FILED
10UP,T OF AtOPEALS
DIVISIMIA ?
I
2013 0 10
MAilY
S Iff
— G MN
"
1Y
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
WASHINGTON STATE MEDICAL No. 43341 9 II
- -
ASSOCIATION, a Washington nonprofit
corporation, and WASHINGTON CHAPTER
OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF
EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS, a Washington
nonprofit corporation,
Appellants,
V.
MIKE KREIDLER, Washington State UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Insurance Commissioner,
JOHANSON A. .
J.
C The Washington State Medical Association (the WSMA) and the
—
Washington Chapter of the American College of Emergency Physicians (the WA ACEP) sought
-
declaratory relief and a writ of mandamus to compel the Washington State Insurance
Commissioner Mike Kreidler (Commissioner)to enforce RCW 48. 3. The WSMA appeals
093.
4
the superior court's dismissal order for failure to join a necessary party and its denial of a writ of
mandamus. We affirm because dismissal was appropriate in the absence of a health carrier as a
necessary party and the writ's denial was proper.
1
We collectively refer to the' SMA and the WA ACEP
W - as the WSMA.
No. 43341 9 II
- -
FACTS
The WSMA is a professional trade association that represents more than 9,00
8
Washington physicians and physician assistants and advocates on their behalf. The WA ACEP
-
is the leading advocate for emergency room physicians, representing more than 620 physicians.
In December 2010, the WSMA brought an action against the Commissioner invoking the
Supreme Court's original jurisdiction. The WSMA's complaint sought a writ of mandamus to
compel the Commissioner to enforce its interpretation of RCW 48. 3.to require health
093,
4
carriers to pay noncontracted or nonparticipating providers for the emergency medical services
provided to policyholders in the amount billed. This statute says that health carriers "shall
cover" emergency services provided by noncontract providers, but the WSMA argued that the
Commissioner has inconsistently enforced the statute and had recently begun enforcing it
incorrectly. RCW 48. 3. s Papers (CP)at 5. The Commissioner responded that
a);
093(
1 Clerk'
4 )(
2
Article IV,section 4 of the Washington Constitution.
The WSMA first sought only a writ of mandamus from the Supreme Court. - theSupreme - -
After
Court dismissed and remanded the action to the superior court, WSMA added the declaratory
judgment claim in its amended complaint before the superior court.
4
RCW 48. 3.
093(
1 provides, in part:
4 )
When conducting a review of the necessity and appropriateness of emergency
services or making a benefit determination for emergency services:
a)A health carrier shall cover emergency services,necessary to screen
and stabilize a covered. person if a prudent layperson acting reasonably. would
have believed that an emergency medical condition existed.... respect to
With
care obtained from a nonparticipating hospital emergency department, a health
carrier shall cover emergency services necessary to screen and stabilize a covered
person if a prudent layperson would have reasonably believed that use of a
participating hospital emergency department would result in a delay that would
worsen the emergency, or if a provision of federal, state, or local law requires the
use of a specific provider or facility.
0
No. 43341 9 II
- -
the dispute was not whether health carriers should cover such services, but how much providers
should be paid, a subject the statute does not explicitly cover.
The Supreme Court denied the WSMA's motion for accelerated review. The Supreme
Court transferred the action to superior court for determination on the merits, ruling that there
was no emergency that would require the Supreme Court to decide the case in the first instance.
The WSMA filed its amended complaint in the superior court and added a claim under
the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act ( DJA). Ch. 7.4 RCW. The WSMA requested that
U 2
the superior court (1)issue a writ of mandamus requiring the Commissioner to enforce RCW
I'
093
48. 3. consistent with the WSMA's interpretation; (2)declare that the statute requires
4
insurers to pay billed charges for emergency services consistent with its interpretation; and (3)
award attorney fees, costs, and any other necessary and proper relief. The Commissioner moved
to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds that the WSMA's amended complaint failed to
1)identify a ministerial duty over which the court had jurisdiction to issue a writ of mandamus,
2)join the health carriers who are necessary parties to the UDJA claim, and (3)state a
justiciable claim against the Commissioner under the UDJA.
