review with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and the cities of Homer and Seldovia were required before the lease sale could be conducted by the state. Plaintiffs’ argument with respect to AS 38.05.305 represents their third ground for contesting the validity of the lease sale.
Our threshold consideration is whether ■plaintiffs are entitled to obtain judicial review of the state’s failure to consult with local agencies prior to holding the sale. In this regard, defendants urge us to deny review on the ground that plaintiffs, as individuals, have no standing to claim noncompliance with AS 38.05.305. Defendants submit that only an offended community or agency thereof could properly seek review of the state’s alleged noncompliance with the statute in question. They argue that plaintiffs’ interest in this matter is at best merely incidental or indirect, and, therefore, not sufficient to give plaintiffs standing.
As previous decisions of this court indicate, the concept of standing has been interpreted broadly in Alaska, favoring increased accessibility to judicial forums. In Coghill v. Boucher, 511 P.2d 1297, 1303 (Alaska 1973), we noted that “[i]n the past . . . this court has departed from a restrictive interpretation of the standing requirement.”
Whether a party has standing to obtain judicial resolution of a controversy depends on whether the party has a sufficient personal stake in the outcome of the controversy.24 In our recent decision of Wagstaff v. Superior Court, Family Division, 535 P.2d 1220, 1225 (Alaska 1975), we described this requirement in terms of “injury-in-fact,” and explained that its purpose is to assure the adversity which is fundamental to judicial proceedings.25
*24Plaintiffs in the case at bar maintain that they will be adversely affected if oil exploration and production are allowed to occur in Kachemak Bay. Since they are, for the most part, commercial fishermen, their livelihood is dependent upon the biological productivity of the bay. Thus they clearly possess a personal stake in the disposition of the resources of the bay, and stand to incur significant injury if such a disposition were allowed to occur without the benefit of a presentation of their competing interest in those resources. Presumably, AS 38.05.305 provides a possible avenue of expression for plaintiffs in their attempt to make sure the state comprehends the local effects of its actions.
Plaintiffs’ interest in the outcome of the litigation is essentially economic. As such, it clearly meets the injury-in-fact requirement for standing.26 In Wagstaff, 535 P.2d at 1225, we stated:
“It is clear that economic harm falls within those cognizable interests anticipated by the injury-in-fact doctrine.” (Footnote omitted).
It does not concern us that AS 38.05.305 requires the state to consult with parties other than plaintiffs. Plaintiffs still have a stake in such a consultation, since § 305 provides a mechanism through which the state can arrive at a more informed disposition of the bay’s resources. In K & L Distributors, Inc. v. Murkowski, 486 P.2d 351, 353-54 (Alaska 1971), we recognized economic injury to a competitor as a basis for standing, even though the plaintiff’s primary interest was not in the direct outcome of the challenged administrative action. In that case, plaintiffs were malt li*25quor wholesalers who sought review of the granting of an industrial tax credit to a brewery. Given the requisite stake in the outcome of the litigation, we do not find it determinative that a plaintiff would have played no part in the administrative procedure had administrative regularity been observed. Our concern in this matter is not so much with the substantive nature of the claims sought to be vindicated as with plaintiffs’ interest in the ultimate resolution of those claims. Thus we hold that plaintiffs have standing to litigate the question of the state’s compliance with AS 38.05.305.
We now turn to the question of whether AS 38.05.305 applies to- oil and gas leases such as those sold at the 28th Competitive Oil and Gas Lease Sale. AS 38.05.305 provides:
“Except for land disposed of under §§ 315-325 of this chapter, no land in or adjacent to an incorporated municipality or other organized community may be sold or leased, or a renewal lease issued, until the proposed use of the land has been studied and reviewed jointly by the director and local authorized planning agencies.”
This provision is part of the Alaska Land Act,27 which was enacted pursuant to Article VIII, § 10 of the Alaska Constitution.28 In resolving the question before us, we must keep in mind the constitutional mandate, expressed in Article VIII, § 10, to safeguard the public’s interest in the disposition of state natural resources. The joint study requirement as set forth in § 305 of the Alaska Land Act provides a means of safeguarding this interest. Accordingly, we will not lightly adopt a highly restrictive interpretation of the statute.
The general definition section of the Alaska Land Act provides the following definition of “lands”:
“Sec. 38.05.365. Definitions.
(16) ‘state lands’ or ‘lands’ means all lands, including shore, tide and submerged lands, or resources belonging to or acquired by the state;” (emphasis added).
Reading § 305 together with this section, on its face it seems that AS 38.05.305 should apply to lease sales such as the one contested by plaintiffs. Further analysis supports this interpretation.
