State v. Bowman

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA23-384

Filed 21 November 2023

Forsyth County, Nos. 21CRS51595–97

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v.

CORY WYATT BOWMAN, Defendant.

Appeal by defendant from an order entered by Judge Cynthia K. Sturges on 27

September 2022, in Forsyth County Superior Court, revoking his criminal probation

and activating his suspended sentence. Heard in the Court of Appeals 18 October

2023.

Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Reginaldo E.
Williams, Jr., for the State.

Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Jillian C.
Franke, for defendant-appellant.

FLOOD, Judge.

Cory Wyatt Bowman (“Defendant”) appeals from the trial court’s revocation of

his criminal probation for third-degree exploitation of a minor. Defendant argues the

trial court erred in revoking his probation status, as (A) Defendant did not have notice

that his probation would face revocation, and (B) the State failed to prove he

committed a new criminal offense. As explained in further detail below, we find the

trial court did not err.

I. Factual and Procedural Background
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Opinion of the Court

On 21 June 2021, Defendant was charged with fifteen counts of third-degree

exploitation of a minor. On 26 October 2021, Defendant pled guilty as charged, and

on the same day, the trial court consolidated the convictions into three judgments.

The trial court sentenced Defendant to three consecutive terms of five to fifteen

months’ imprisonment, which was suspended for sixty months’ supervised probation.

Included as conditions for Defendant’s probation were, inter alia, that Defendant

commit no criminal offense in any jurisdiction; participate in sex offender treatment;

submit to warrantless searches for adult and child pornography; and a special

condition under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b2) (2021), that Defendant not “have any

pornography adult or child.”

In March 2022, Defendant began participating in group therapy pursuant to

his court-mandated sex offender treatment. On 20 April 2022, during a group

therapy meeting, Defendant admitted to “looking at child abusive material” and

therefore was deemed non-compliant with the therapy. A counselor from Counseling

and Support Associates reported Defendant’s admission to his probation officer.

Two days later, on 22 April 2022, Defendant’s probation officer (“Officer

Wallace”) and another police officer visited Defendant’s home and made contact with

him and his girlfriend. The officers asked Defendant if he knew why they were there,

and he replied “[p]robably for porn.” The officers asked Defendant about his cell

phone, and he indicated that his phone was damaged and that he had instead been

using his girlfriend’s phone. The officers asked Defendant if he had “looked at any

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Opinion of the Court

child pornography,” and he admitted to “looking at it” on his girlfriend’s phone, and

also admitted that he had factory reset his girlfriend’s phone.

Defendant’s girlfriend permitted the officers to look at her phone. Upon

investigation of Defendant’s girlfriend’s phone, the officers observed Google search

results for “little girls in bikini videos; little girl model videos; little girl videos; little

girl web cams; . . . and live sex cam.” Officer Wallace then contacted the Forsyth

County Sheriff’s Office, and a police deputy and investigator were sent to Defendant’s

residence. The investigator searched Defendant’s girlfriend’s phone, confiscated the

phone, and determined “they could not pull anything off the phone that would lead to

a new charge.”

Soon after, Defendant went to a meeting with Officer Wallace, admitted again

to viewing child pornography, and was arrested for the violation of being non-

compliant in a group therapy class.

On 29 April 2022, Officer Wallace filed a violation report (the “Report”),

alleging Defendant willfully violated probation. The Report reads, in relevant part:

1. Sex Offender Special Condition Number
Per [D]efendant’s judgment, he is “not to have any
pornography adult or child.” On [20 April 2022]
[D]efendant admitted to his counselor with C.A.S.A.
that he had downloaded child abuse material to his
telephone. During a home contact on [22 April 2022],
the offender admitted to this officer that he had viewed
child pornography on his girlfriend’s cellphone
(estimated time frame was a month prior). This officer
contacted the Forsyth County Sherriff’s office about it.
[D]efendant’s girlfriend’s cellphone was seized by

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Opinion of the Court

Investigator Tufft due to [D]efendant’s admitting to
viewing child pornography on it.

2. Condition of Probation
“Participate in such evaluation and treatment as is
necessary to complete a prescribed course of
psychiatric, psychological, or other rehabilitative
treatment as ordered by the court” in that Defendant
was enrolled in sex offender treatment with counseling
and support associates (C.A.S.A.) on [15 March 2022].
On [25 April 2022] [D]efendant was non-complied from
group for the following: on [20 April 2022] he admitted
to the counselor that he had downloaded (to his
telephone) and watched child abuse material within the
past week prior to admission. This violates the group
rules [D]efendant signed on [7 March 2022]. On [22
April 2022] [D]efendant admitted to this officer that he
had viewed child pornography (estimated time frame
was a month prior).

(cleaned up).

