NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 23a0452n.06
No. 23-1125
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Oct 20, 2023
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
LEVY MACHINING, LLC; ROBERT LEVY; )
)
SHERILENE LEVY; RYAN LEVY,
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v. ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
HANOVER TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN; JEFF ) OPINION
HEATH, )
Defendants-Appellees. )
)
Before: MOORE, READLER, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Hanover Township sued Sherilene Levy,
Mike Levy, and Levy Machining, LLC in state court to enforce Hanover Township’s zoning
ordinances. The state court granted Hanover Township the relief it requested and ordered Levy
Machining to relocate so that it complied with the zoning regulations. Sherilene Levy, Robert
Levy, Ryan Levy, and Levy Machining now sue Hanover Township and Jeff Heath in federal court
based on alleged conflicts of interest and selective enforcement of the zoning ordinances. The
district court granted Hanover Township and Heath judgment on the pleadings based on claim
preclusion. We AFFIRM the district court.
No. 23-1125, Levy Machining, LLC et al. v. Hanover Twp., Mich. et al.
I. BACKGROUND
For sixteen years, Mike Levy1 operated Levy Machining without any issue on a property
in Hanover Township, Michigan, that was zoned Agriculture-1 (“AG-1”). R. 1 (Compl. ¶¶ 13–
14) (Page ID #3). In April 2019, Jeff Heath was elected as the Hanover Township Supervisor. Id.
¶ 18 (Page ID #4). Heath owned the property adjacent to Levy Machining and had a tense
interpersonal relationship with Mike Levy that had at times “devolved into face-to-face shouting
matches” about “driveway use” and “illegal dumping.” Id. ¶¶ 17, 25 (Page ID #4–5). Heath and
his family also had connections to Lomar, a direct competitor of Levy Machining, and Lematic, a
Levy Machining customer. Id. ¶¶ 26–30 (Page ID #5–6).
After Heath was elected Hanover Township Supervisor, he initiated zoning enforcement
proceedings against Mike Levy, Sherilene Levy, and Levy Machining in Michigan state court (the
“State-Court Action”). Id. ¶ 19 (Page ID #4). In the State-Court Action, Hanover Township
alleged that Mike Levy, Sherilene Levy, and Levy Machining violated several ordinances because
they operated a business in an AG-1 zone without permission from Hanover Township. Id. ¶ 24
(Page ID #5). Hanover Township moved for summary disposition of the State-Court Action.
R. 19-5 (State Court Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 3:13–16) (Page ID #226). In response, Mike Levy, Sherilene
Levy, and Levy Machining impliedly conceded that they had violated the ordinances, and instead
argued several defenses. R. 19-3 (State Defs.’ Opp’n at 5–7) (Page ID #141–43). First, they
argued that Hanover Township’s motion for summary disposition should be denied because
1
Mike Levy is married to Sherilene Levy and together they have two sons, Robert and Ryan
Levy. R. 19-3 (Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. Disp. at 2) (Page ID #138). Mike Levy owned Levy
Machining until 2018 when he transferred ownership to his wife and two sons. Id. Mike Levy
was a party in only the state-court proceedings. Id.
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Hanover Township was “selectively enforcing its zoning ordinance” against Levy Machining in
violation of their “equal protection rights.” Id. Second, they argued that the Heath family’s
connections to Lomar and Lematic were conflicts of interest that should invalidate the Hanover
Township board’s vote to pursue litigation against Levy Machining. Id. at 7–8 (Page ID #143–
44).
On June 4, 2020, after hearing arguments on the motion for summary disposition, the state
court concluded that Mike Levy, Sherilene Levy, and Levy Machining violated each of the
ordinances and that they “fail[ed] to state a valid defense that tests the legal sufficiency of” the
claims. R. 19-5 (State Court Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 40–41) (Page ID #263–64). By granting Hanover
Township’s motion, the state court determined that “the defenses [were] so clearly untenable as a
matter of law that no factual development could possibly deny [Hanover Township’s] right to
recover” relief. Id. Levy Machining was ordered to move and, as a result, incurred significant
costs, such as moving costs, “sizeable rental obligation[s],” and several lost business contracts. R.