We note that sections found throughout the Alaska Land Act utilized the . word “land” in such a way that it could only be interpreted as encompassing resources within the scope of its meaning.29 Admittedly, in certain provisions of the act the word “land” is used in a manner inconsistent with the statutory definition of the term.30 However, instances of such inconsistencies are few in number, and bear no special contextual significance to AS 38.-05.305. Under the definition section of the act, statutory definitions are to apply “unless the context otherwise requires.”31 We find nothing about the context of AS 38.05.305 which would imply that the statutory definition of the word “land” should be disregarded.
Nevertheless, defendants claim that under AS 38.05.145(a), only §§ 145— 181 of the Alaska Land Act apply to min*26eral lease sales. AS 38.05.145(a) provides in relevant part:
“Deposits of . . . oil, gas . . . and state lands containing these deposits are subject to disposition under rules and regulations, recommended by the director and adopted by the commissioner, and the provisions of §§ 145-181 of this chapter. . . .”
We cannot accept this argument. Adoption of defendants’ analysis would preclude application of crucial sections of the Alaska Land Act to oil and gas leases. For example, Article 12 (General Provisions), including the definitions section32 of the statute, would not be applicable. Similarly, the § 035(a) (14) disposition powers of the Director under Article 1 (Administration) would be inapplicable to lease sales such as the one under consideration, as would the notice provisions of § 345.33 Further, the legislature explicitly excluded oil and gas leases from the purview of AS 38.05.310. If no sections except §§ 145-181 apply to such leases, this language would be meaningless. We do not believe the legislature intended such a result.
Defendants point out that the state agencies involved have always taken the position that § 305 is not applicable to the sale of oil and gas leases. They urge us to defer to the enforcing agencies’ construction of the statute in question. This we decline to do. In State v. Aleut Corp., 541 P.2d 730 (Alaska 1975), the construction of § 305 was also at issue. In that case we rejected the Division of Lands’ assertion that its long-standing interpretation of the statute should be deferred to, and refused to apply the reasonable basis standard of review to the agency’s interpretation of § 305.34 We explained that the reasonable basis test is applicable when an administrative agency’s interpretation of law falls within that agency’s particular area of expertise.35 We went on to state:
“The terms of AS 38.05.305 are not technical and mere familiarity in their application by the Division of Lands does not render that agency any better able to discern the intent of the legislature than the courts. We will therefore apply our own independent judgment as to whether the agency’s interpretation complies with the legislature’s intent.” 36
In our view, construction of § 305 with respect to facts in the case at bar is no more a matter for administrative expertise than 'it was in Aleut Corp.
Moreover, the practical considerations of applying § 305 to oil and gas lease sales do not lead us to adopt the restrictive interpretation of § 305 advocated by defendants. The state argues that the consultation requirement of § 305 would “virtually paralyze” the Division of Lands if it were applied to mineral disposals. In support of its argument, the state refers to the staking and, filing of mining claims, pointing out that the property interest in such claims can be established by an act “inherently unknowable to the Division of Lands when it occurs,” thus arguing § 305 would be next-to-impossible to apply in such situations.37 However, mining claims of the type referred to by the state are clearly distinguished by statutory section, procedure and duration from mining leases *27under the terms of the Alaska Land Act.38 Section 305 only applies to sales and leases, not to claims; thus the state’s anxiety over the prospect of conducting joint studies every time a claim is filed is unwarranted. In contrast to the position advanced by the state regarding the need to inform local communities of its intent to sell or lease oil and gas in adjacent areas, the views of the oil industry are actively solicited prior to a lease sale, and provide the basis for determining what tracts will be offered at a sale. The practical problems of consulting with the oil and gas companies cannot be significantly less than those attendant in consulting with representatives of local communities. We note that communities which must be consulted under § 305 do not have any veto power over the sale or lease of state lands.39
Defendants next contend that even if § 305 is applicable to oil and gas leases, the statutory purpose of the provision was in fact satisfied. They argue that under § 305 the Division of Lands is not required to consult with communities located within an organized borough, and that, therefore, Homer and Seldovia did not need to be consulted. Defendants maintain that as to the Kenai Peninsula Borough, within which Homer and Seldovia are located, there was substantial compliance with the consultation requirement.