In response, the WSMA argued that the dismissal motion should be treated as a summary
judgment motion. The WSMA also argued that the superior court should grant summary
judgment in its favor and issue a writ of mandamus, argued the merits of its statutory
interpretation claim, and argued that (1) additional parties needed to be joined; 2)
no ( there was a
justiciable controversy between the WSMA and the Commissioner; 3)it had standing to bring
(
its declaratory judgment claim; and (4) declaratory judgment claim sought only interpretation,
its
not enforcement.
3
No. 43341 9 II
- -
Because the superior court considered matters outside the pleadings, it treated the motion
as one for summary judgment. It concluded that the WSMA had failed to join a health carrier as
a necessary party and that the court therefore lacked subject matter jurisdiction to issue a
declaratory judgment. The superior court also determined it could not issue a writ of
mandamus. The superior court's oral ruling provided
Since I don't have jurisdiction to declare what the law means, then I am in
exactly the same posture as the Supreme Court was as far as mandamus. I cannot
issue mandamus, because all that remains is a general request that the
commissioner enforce the law. And without the specific law and the specific
declaration in hand,the mandamus must be dismissed as well.
5
The superior court's order provided:
THIS MATTER came before the Court on Washington State Insurance
Commissioner Mike Kreidler's Motion to Dismiss. Because matters outside the
pleading were presented to and not excluded by the Court, the Court treats this
motion as a CR 56 motion. The Court has considered the papers filed by"the
parties and arguments of counsel. Ev taking the allegations in the Amended
The Court finds that
Washington State Medical Association (WSMA)has failed to join a health carrier
as a party, which is a
necessary art for adjudication of idefi4 f a Heil
i
its request for declaratory relief. Finally,
WSMA has failed to state a justieiable el im against the insuranee CefiHnissiener-
f the purpeses of deelcreter-y relief Therefore, the Court lacks subject matter
-
jurisdiction over Petitioners' declaratory judgment claim. Because the Court
lacks jurisdiction to issue a declaration regarding the interpretation of RCW
093,
48. 3.the Court also is unable to issue the writ of mandamus requested by
4
Petitioners.
Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that:
1. The Respondent State Insurance Commissioner's Motion to
Dismiss is GRANTED.
2. This matter is hereby DISMISSED with pr- j di ° ° .
e
CP at 618 19 ( trikethroughs in original).
- s
rd
No. 43341 9 II
- -
Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 24. The superior court dismissed the case without
prejudice.
The WSMA appealed directly to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court transferred the
matter to us.
ANALYSIS
I. DECLARATORY JUDGMENT CLAIM
The WSMA asserts that because a health carrier was not a necessary party, the superior
court erroneously entered the dismissal order. We disagree.
On .an appeal from summary judgment, we engage in the same inquiry as the superior
court. Hisle v. Todd Pac. Shipyards Corp.,151 Wn. d 853, 860, 93
2 P. d 108 ( 2004). Our
3
standard of review is de novo and summary judgment is appropriate only if "he pleadings,
t
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." CR 56( ). construe all facts and reasonable
c We
inferences from them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Va an ig am v.
Clover Park Sch. Dist. No. 4.0, 154 Wn. d 16, 26, 109 P. d 805 ( 2005). We review all
0 2 3
questions of law de novo. Berger v. Sonneland, 144 Wn.2d 91, 103, 26 P. d 257 (2001).
3
6
We review the superior court's order under RAP 2. (
b)( because the superior court
1)
3
committed obvious error when it found that it did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the
declaratory judgment action. Subject matter jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to act.
ZDI Gaming, Inc. 'v. Wash. State Gambling Comm.,151 Wn. App. 788, 801, 214 P. d 938 3
2009), d, 173 Wn. d 608, 268
aff' 2 P. d 929 (2012). The
3 superior court has authority to act
under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act. RCW 7.4. But we agree that the absence
010.
2
of necessary parties deprived the . superior court of the ability to render a decision on the
declaratory action before it.
5
No. 43341 9 II
- -
The superior court may refuse to render a declaratory judgment where such judgment, if
rendered, would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy giving rise to the proceeding.
RCW 7.4. In addition, the superior court may dismiss a declaratory judgment action where
060.