1 (Compl. ¶¶ 20–22) (Page ID #4).
On November 1, 2021, Sherilene Levy, Ryan Levy, Robert Levy, and Levy Machining
filed suit against Hanover Township and Heath in federal court. Id. ¶¶ 1–8 (Page ID #2). The
plaintiffs alleged eight counts: violation of their equal protection rights (“Count One”); violation
of their substantive due process rights (“Count Two”); violation of their procedural due process
rights (“Count Three”); conspiracy to interfere with civil rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985
(“Count Four”); tortious interference (“Count Five”); defamation (“Count Six”); intrusion upon
seclusion (“Count Seven”); and civil conspiracy (“Count Eight”). Id. ¶¶ 31–87 (Page ID #6–16).
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The plaintiffs’ equal protection claim is based on a “class-of-one” selective enforcement
theory of liability. Id. ¶ 33 (Page ID #6). To support this theory, the plaintiffs allege that there are
twenty businesses similarly situated to Levy Machining that are operating in Hanover Township’s
AG-1 zones, but that these businesses have not been subject to zoning enforcement proceedings.
Id. ¶¶ 23, 33 (Page ID #5–6). Instead, Hanover Township’s decision to institute enforcement
proceedings against Levy Machining was allegedly motivated by Heath’s “vindictive grudge
against the Levy family as a result of his prior conflicts with Mike Levy,” id. ¶ 43 (Page ID #8),
and Heath’s “conflict of interest,” which “interfered with” Hanover Township’s zoning
enforcement decisions, id. ¶¶ 50–51 (Page ID #9).
Hanover Township and Heath moved for judgment on the pleadings under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(c), arguing that the plaintiffs’ claims were barred by res judicata because the
plaintiffs had the opportunity to, and did, fully litigate the claims in the State-Court Action. R. 19
(Mot. for J. at ii) (Page ID #107). The district court found that Counts One, Two, Three, Four,
Five, and Eight were barred by res judicata and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
the remaining two state-law claims. R. 37 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 23–24) (Page ID #733–34).
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
“We review de novo a grant of judgment on the pleadings” brought under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(c), and “apply the same standard used to evaluate a motion to dismiss.”
Donovan v. FirstCredit, Inc., 983 F.3d 246, 252 (6th Cir. 2020). We must construe the allegations
in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and determine whether the complaint
contains “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on
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its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “Although typically courts are limited to the pleadings when faced with a
motion under Rule 12[(c)], a court may take judicial notice of other court proceedings without
converting the motion into one for summary judgment.” Buck v. Thomas M. Cooley Law Sch.,
597 F.3d 812, 816 (6th Cir. 2010).
B. Claim Preclusion
“Res judicata ‘preclude[s] parties from contesting matters that they have had a full and fair
opportunity to litigate.’” Arangure v. Whitaker, 911 F.3d 333, 337 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting
Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153 (1979)). “In deciding whether res judicata . . . lend[s]
preclusive effect to a particular state court decision, federal courts look to the state’s law to ‘assess
the preclusive effect it would attach’ to [a] decision.” Gutierrez v. Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1537
(6th Cir. 1987) (quoting Loudermill v. Cleveland Bd. of Educ., 721 F.2d 550, 557 (6th Cir. 1983)).
Accordingly, in this case we will apply Michigan res judicata law.
Michigan courts have adopted a “broad view of res judicata,” In re MCI Telecomms.
Compl., 596 N.W.2d 164, 183 (Mich. 1999), of which there are two types: issue preclusion and
claim preclusion, Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892 (2008). Claim preclusion “forecloses
‘successive litigation of the very same claim,’” while issue preclusion “bars ‘successive litigation
of an issue of fact or law.’” Taylor, 553 U.S. at 892 (quoting New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S.