In State v. Aleut Corp., we described the adjacency requirement of § 305 as follows:
“lands ‘in or adjacent to’ a community are lands which are in fact utilized on a regular or periodic basis by members of the community for legitimate economic or recreational purposes and are located within a reasonable distance of the [community].” 40
Plaintiffs in the case at bar make their homes in, or near to, Homer and Seldovia, both of which are located on the shores of Kachemak Bay. The economy of these cities is presently based on the tourism and fishing industries, which in turn revolve around the use of the bay. Thus we find Kachemak Bay is “adjacent to” the cities of Homer and Seldovia for the purposes of § 305.
Nevertheless, defendants maintain that because the powers of “planning, platting and zoning on an areawide basis” are delegated to the borough under AS 29.33.-070, the authority of cities located within the borough is superseded by borough powers for purposes of § 305. We disagree. Section 305 does not limit “local authorized planning agencies” to agencies with “area-wide” authority. In designating the authority with whom the state must consult, the statute merely refers to “an incorporated municipality or other organized community.” Homer and Seldovia clearly fall within this category. Moreover, we stated in Aleut:
“[I]t is clear that ‘planning agencies’ cannot be limited to the agencies authorized by statute to provide technical planning services to certain classes of communities.” 41
There are many land uses for which a city must plan, regardless of whether it is located within an organized borough. Homer and Seldovia will be directly affected if petroleum operations move to Kachemak Bay. Thus we hold that Homer and Sel-dovia should have been consulted prior to the sale of oil and gas leases located within Kachemak Bay.
Furthermore, we do not believe that the record indicates that the state complied with the consultation requirement with respect to the Kenai Peninsula Borough. Although the Borough Planning Director knew of the sale as early as September of 1973, the Planning Department *28for the Borough never studied or reviewed the lease sale proposals either on its own or in consultation with the state. The Borough Assembly did adopt a resolution urging the Department of Natural Resources to issue permits necessary to continue drilling in Kachemak Bay and Lower Cook Inlet, but the resolution was adopted after the leases were sold. We do not find that a tardy attempt of this type satisfies the mandate of § 305. Moreover, the proper agency was never consulted.
Finally, we must decide whether to apply our holding in this matter prospectively.42 In so deciding, we weigh the equities of applying the holding enunciated today to the parties before us in light of the criteria set out in Schreiner v. Fruit, 519 P.2d 462, 466-67 (Alaska 1974). Three separate factors are to be considered.43 First, to be applied prospectively, the decision “must establish a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied, or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed.” 44 Second, we must evaluate the merits of retroactive or prospective application of the rule in light of its prior history, purpose and effect. Third, we must weigh the hardship and injustice of applying the rule to the litigants in the instant case.
In applying these standards to the case at bar, we are persuaded that our holding should be applied solely prospectively. The issue before us represents a question of first impression in an area of statutory law which was admittedly not as clear as it might have been.45 A primary purpose underlying the statute is to give members of the public who will be affected by a particular disposal of state lands a voice in the disposition of those lands. However, once the disposition has occurred, the new owners or lessors also have a paramount- interest in maintaining their rights to the land. Wé have no desire in this area, to upset settled transactions which were entered into in good faith. The title conflicts which would be engendered if every mineral lease or sale which was executed in the past became vulnerable to attack under the rule we have announced today would be enormous. If allowed, this would create insurmountable problems for the state and numerous individuals. Finally, we believe the oil company defendants in this case were entitled to rely on the Division of Lands’ long-standing interpretation of § 305. Unlike our dissenting colleagues, we do not believe that the state’s interpretation of the statute was implausible. Ultimately the question of prospectivity must be decided upon a broad basis. In this regard the United States Supreme Court per Cardozo, J., observed:
“The choice for any state may be determined by the juristic philosophy of the judges of her courts, their conceptions of law, its origin and nature.” Great N. Ry. v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., supra, at 365, 53 S.Ct. at 149.
In order to avoid any injustice, the rule we state in this case shall apply only to actions arising out of occurrences after the date of this opinion.46
VI.
Defendants have urged us also to consider the question of whether plaintiffs’ *29claims were time barred by a statute of limitations. In his memorandum of decision, the trial judge noted that he did not believe that plaintiffs’ claims were time barred by either AS 44.62.560 or Rule 45 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure as defendants claimed, since he did not find they applied to the facts of this case. He chose, instead, to rely upon the doctrine of laches to support his decision.