2
all persons who have a claim or interest in the court's determination have not been joined. RCW
110;
7.4.Bainbridge Citizens United v. Dep't ofNatural Res.,147 Wn. App. 365, 371- 2
2 7
P. d 1033 (2008) holding a superior court lacks jurisdiction if all necessary parties are not
3 (
joined).Under RCW 7.4.a party seeking declaratory judgment must join " ll persons ...
110,
2 a
who have or claim any interest which would be affected by the declaration." A party is
necessary if
1) [ T] e trial court cannot make a complete determination of the controversy
h
without that party's presence,
2) the party's ability to protect its interest in the subject matter of the
litigation would be impeded by a judgment in the case, and
3) judgment in the case necessarily would affect the party's interests.
Bainbridge, 147 Wn. App. at 372.
This case is analogous to Bainbridge. Bainbridge Citizens United (United), nonprofit
a
action against the Department of Natura esources
citizens' group, filed a declaratory judgment
DNR),
claiming that the DNR failed to enforce its own regulations against trespassers on state -
owned aquatic lands. Bainbridge, 147 Wn. App. at 367 68. We affirmed summary judgment
-
because the superior court lacked jurisdiction because all necessary parties were not joined and
United did not demonstrate that declaratory judgment was proper. Bainbridge, 147 Wn. App. at
370.
We held that (1)the superior court could not make a complete determination without
vessel owners being joined because the vessel owners were the only individuals who could rebut
Con
No. 43341 9 II
- -
United's factual allegations or present defenses to United's claims; 2) vessel owners' ability
( the
to protect their interests would have been impeded by a judgment because it would preclude the
owners from reaching a settlement or otherwise avoid legal action against them; and ( 3)
judgment for United necessarily affected the vessel owners' interest in property ownership and
use. Bainbridge, 147 Wn. App. at 373.
Similarly here, the WSMA, a trade association representing the interests of physicians
and physician,assistants, sought a declaration compelling the Commissioner to enforce the trade
association's interpretation of RCW 48. 3. The WSMA's complaint alleges that the health
093.
4
carriers have stopped paying billed charges for emergency services provided by non-
participating providers and instead are only paying charges which the health carriers unilaterally
decide to pay. Applying the first prong of the Bainbridge test, we agree that the superior court
could not make a complete determination of the controversy without a health carrier's presence
because only a health carrier could provide evidence to rebut the WSMA's factual allegations
concerning health carriers' practices. 147 Wn. App. at 373. These factual allegations regarding
health carriers' billing practices can only be explained, rebutted, or defended against by the - -
health carriers themselves, not by the Commissioner:
Second, the health carriers' ability to protect their interests in the subject matter of this
litigation would be impeded by a judgment in the case in their absence. Bainbridge, 147 Wn.
App. at 373. A judgment in the WSMA's favor would require that health carriers pay billed
charges; thus the health carriers must be afforded the ability to defend that claim. The superior
court explained that, although it was not necessary to join all health carriers, at least one was
necessary to represent the many similarly situated health carriers potentially affected by a
7
No. 43341 9 II
- -
declaratory judgment setting their payment obligations. The Commissioner's interests differ
from the health carriers' interests thus the Commissioner could not protect the health carriers'
interests in the litigation in their absence.
Third, as the WSMA concedes, a declaratory judgment regarding the Commissioner's
enforcement of RCW 48. 3. necessarily would affect health carriers' interests because it
093
4
would impact payments for emergency room services for all health carriers in the state because
the WSMA's declaratory judgment action seeks an order requiring health carriers to pay
nonparticipating providers the same amount paid to contracted plan-
participating providers. The
WSMA acknowledges its interpretation of RCW 48. 3. has the potential to affect every
093 "
4
health insurer and every person with health insurance in.Washington." Br. of Appellant at 16.
This effect on the health carriers dictates that a health carrier is a necessary party under the third
prong. Accordingly, the facts here meet the Bainbridge test. 147 Wn.App. at 373.