742, 748 (2001)). “[T]he burden of proving the applicability of the doctrine of res judicata is on
the party asserting it.” Baraga County v. State Tax Comm’n, 645 N.W.2d 13, 16 (Mich. 2002).
At issue here is claim preclusion, which “bars not only claims already litigated, but also every
claim arising from the same transaction that the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, could
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No. 23-1125, Levy Machining, LLC et al. v. Hanover Twp., Mich. et al.
have raised but did not.” Adair v. State, 680 N.W.2d 386, 396 (Mich. 2004). Michigan courts have
adopted a three-part test such that claim preclusion “bars a second action on the same claim if ‘(1)
the prior action was decided on the merits, (2) both actions involve the same parties or their privies,
and (3) the matter in the second case was, or could have been, resolved in the first.’” Mecosta
Cnty. Med. Ctr. v. Metro. Grp. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 983 N.W.2d 401, 405 (Mich. 2022) (quoting
Foster v. Foster, 983 N.W.2d 373, 379 (Mich. 2022)).
1. Decision on the Merits
First, the district court properly found that the State-Court Action resulted in a decision on
the merits. Typically, a state court’s final judgment and permanent injunction constitute a merits
decision for the purpose of claim preclusion. AuSable River Trading Post, LLC v. Dovetail Sols.,
Inc., 874 F.3d 271, 274 (6th Cir. 2017); Ludwig v. Township of Van Buren, 682 F.3d 457, 459–60
(6th Cir. 2012). Despite this well-established law, the plaintiffs argue that the state-court judgment
is not a final decision on the merits because the state court did not explicitly discuss the merits of
their defenses. Appellant Br. at 14–15. The state court, however, was not required to do so under
the first element of the claim-preclusion inquiry. See AuSable River Trading Post, 874 F.3d at 274
(finding that the Michigan state-court permanent injunction was a final merits decision, even
though the claims “could have been raised . . . as a defense in the original action” but were not and
the Michigan state court thus did not analyze the defense on its merits). Michigan’s claim-
preclusion test plainly contemplates situations in which the first court does not have the
opportunity explicitly to analyze a particular claim on its merits. See Adair, 680 N.W.2d at 396
(stating that res judicata bars “every claim arising from the same transaction that the parties,
exercising reasonable diligence, could have raised but did not”). Under the first element of the
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No. 23-1125, Levy Machining, LLC et al. v. Hanover Twp., Mich. et al.
claim-preclusion test we consider only whether there was a final decision on the merits, not
whether the substance of the claim was addressed.
Even if the plaintiffs were correct that the state court was required to assess their defenses
on the merits to satisfy this element of claim preclusion, the state court’s oral decision and
judgment make clear that it rejected their defenses on their merits. See R. 19-5 (State Court Mot.
Hr’g Tr. at 40–41, 45) (Page ID #263–64, 268) (stating that the court must find that “the defenses
are so clearly untenable as a matter of law” to grant judgment in favor of Hanover Township and
then concluding that “the defendants have really not presented any tenable defense”); R. 19-2
(State Court J. at 2) (Page ID #134) (granting Hanover Township’s motion for summary
disposition because there was “no valid defense” and “no issue of material fact”). Therefore, there
was a determination on the merits in the State-Court Action.
2. Privity
Next, the district court correctly found that both actions involved the same parties or their
privies. Levy Machining, Hanover Township, and Sherilene Levy were parties to both cases.
Therefore, the parties dispute only whether Heath is in privity with Hanover Township and whether
Robert Levy and Ryan Levy are in privity with Levy Machining. “To be in privity is to be so
identified in interest with another party that the first litigant represents the same legal right that the
later litigant is trying to assert.” Adair, 680 N.W.2d at 396. “[A] perfect identity of the parties is
not required, only a ‘substantial identity of interests’ that are adequately presented and protected
by the first litigant.” Id. at 397.