We agree that plaintiffs’ action is not time barred under AS 44.62.560(a) 47 or Alaska App.R. 45(a)(2).48 As noted above,49 the jurisdictional basis for this suit is not § 560(a), but rather Alaska Const. art. VIII, § 10. Alyeska Ski Corp. v. Holdsworth, 426 P.2d 1006, 1012 and n. 22 (Alaska 1967); see United States Smelting R. & M. Co. v. Local Boundary Comm’n, 489 P.2d 140, 142 (Alaska 1971); Union Oil Co. v. State, 526 P.2d 1357, 1365 n.12 (Alaska 1974).50 Any action for declaratory judgment must also rely on AS 22.10.020(b) for jurisdiction, which section allows the Alaska Courts to provide declaratory relief. Neither provision imposes a 30-day limitation on actions brought under them. Since, as we have seen above, the administrative process as it concerns plaintiffs in this case was not an adjudicatory proceeding, we will not judicially impose a 30-day limitation by analogy to AS 44.62.-560 or App.R. 45.51. We note that judicial review from non-adjudicatory legislative action is provided in the Alaska A.P.A. under AS 44.62.300, which section specifically provides for declaratory relief, but not for a statute of limitations on actions. We do not mean to imply that oil and gas lease sale proceedings must comply with the formal requirements provided for administrative regulations, but we do find a better procedural analogy in § 300 for this case, where the public interest is being advanced in a declaratory judgment action by persons not party or privy to the administrative proceeding below. Plaintiffs are not time barred from bringing this action.
VII.
Finally, there is a dispute in the trial court over which of the evidentiary materials proffered by plaintiffs were cognizable under Civil Rule 56. The controversy concerns administrative files pertaining to the lease sale which were obtained from the Division of Lands and various other state agencies. The files contain, for the most part, interoffice memoranda and opinion letters, documents, notices and correspondence, including many letters from Homer residents expressing their concern over the sale. The trial court chose to admit the materials which had been obtained directly from the Division of Lands, but refused to consider the documents originating with other state agencies and state officials. Plaintiffs argue that the trial court’s failure to consider the additional documents was error. Defendants, on the other hand, contend that the trial court was correct in refusing to consider those documents, and that it erred in considering the files obtained from the Division of Lands.
Defendants maintain that the documents in question are either unauthenticated or contain hearsay, and therefore were not properly before the trial court in *30a summmary judgment proceeding. We have recently observed that “unauthenticated and unsworn documents, and uncerti-fied copies of public records are not admissible in evidence and cannot be relied upon for the purposes of summary judgment.” Concerned Citizens of South Kenai Peninsula v. Kenai Peninsula Borough, supra at 450. However, we believe that the public records proffered by plaintiffs were authenticated. Civil Rule 44(b). See AS 09.25.120. They were produced by the state in the course of discovery proceedings in response to plaintiffs’ request for “the complete sale file of Competitive Oil and Gas Lease Sale No. 28.” In offering these materials to plaintiffs, the state in effect represented that they were genuine. Moreover, it is generally agreed that an official writing is authenticated if it is proved to have come from the proper public office. C. McCormick, Evidence § 191(b), at 403 (1954). Finally, we note that when plaintiffs’ counsel received the files from the Division of Lands, he sought and obtained a letter from their custodian certifying that they were true and correct. As to hearsay statements not covered by the official records exception to the hearsay rule, they are admissible for the purpose of demonstrating notice or knowledge.
We reverse in part, and affirm in part. The case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and the separate opinion of Justice Rabinowitz.
. Alaska R.Civ.P. 56(e).
. See Gardner v. Panama Ry., 342 U.S. 29, 30-31, 72 S.Ct. 12, 96 L.Ed. 31 (1951).
. This is the same test we apply in determining whether a trial judge’s findings are clearly erroneous. See Sanuita v. Hedberg, 404 P.2d 647, 650 n. 6 (Alaska 1965). While clear error cannot be demonstrated by merely showing a conflict in the evidence, Preferred General Agency, Inc. v. Raffetto, 391 P.2d 951, 953 (Alaska 1964), and we will not reweigh conflicting evidence, id. at 952, the existence of conflicts in evidence which give rise to genuine issues of material fact is adequate ground for reversal of a grant of summary judgment. See Braund, Inc. v. White, 486 P.2d 50, 53-54 (Alaska 1971). Our holding is based on what we believe are undisputed facts. While the trial court’s opinion indicates it may have attempted to resolve certain factual disputes below, we find that it merely misconceived the facts relating to those disputes and that the material facts relating to those issues were in reality not in conflict.
. Costello v. United States, 365 U.S. 265, 282, 81 S.Ct. 534, 5 L.Ed.2d 551 (1961).
. Arnold v. Melani, 75 Wash.2d 143, 449 P.2d 800, 803 (1968), modified, 450 P.2d 815 (1969) (dissenting opinion); Hanns v. Hanns, 246 Or. 282, 423 P.2d 499, 511 (Or.1967).