The WSMA argues that Bainbridge is inapposite because, unlike in that case, the WSMA
does not seek a declaration that any insurer violated RCW 48. 3.or that the Commissioner is
093
4
required to take specific enforcement action against any insurer. This argument is not persuasive
because a declaratory judgment order would have an effect similar to that in Bainbridge. We
rejected this argument in Bainbridge. We explained:
United argues that the trespassers are not necessary parties because it "
has not
requested that any action be taken directly against the trespassers on Eagle
Harbor, and thus the effects that a judicial determination in this case may have on
the trespassing vessel owners is `speculative and secondary to the issue at hand. "'
Bainbridge, 147 Wn. App. at 372 ( citation omitted). We held that the argument was
disingenuous because, by looking at United's complaint's prayers for relief, it was clear that its
8
No. 43341 9 II
- -
lawsuit's sole purpose was to force DNR to evict, fine, and sue the vessel owners. Similarly
here, the WSMA's request for relief make clear that its purpose in bringing this lawsuit was to
force the Commissioner to require health carriers to pay more on billed charges provided by non-
participating providers than they otherwise are paying.
In a related argument the WSMA next argues that Washington courts have issued
declaratory judgments in other cases interpreting various provisions of the insurance code
without joining every person to whom the statutes apply. The WSMA relies on Glasebrook v.
Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co.,100 Wn. App. 538, 997 P. d 981 (2000),
2 Hodge v. Raab, 151 Wn. d
2
351, 8 P. d 959 (2004), Horan v. Marquardt, 29 Wn. App. 801, 630 P. d 947 (1981).This
8 3 and 2
argument is not well taken.
Here, the superior court found that the WSMA had failed to "join a health carrier as a
party." at 623 (emphasis added). The superior court did not state that all persons to whom
CP
the statutes apply must be joined as necessary parties. Furthermore, the cases the WSMA relies
on are distinguishable. Glasebrook and Hodge are distinguishable because the petitioners there
directly sued the insurance companies they believed violated the statute. Glase brvok,__ Wn.
100
App. at 540;Hodge, 151 Wn. d at 354. These cases did not discuss who was a necessary party.
2
7
WSMA's request for relief asks that the court
Declare that RCW 48. 3. requires insurers to pay billed charges ( less
093
4
coinsurance, copayments, deductibles, and additional reasonable cost -sharing up
to a maximum of $ 50) for emergency services provided by non -participating
providers, which are necessary to screen and stabilize a covered person if a
prudent layperson would have reasonably believed that use of a participating
hospital emergency department would result in a delay that would worsen the
emergency, or if a provision of federal, state, or local law requires the use of a
specific provider or facility.
CP at 441.
Z
No. 43341 9 II
- -
Finally, the WSMA cites Horan as a declaratory judgment case decided on the merits
without an insurer being a party. 29 Wn. App. 801. Horan is distinguishable because the
petitioners asked the superior court to determine the validity of administrative regulations, not
for an interpretation and enforcement of a statute as the WSMA has asked here. Horan, 29 Wn.
App. at 802. In Horan, we did not discuss necessary parties because the cause of action focused
on the Commissioner's authority to promulgate regulations. 29 Wn. App. at 802. Determining
the validity of administrative regulations 'is far different than the statutory interpretation
requested here.
We conclude that at least one health carrier was a necessary party because (1)the
superior court could not make a complete determination of the controversy without a health
carrier's presence to rebut or defend against the WSMA's allegations regarding health carriers'
billing practices, (2) health carriers' ability to protect their interests in the statutory
interpretation of RCW 48. 3.would be impeded by a judgment here, and (3)
093
4 judgment in
this case necessarily would affect health carriers' interests. We hold that the superior court
properly dismissed the declaratory judgment action because the WSMA failed to join a
necessary party.
8
The WSMA asks us to rule on whether the Commissioner's interpretation of RCW 48. 3.is
093
4
consistent with its plain language. But on review of a.summary judgment order, we will rule
only on issues presented to the superior court. RAP 9.2. And issues that have not been decided
1
by a superior court are not ripe and are not properly before this court for review. W. . Grace &
R
Co. v. Dep't ofRevenue, 137 Wn. d 580, 592, 973 P. d 1011, cent. denied, 528 U. .950 (1999);
2 2 S
Dep't of Ecology v. Acquavella, 131 Wn. d
2 746, 759 60, 935 P. d 595 ( 1997). Because
- 2
necessary parties were not joined, the superior court did not rule on the issue and we do not
review it.