Here, Heath is in privity with Hanover Township because he was in an employer-employee
relationship with Hanover Township, the claims and defenses arose out of his actions as an
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No. 23-1125, Levy Machining, LLC et al. v. Hanover Twp., Mich. et al.
employee, and he and Hanover Township both intended to enforce the ordinance in the same way.
See Bates v. Township of Van Buren, 459 F.3d 731, 736 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding the parties were
in privity because both parties “sought a facial invalidation of the ordinance” and the parties had
an employer-employee relationship); McCoy v. Michigan, 369 F. App’x 646, 650 (6th Cir. 2010)
(finding the parties were in privity “when the previous governmental-unit Defendant . . . and the
present-case [individually named defendants] ha[d] an employer-employee relationship”).
Likewise, Robert Levy and Ryan Levy are in privity with Levy Machining because they
were co-owners of Levy Machining at the time of the State-Court Action and they now seek to
assert the same legal rights that Levy Machining asserted as defenses in the State-Court Action.
See Peterson Novelties, Inc. v. City of Berkley, 672 N.W.2d 351, 358–59 (Mich. Ct. App. 2003)
(finding privity because the plaintiff in the second case was the owner of the company that was a
plaintiff in the first case and both suits related to the company’s rights and liabilities); see also
Washington v. Sinai Hosp. of Greater Detroit, 733 N.W.2d 755, 757–58, 760–61 (Mich. 2007)
(finding that the first personal representative of an estate was in privity with the second
representative of an estate because both were asserting the estate’s rights). Therefore, both actions
involve the same parties or their privies.
3. Resolution of the Second Matter during the First Matter
Finally, the district court was correct in determining that the current claims were or could
have been resolved in the State-Court Action. Claim preclusion “bars not only claims already
litigated, but also every claim arising from the same transaction that the parties, exercising
reasonable diligence, could have raised but did not.” Adair, 680 N.W.2d at 396. “Whether a
factual grouping constitutes a transaction for purposes of res judicata is to be determined
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pragmatically, by considering whether the facts are related in time, space, origin or motivation,
[and] whether they form a convenient trial unit.” Id. at 398 (quoting 46 AM. JUR. 2D Judgments
§ 533) (emphasis omitted). The plaintiffs do not contest that the claims in their federal complaint
arise out of the same transaction as the State-Court Action. Appellant Br. at 16–19. Instead, the
plaintiffs argue only that they could not have successfully brought counterclaims during the State-
Court Action because, at that time, damages were not ascertainable. Id.
A second action is not precluded by the first if there are new or continuing wrongs that
occur after judgment was entered in the first action. See Jones v. Westminster, LLC, No. 334447,
2018 WL 2370634, at *5–6 (Mich. Ct. App. May 24, 2018) (per curiam) (citing Restatement
(Second) Judgments §§ 24, 26(1)(e) (1982)). “[A] plaintiff may only bring a second suit when the
defendant continues in his or her tortious act, but not where the plaintiff experiences ‘continual
harmful effects from an original, completed act.’” Id. at *6 (quoting Terlecki v. Stewart, 754
N.W.2d 899, 908 (Mich. Ct. App. 2008)); see also Frank v. Linkner, 894 N.W.2d 574, 586 (Mich.
2017) (stating that a “claim accrues at the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done”
(quoting MICH COMP. LAWS § 600.5827)). Because the plaintiffs do not argue that any wrongful
conduct occurred after the judgment was entered in the first matter2—and the complaint similarly
2
Although the plaintiffs mention in passing that there were “continuing violations of federal
law,” and “new conflicts” of interest, that occurred after the judgment in the state-court
proceedings, Appellant Br. at 13, 19, they fail fully to develop the argument and, therefore, it is
forfeited. See United States v. Reed, 167 F.3d 984, 993 (6th Cir. 1999) (stating that the “settled
appellate rule” is “that issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort
at developed argumentation” are forfeited (quoting United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st
Cir. 1990))). Moreover, the argument lacks merit because there are no allegations in the complaint
to support the plaintiffs’ assertion that there were “new conflicts” and “continuing violations of
federal law.” Appellant Br. at 13, 19.