. In November of 1974, Shell Oil Company also received approval of its “plan of operations” from the State Division of Lands, and a location permit was granted it by the Army Corps of Engineers. A draft E.P.A. discharge permit which would authorize the discharge of. cooling waters, deck drains and sewage from an oil drilling platform (The George Perris) did not go on record with notice to the public until February 28, 1975.
. 511 F.2d at 495. In Stenting, defendants appealed from the entry of a preliminary injunction enjoining construction of a federally-funded expressway bridge over Lake Chautauqua in New York pending preparation and filing of an Environmental Impact Statement, pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act. They contended that the issuance of the injunction pending compli-. anee was improper because plaintiffs delayed in bringing the action, because the bridge and adjacent highway sections were allegedly at advanced stages of planning or. construction with substantial sums having been spent thereon, and because delay would result in substantially increased costs. Id. at 491-92.
. Id. at 495; accord, I-291 Why? Ass’n v. Burns, 372 F.Supp. 223, 236-37 (D.Conn. 1974); Clark v. Volpe, 342 F.Supp. 1324, 1328-29 (E.D.La.), aff’d, 461 F.2d 1266 (5th Cir. 1972).
. The trial judge erroneously found in his memorandum of decision that plaintiffs knew of the inclusion of Kachemak Bay “some months” prior to the sale. While we are not bound by the judge’s findings on summary judgment, and can look behind them to see if his ultimate judgment is supported by the record, such errors indicate the judge may have been mistaken in his overall assessment of the case. Cf. Concerned Citizens of South Kenai Peninsula v. Kenai Peninsula Borough, 527 P.2d 447, 456-57 & n. 26 (Alaska 1974); Alaska R.Civ.P. 52(a).
. Defendants’ arguments to the effect that plaintiffs possessed, near the time of the sale, actual knowledge of the possible legal remedies they might have pursued to stop or set aside the sale are not convincing. If it can be said that plaintiffs had knowledge of their remedies near the time of the sale, it was only to the extent that a general sentiment existed among some of them that something should be done to make the state agencies which were responsible for the lease sale accountable to the citizens of Homer, and a lawsuit might be one way to accomplish that goal; the record does not reveal that they knew of any grounds upon which a suit could be filed. Knowledge of the lease sale itself does not imply knowledge of administrative irregularities which might give rise to a cause of action. See I—291 Why ? Ass’n v. Burns, 372 F.Supp. 223, 239 (D.Conn.1974). But see Baskin v. Tennessee Talley Authority, 382 F.Supp. 641, 646 (M.D.Tenn.1974). The trial judge’s finding that plaintiffs knew or should have known of some of the alleged irregularities prior to the sale of the leases was erroneous.
. Defendants also contend that even if all the plaintiffs did not have actual knowledge of the sale prior to its occurrence, they were put on constructive notice of it by the notice which was published in the Anchorage Times and therefore should have sued prior to the sale. The sufficiency of notice of the sale by publication is, of course, one of the issues raised in plaintiffs’ pleadings on the merits. Even though the notice by publication was in fact legally sufficient, its relevance to the resolution of the laches question is marginal, especially where the notice was published only a few weeks before the sale was held.
. 511 F.2d at 495.
. Of course, the occurrence of such positive developments is relevant to the question of prejudice as well as the question of delay. The two elements of prejudice and delay are mentioned in any discussion of the doctrine of laches, as they are somewhat interdependent.
. Defendants have cited Landell v. Northern Pac. Ry., 122 F.Supp. 253, 254, 256 (D.D.C. 1954), aff'd, 96 U.S.App.D.C. 24, 223 F.2d 316 (1955), in support of their contention that the pursuit of alternative remedies will not excuse laches. However, in that case, plaintiffs, who were minority shareholders in a reorganized corporation and were contesting the validity of the transfer of the corporate assets to the defendant, had delayed in suing for over fifty years. They had pursued alternative remedies, with unproductive results, over that entire period. Laches decisions are arrived at by a balancing of all the factors present in a particular case. When such an overwhelming factor as a fifty year delay militates in favor of applying laches, the court’s dismissal of some of plaintiffs’ other theories is hardly surprising.
Stewart v. Johnston, 30 Wash.2d 925, 195 P.2d 119, 127 (1948), and Oenterview/Qlen Avalon Homeowners Ass’n. v. Brinegar, 367 F.Supp. 633, 639 (C.D.Cal.1973), have also been cited by defendants on this point. Like Landell, these eases present situations where the courts would, in any case, be much more *19likely to entertain a defense based on laches than does the case at bar. Moreover, the plaintiffs in the case at bar have protested more vehemently, and more directly, than the plaintiffs did in the foregoing cases.