10
No. 43341 9 II
- -
II. WRIT OF MANDAMUS
The WSMA claims that the superior court erred when it denied its request for a writ of
mandamus. We hold that the superior court's denial of the writ was proper because the WSMA
improperly sought to compel the Commissioner to perform a discretionary act and not merely a
ministerial act.
Whether a superior court should have issued a writ of mandamus involves a question of
law that we review de novo. Land Title of Walla Walla, Inc. v. Martin, 117 Wn. App. 286, 289,
70 P. d 978 (2003).A party can seek a writ of mandamus from a superior court or the Supreme
3
Court. CONST. art. IV, §4. A writ is an extraordinary remedy, and a court should issue one only
when there is no plain, speedy, and adequate remedy available in the ordinary course of law.
City of Kirkland v. Ellis, 82 Wn. App. 819, 827, 920 P. d 206 (1996);
2 RCW 7.6. A court
170.
1
may issue a writ of mandamus to compel another to perform an act that the law especially
enjoins as a duty resulting from an office. RCW 7.6. Whether a statute specifies a duty
160.
1
that the person must perform is a question of law. River Park Square, LLC v. Miggins, 143
Wn. d 68, 76, 17 P. d 1178 (2001). And, before a court may issue a writ, the applicant .must
2 3
9
The WSMA argues that the superior court erroneously dismissed the writ solely because it
dismissed the declaratory judgment action. But the WSMA is incorrect. Although the superior
court's written order is unclear, its oral ruling indicates that it found that the WSMA did not
identify any specific enforcement provision that the Commissioner had a duty to employ. The
superior court explained, I cannot issue mandamus, because all that remains is a general request
"
that the commissioner enforce the law. And without the specific law and the specific declaration
in hand, the mandamus must be dismissed as well."VRP at 24. We have a duty to correctly
apply the law and we can affirm the superior court's ruling on any correct ground. King County
v. Boundary Review Bd.,122 Wn.2d 648, 670, 860 P. d 1024 (1993);
2 Nast v. Michels, 107
Wn. d 300, 308, 730 P. d 54 (1986).
2 2
11
No.43341 9 II
- -
satisfy three elements "( ) party subject to the writ is under a clear duty to act, RCW
1 the
160; (the
7.6.2) applicant has no `plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of
1
law,'RCW 7.6.and (3) applicant is `beneficially interested' RCW 7.6. Eugster
170;
1 the 170."
1
v. City ofSpokane, 118 Wn. App. 383, 402, 76 P. d 741 (2003),
3 review denied, 151 Wn. d 1027
2
2004).The burden of proving these elements is demanding. Eugster 118 Wn. App. at 403.
Applying the first element of this test, mandamus is appropriate only if the act to be done
is ministerial, leaving nothing to the exercise of discretion or judgment. SEIU Healthcare
775NW v. Gregoire, 168 Wn. d 593, 599, 29 P. d 774 (2010);
2 2 3 Brown v. Owen, 165 Wn. d 706,
2
725 n.0, 206 P. d 310 (2009).Mandamus will not lie to compel a discretionary act or to direct
1 3
a state officer to generally perform his duties, constitutional, or otherwise. Walker v. Munro, 124
Wn. d 402, 408, 879 P. d 920 (1994). The law must be clear about the duty to act. Eugster,
2 2
118 Wn. App. at 404.
Ordinarily, duty is a threshold element; if the claim is clear and the government
has to act, mandamus may be appropriate remedy. If so ... the
entity a duty an
question becomes whether the circumstances trigger the duty. Then, remedy is
considered.
Doubtful plaintiff rights do not justify a writ of mandamus. Man amus
writs should not be issued to direct a general course of conduct. Mandamus does
not authorize a court "to assume general control or direction of official acts."
Instead, the remedy of mandamus contemplates the necessity of indicating the
precise thing to be done."
Eugster, 118 Wn. App. at 404 (citations omitted). Further, an act of mandamus cannot lie to
control discretion, only to require that discretion be exercised. Eugster, 118 Wn. App. at 405.
The WSMA argues that a writ of mandamus can be issued to order an agency to enforce a
statute based on a correct interpretation of that statute. The WSMA relies on Land Title, but
12
No.43341 9 II
- -
Land Title does not support a writ's issuance here because the statute in LandTitle directed the
-
county auditor to perform a very specific non -discretionary duty. 117 Wn.App. at 291.