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does not include any such allegations—there is no continuing wrong that would allow for a
subsequent suit.
Moreover, applying res judicata in this case does not, as the plaintiffs suggest, lead to the
perverse outcome evident in Sherrell v. Bugaski, 425 N.W.2d 707 (Mich. Ct. App. 1988). In
Sherrell, the plaintiff was denied damages in her first action and then prevented by res judicata
from bringing a second action based on an injury that did not manifest until after the first action
was complete. Id. at 709.3 Here, even if the plaintiffs are correct and their damages were not
sufficiently ascertainable during the State-Court Action, they could have requested equitable
injunctive relief, as they did in the federal complaint, see R. 1 (Compl. at 16 ¶ B) (Page ID #16)
(requesting equitable relief in the form of “[a]n injunction prohibiting any further acts of
wrongdoing, discrimination, or retaliation”), or the plaintiffs could have more fully developed the
evidentiary record in support of their defense before the state court. Had the plaintiffs done so and
had the state court agreed with them on the merits, there would be no state-court order forcing the
plaintiffs to move Levy Machining. In other words, there would be no additional damages that
became ascertainable only after the state-court proceedings because any additional harm would
have been prevented. Indeed, this is the precise efficiency that claim preclusion—and res judicata
more broadly—is meant to encourage. See Taylor, 553 U.S. at 892 (“By ‘preclud[ing] parties from
contesting matters that they have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate,’” res judicata “protect[s]
against ‘the expense and vexation attending multiple lawsuits, conserv[es] judicial resources, and
foste[rs] reliance on judicial action by minimizing the possibility of inconsistent decisions.’”
3
Notably, the Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the application of res judicata in those
circumstances, which directly contradicts the plaintiffs’ argument that their continuing damages
prevents application of res judicata. Sherrell, 425 N.W.2d at 709.
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No. 23-1125, Levy Machining, LLC et al. v. Hanover Twp., Mich. et al.
(quoting Montana, 440 U.S. at 153–54)).4 Therefore, the district court properly found that the
plaintiffs could have resolved the federal claims during the State-Court Action and thus, res
judicata bars Counts One, Two, Three, Four, Five, and Eight.
C. Supplemental Jurisdiction
Finally, the plaintiffs argue that the district court abused its discretion by declining
supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims because the district court improperly found that
claim preclusion applied to the other claims. Appellant Br. at 19–20. Because we affirm the
district court’s application of claim preclusion and the plaintiffs do not argue that the district court
erred in declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under these circumstances, there is no
occasion to address the plaintiffs’ argument on this point.
III. CONCLUSION
The district court properly found that Counts One, Two, Three, Four, Five, and Eight were
barred by res judicata and properly declined supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state-
law claims. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
4
Likewise, the plaintiffs’ reliance on Ternes Steel Company v. Ladney, 111 N.W.2d 859
(Mich. 1961), is misplaced. The portion of Ternes Steel that the plaintiffs cite is dicta. Id. at 861
(stating that the portion of the opinion concerning res judicata was “not determinative of this
appeal,” “not pleaded below,” and not “argued to, or considered by the trial judge,” but discussing
it nonetheless “because of the probability that it will be relied upon by defendant on remand”).
Even if it were not dicta, under Ternes Steel, if a litigant “does not rely upon his claim as a defense
to the first action, or as a counterclaim thereto, he is not barred from subsequently maintaining his
action for affirmative relief in an independent suit.” Id. Here, the plaintiffs asserted the selective-
enforcement and conflict-of-interest claims as a defense in the first matter, and therefore they
cannot now assert these claims, or claims arising from the same transaction, as an independent
suit. See id.; see also AuSable River Trading Post, 874 F.3d at 274 (finding the third element of
the Michigan res judicata test met because “the challenge to the validity of the . . . trademark could
have been raised by Agnello as a defense in the original action”).
11