Finally, not all courts considering laches claims have held it against plaintiffs that they delayed filing suit while pursuing less drastic means. See, e. g., Minnesota Public Interest Research Group v. Butz, 358 F.Supp. 584, 620 (D.Minn.1973) (plaintiff’s reliance on government’s assurances found “justified and reasonable”).
. See Alyeska Ski Corp. v. Holdsworth, 426 P.2d 1006, 1011 (Alaska 1967). See also AS 16.20.220-.270, which provides for the creation of critical habitat areas. Kachemak Bay was designated such an area in 1974. § 2 Oh. 117 SLA 1974. The designation represents an expression of legislative policy concerning the importance of the particular resources of Kachemak Bay.
. See Ecology Center of Louisiana, Inc. v. Coleman, 515 F.2d 860, 868 (5th Cir.1975); Steubing v. Brinegar, 511 F.2d 489, 495 (2d Cir.1975); Environmental Defense Fund v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 468 F. 2d 1164, 1182-83 (6th Cir. 1972); Arlington Coalition on Transportation v. Volpe, 458 F.2d 1323, 1329-30 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1000, 93 S.Ct. 312, 34 L. Ed.2d 261 (1972); I-291 Why? Ass’n v. Burns, 372 F.Supp. 223, 237-39 (D.Conn.1974).
. Lathan v. Brinegar, 506 F.2d 677, 692 (9th Cir. 1974); Lathan v. Volpe, 455 F.2d 1111, 1122 (9th Cir. 1971); Iowa Student Public Interest Research Group (ISPIRG) v. Callaway, 379 F.Supp. 714, 720 (S.D.Iowa 1974).
. A number of courts which have faced the question of laches in the context of environmental litigation have looked to the degree of completion of the contested project as an important element in determining the extent of the defendant’s prejudice. See, e. g., Smith v. Schlesinger, 371 F.Supp. 559, 561 (C.D.Cal.1974) (applied laches where project was 35%-40% complete); Iowa Student Public Interest Research Group (ISPIRG) v. Calloway, 379 F.Supp. 714, 717, 721 (S.D.Iowa 1974) (applied laches where dam project was 66% complete) ; Clark v. Volpe, 342 F.Supp. 1324, 1327, 1329 (E.D.La.), aff’d, 461 F.2d 1266 (5th Cir. 1972) (applied laches where highway 25%-30% complete) ; Ecology Center of Louisiana, Inc. v. Coleman, 515 F.2d 860, 868-69 (5th Cir. 1975) (declined to invoke laches where bids had been let, but project itself barely started, distinguishing Clark supra, on these grounds).
. Cf. Metlakatla Indian Community, Annette Island Reserve v. Egan, 362 P.2d 901, 915 (Alaska 1961).
. See State ex rel. Bowler v. Board of County Comm’rs, 106 Mont. 251, 76 P.2d 648, 652 (1938); Besler v. Coldron, 29 Okl. 216, 116 P. 787 (1911); Baldwin v. Brown, 193 Cal. 345, 224 P. 462, 465 (1924); Shulansky v. Michaels, 14 Ariz.App. 402, 484 P.2d 14, 16-17 (1971).
. The plaintiffs contend that this small percentage of readership mandates a finding that the Anchorage Times does not comply with the statutory requirements. However, Times Printing Co. v. Star Publishing Co., 51 Wash. 667, 99 P. 1040, 1041-43 (1909), is distinguishable. Indeed, a statistical analysis for the issue at hand would be most inappropriate because size of readership is only one factor which must be considered in determining whether a particular newspaper is one of general circulation.
. This subject is treated in the separate opinion filed herein by Justice Rabinowitz.
. I must dissent from the court’s remand of this case.
I find nothing in this statute requiring a public hearing or formal written finding in order to determine that state lands shall be leased. I am not unmindful of the dangers in assuming that a general award or finding implies a finding of all the specific facts needed to support it. However,
“Implying ultimate findings from the action taken is quite different. If a statute provides that the agency shall grant the certificate if it finds that the grant is in the public interest, and if the agency grants the certificate without saying anything about the public interest, good sense requires that the reviewing court should imply the ultimate finding of public interest. The courts usually so hold.” 2 K. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise § 16.07, at 456 (1958).