In Land Title, a title company sought a writ of mandamus against the county auditor
based on the auditor's failure to mail documents to a designated address after recording. Land
Title, 117 Wn. App. at 288. The title company based its argument generally on chapter 65. 4
0
RCW's statutory scheme and particularly on RCW 65. 4. Land Title, 117 Wn. App. at 288.
090.
0
We determined that the county auditor did not have the discretion to act. Land Title, 117 Wn.
App. at 291. Because the statute was nondiscretionary, it created a statutory duty for the county
auditor to act a certain way regarding the method of returning documents after recording and a
writ of mandamus was appropriate. Land Title, 117 Wn. App. at 291. Thus, Land Title is
inapposite.
Here, the specific duty the WSMA asserts is the Commissioner's duty to enforce RCW
093.
48. 3. Br. of Appellant at 23. Although the Commissioner is generally required to enforce
4
the insurance code's provisions under RCW 48. 2. RCW 48. 2.the WSMA
060(
2 and
0 ) 080
0
to RCW 48. 2.provides, " he commissioner must execute his or her duties and must
060(
2
0 ) T
enforce the provisions of this code."
11
RCW 48. 2.
080 provides:
0
1)The commissioner may prosecute an action in any court of competent
jurisdiction to enforce any order made by him or her pursuant to any provision of
this code.
2)If the commissioner has cause to believe that any person has violated any
penal provision of this code or of other laws relating to insurance he or she shall
certify the facts of the violation to the public prosecutor of the jurisdiction in
which the offense was committed.
3)If the commissioner has cause to believe that any person is violating or is
about to violate any provision of this code or any regulation or order of the
commissioner, he or she may:
a)
issue a cease and desist order; and/ r
o
13
No. 43341-
11- 9
does not identify a specific enforcement provision that the Commissioner has a duty to employ in
this situation. And the WSMA concedes that it does not seek an order that the Commissioner is
required to take a
specific action against any insurer. Further, the WSMA concedes that the
Commissioner has discretion regarding what specific types of enforcement actions to take or not
take. Writs are inappropriate to direct a general course of conduct. Eugster, 118 Wn. App. at
M
Further, RCW 48. 3. does not mandate the Commissioner to do a particular.
093
4
nondiscretionary act. to fact, it does not mandate that the Commissioner perform any specific
act. RCW 48. 3. provides, in pertinent part, "[
093
4 A]health carrier shall cover emergency
services necessary to screen and stabilize a covered person if a prudent layperson would have
reasonably believed that use of a participating hospital emergency department would result in a
delay that would worsen the emergency." RCW 48. 3.A duty, if this statute creates
a).
093(
l
4 )(
one, is not a Commissioner's duty but is a health carrier's duty because it is directed at the.health
carriers, requiring them to cover certain services.
A threshold issue in analyzing whether a writ of mandamus should issue is whether a
clear duty to act exists, and because the WSMA has not isolated a clear duty to act, we do not
b)bring an action in any court of competent jurisdiction to enjoin the
person from continuing the violation or doing any action in furtherance thereof.
4) attorney general and the several prosecuting attorneys throughout the state
The
shall prosecute or defend all proceedings brought pursuant to the provisions of
this code when requested by the commissioner.
14
No. 43341 9 II
- -
12
analyze the second and third 13 elements from Eugster's test. The superior court's denial of the
14
writ was proper.
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
040,
2.6.it is so ordered.
0
We concur:
kC
Johanson,
f /
Quinn-
Brintnal , J.
Bj ' en, J.
12
The second element is whether there is a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy in the ordinary
course of the law left to the discretion of the court in which the proceeding is instituted; here, the
superior court. Eugster, 118 Wn.App. at 403.
13
The third element is whether the WSMA was beneficially interested and involves the concept
of standing. Eugster, 118 Wn. App. at 403. The party seeking mandamus must have "an interest
in the action beyond that shared in common with other citizens." Retired Pub. Employees
Council v. Charles, 148 Wn. d 602, 616, 62 P. d 470 (2003).
2 3
14
The WSMA also seems to ask this court to issue a writ of mandamus but this court does not
have authority to do so.
15