Here, the statute makes no mention of a formal, written “finding.” It merely says that when the director “finds” it to be in the best interests of the state, he may issue leases. The statute could, to the same effect, have read “when the director believes” or “when the director is of the opinion” that the state’s interest is best served, he may lease the lands.
The statutory language is permissive in character: “may . . . approve contracts.” The state is here engaged in the conduct of public proprietary business rather than the regulation of private enterprise. 1 F. Cooper, State Administrative Law 90 (1965). This convinces me that the decision of whether to lease or not to lease is committed to agency discretion. Moreover, that discretion is exercised in the formulation of public policy on the basis of highly technical scientific and economic information which we are poorly equipped to appraise. ' The problems presented are of the type which should properly be resolved by the legislative and executive branches of government. Kelly v. Zamarello, 486 P.2d 906, 913 (Alaska 1971).
In Alyeska Ski Oorp. v. Koldsworth, 426 P.2d 1006, 1012 (Alaska 1967), we held that decisions of the Division of Lands concerning leases under the Alaska Land Act were judicially reviewable, and subject to the adjudicatory procedure review sections of the Alaska Administrative Procedure Act, specifically AS 44.62.560 and .570. I note that in both of the above cases the issue facing the court concerned persons who had been party to the administrative proceeding below. The case at bar, however, is brought by plaintiffs who had nothing to do with the administrative proceeding below; there *23is nothing adjudicatory about the Division of Lands’ action as it affects these plaintiffs. They are affected, rather, in much the same way the general public would be affected by any statute or regulation that is passed.
Furthermore, the basis of the Soldsworth decision was that the legislature would not be presumed to intend
“that this court was to be stripped of its constitutional obligation to insure that the administrative decision was in conformity with our laws.” See United States Smelting, B. & M. Co. v. Local Boundary Comm’n, 489 P.2d 140, 142 (Alaska 1971); See also Union Oil Co. v. State, 526 P.2d 1357, 1365 n. 12. (Alaska 1974).
I would reaffirm our constitutional obligation, under Alaska Const, art. VIII, § 10, to ensure that the leasing of state lands and resources complies with the law. Should administrative decisions be completely capricious and arbitrary, or induced by corruption, I would have no difficulty in striking them down. But where, as here, they merely turn on the director’s determination of the policy of the state in favoring the production of oil and gas as opposed to fishery and tourist resources, I cannot say that his determination violates any legal norm. To interfere is to inquire, without reliable criteria or standards, into an area in which the courts have no expertise.
. See Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727, 731-32, 92 S.Ct. 1361, 31 L.Ed.2d 636 (1972).
. See Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204, 82 S.Ct. 691, 7 L.Ed.2d 663 (1962).
Standing is an aspect of justiciability, whose origins have been the subject of much discussion. See, e. g., Berger, Standing to Sue in Public Actions: Is it a Constitutional Requirement?, 78 Yale L.J. 816, 840 (1969); Comment, Standing, Separation of Powers, and the Demise of the Public Citizen, 24 Am.U.L.Rev. 835, 840 (1975). Not until 1968, did the United States Supreme Court explicitly hold that standing was a constitutional limitation on federal court jurisdiction, derived from the “case or controversy” requirement of Article III of the United States Constitution. Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 88 S.Ct. 1942, 20 L.Ed.2d 947 (1968). However, the Court also pointed out that the doctrine of justiciability, of which standing is a part, is a blend of constitutional requirements and policy consider*24ations, which are not easily distinguished. Id. at 97, 88 S.Ct. 1942. In Blast, the Court explained that the case and controversy doctrine limits federal court jurisdiction by requiring that a “dispute sought to be adjudicated will be presented in an adversary context and in a form historically viewed as capable of judicial resolution.” Id. 392 U.S. at 101, 88 S.Ct. at 1953. The other aspect of that doctrine involves the concept of separation of powers. Id. at 95, 88 S.Ct. 1942. However, according to the Court, the separation of powers considerations of justiciability relate only to the substantive issues the litigant seeks to have adjudicated. Standing questions are limited to whether the litigant is a “proper party to request an adjudication of a particular issue and not whether the issue itself is justiciable.” Id. 392 U.S. at 100-01, 88 S.Ct. at 1952. Thus, the federal constitutional requirements for standing concern the need for adversity and concreteness, but not the separation of powers. Moreover, the federal doctrine of standing is not only constitutional in origin, for in Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150, 154, 90 S.Ct. 827, 830, 25 L.Ed.2d 184 (1970) the Court stated that “[a]part from Article III jurisdictional questions, problems of standing, as resolved by this Court, have involved a ‘rule of self-restraint’.”
The Alaska Constitution does not explicitly limit court jurisdiction to “cases” and “controversies,” though we have recognized that the doctrine of separation of powers is implied within it. Public Defender Agency v. Superior Court, 534 P.2d 947, 950 (Alaska 1975). However, as the United States Supreme Court explained, supra, the only relevant inquiry in determining questions of standing is adversity, not separation of powers. Since the requirement of adversity has no constitutional base in Alaska, our requirement that it exist must be characterized as a judicial rule of self-restraint — as must the entire doctrine of standing itself. We adhere to this rule because the very nature of our judicial system renders it incapable of resolving abstract questions or of issuing advisory opinions which can be of any genuine value. The adversity requirement ensures that a question presented for our review is one that is appropriate for judicial determination. See Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 240-241, 57 S.Ct. 461, 81 L.Ed. 617 (1936). The adversity requirement is the basis for the injury-in-fact test which we have adopted.
. Defendants’ reliance on Jones v. Schultz, No. 73-2790 (9th Cir. July 23, 1974) (summarized in 43 U.S.L.W. 3321), cert. denied sub nom. Jones v. Simon, 420 U.S. 912, 95 S.Ct. 835, 42 L.Ed.2d 843 (1975), is misplaced. We do not find the stringent rules applied by federal courts to questions of taxpayer standing pertinent to our inquiry in the instant case. See 3 K. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise § 22.10 (1958). See also Jefferson v. G.A.A.B., 451 P.2d 730, 732 (Alaska 1969).
. AS 38.05.005-.370.
. See State v. Aleut Corp., 541 P.2d 730, 736 n. 12 (Alaska 1975).
. See, e. g., AS 38.05.310. This section of the act provides for appraisals prior to the sale or lease of state lands, “except in the case of an oil or gas or mineral lease.” Obviously, there would be no need to except oil, gas and mineral leases from the provisions otherwise applicable to “land” unless they were included within the category of “land”. See also AS 38.05.135 for an example of the use of the term “land” consistent with the statutory definition. That section is the “General” section of Article 6 which governs the “Leasing of Mineral Lands”.
. See, e. g., AS 38.05.315 and AS 38.05.145 (a). However, despite the use of the word “land” in § 145(a), in § 145(b) the word “land” is used in a manner which clearly includes resources within the scope of the term.
. AS 38.05.365.
. AS 38.05.365.
. Defendants claim that § 345 applies only by virtue of 11 AAC 82.710. However, we are unwilling to hold that notice is purely a matter of agency regulation under the Land Act, especially in light of the constitutional concern with notice expressed in Alaska Const, art. VIII, § 10.
. 541 P.2d at 736-37.
. Id. at 736 & n. 13.
. Id. at 737.
. The state has also expressed its concern over the prospect of having to consult with local communities prior to the sale of over-the-counter mineral leases. However, we find nothing about noncompetitive purchases of mineral rights that would make § 305 any more difficult to apply to them than to any other type of purchase of state lands.
. Compare AS 38.05.195 with AS 38.05.205. See also AS 38.05.210.
. State v. Aleut Corp., 541 P.2d at 739-40 n. 24.
. Id. at 739.
. Id. at 737.
. See Great N. Ry. v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., 287 U.S. 358, 363-64, 53 S.Ct. 145, 77 L.Ed. 360 (1932). See also, Schaefer, The Control of “Sunbursts”: Techniques of Prospective Overruling, 42 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 631 (1967).
. See Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106-07, 92 S.Ct. 349, 30 L.Ed.2d 396 (1971).
. Schreiner v. Fruit, 519 P.2d at 466, quoting Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. at 106, 92 S.Ct. 349.
. See State v. Aleut Corp., 541 P.2d at 740 n. 25.
. See City of Fairbanks v. Schaible, 375 P. 2d 201, 211 (Alaska 1962); cf. Scheele v. City of Anchorage, 385 P.2d 582 (Alaska (1963).
. AS 44.62.560(a) provides in relevant part: “Except as otherwise provided by this section, the notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days after the last day on which reconsideration can be ordered, and served on each party to the proceeding.”
. Alaska App.R. 45(a)(2) provides in relevant part:
“The time within which an appeal may be taken to the superior court from an administrative agency shall be 30 days from the date that the order appealed from is mailed or delivered to the appellant.”
. See note 23 supra.
. See also Swindel v. Kelly, 499 P.2d 291, 297 & n. 22 (Alaska 1972).
. We are persuaded by reading the language of these provisions that they are inapposite to the facts of the case at bar.