This matter came on for hearing on 27 September 2022. The State argued that

Defendant’s admission of downloading and watching child pornography constituted a

new criminal offense. The trial court asked Officer Wallace whether he had viewed

any images on Defendant’s girlfriend’s phone, and Officer Wallace said he had not.

Following this inquiry, Officer Wallace testified as to the Google search results he

observed on Defendant’s girlfriend’s phone. Defendant’s attorney contended that the

search terms did not indicate illegality in the material viewed by Defendant, but the

trial court noted that “whether or not what he did was illegal versus whether or not

he violated probation, which he was not allowed to do, those are two different

[questions].” The State then requested the trial court revoke Defendant’s probation.

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Opinion of the Court

The trial court found Defendant violated probation, and that “the evidence does

reasonably satisfy [the trial court] in [its] discretion that [Defendant] has violated

conditions upon which his sentence was suspended,” and ordered “that his probation

is revoked and the suspended sentence is now active.” In its written order, the trial

court made the same findings, checked the box indicating that Defendant’s probation

was revoked for willful violation of the condition that he not commit any criminal

offense, and indicated that each violation was, in and of itself, a sufficient basis upon

which the court could revoke probation and activate Defendant’s sentence. Defendant

orally appealed from the trial court’s order.

II. Jurisdiction

Pursuant to Rule 4 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, this

Court has jurisdiction over Defendant’s appeal as to his argument concerning the

State’s alleged failure to prove he committed any new criminal offense. See N.C.R.

App. P. 4(a)(1). As to Defendant’s argument regarding notice, under Rule 10: “In

order to preserve an issue for appellate review, a party must have presented to the

trial court a timely request, objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the

ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific grounds were not apparent

from the context.” N.C.R. App. P. 10. At trial, the following exchange occurred

between the court and Defendant’s counsel:

THE COURT: To satisfy due process in a probation
revocation hearing, probationer is entitled to written notice
of the claimed violations.

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Opinion of the Court

We have that. You said you have notice.

MS. MARTIN: Yes, Your Honor.

Defendant’s counsel admitted that Defendant had notice, and Defendant did not

bring at trial a request, objection, or motion regarding notice. Proper notice is

required for a trial court to have subject matter jurisdiction, however, and “the issue

of a court’s jurisdiction over a matter may be raised at any time, even for the first

time on appeal[.]” State v. Webber, 190 N.C. App. 649, 650, 660 S.E.2d 621, 622 (2008)

(citation omitted); see State v. Kelso, 187 N.C. App. 718, 723, 654 S.E.2d 28, 32 (2007).

Accordingly, we address Defendant’s notice argument.

III. Standard of Review

Defendant asserts this Court reviews his appeal de novo. Defendant’s

assertion is erroneous as, “[w]hen reviewing the decision of a trial court to revoke

probation, we review for abuse of discretion.” State v. Pettiford, 282 N.C. App. 202,

206, 869 S.E.2d 772, 776 (2022) (citation omitted). A trial court abuses its discretion

when its “ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could

not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Id. at 206, 869 S.E.2d at 776 (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted). “Nonetheless, when a trial court’s

determination relies on statutory interpretation, our review is de novo because those

matters of statutory interpretation necessarily present questions of law.” State v.

Johnson, 246 N.C. App. 132, 134, 782 S.E.2d 549, 551–52 (2016) (citation and internal

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Opinion of the Court

quotation marks omitted). Here, the trial court’s conclusions of law in its written

order did not concern statutory interpretation, and our review is therefore for abuse

of discretion. See id. at 132, 782 S.E.2d at 551–52; see also Pettiford, 282 N.C. App.

at 206, 869 S.E.2d at 776.

IV. Analysis

Defendant contends on appeal: (A) the trial court erred in revoking Defendant’s

probation as he did not receive effective notice that he would face probation

revocation, and (B) the trial court erred by revoking Defendant’s probation because

the State failed to prove he committed any new criminal offense.

A. Notice

Defendant contends he was not given notice of the hearing and its purpose, as

the State alleged in the Report that he had violated a sex offender special probation

condition, which is not a revocable violation. We disagree.

Under statute, “[t]he State must give the probationer notice of the hearing and

its purpose, including a statement of the violations alleged.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-

1345(e) (2021). “Just as with the notice provided by criminal indictments . . . the

purpose of notice mandated by N.C. [Gen. Stat.] § 15A-1345(e) is to allow the

defendant to prepare a defense[.]” State v. Moore, 370 N.C. 338, 342, 807 S.E.2d 550,

553 (2017) (cleaned up) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Our

Supreme Court has provided:

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Opinion of the Court

A statement of a defendant’s alleged actions that constitute
the alleged violation will give that defendant the chance to
prepare a defense because he will know what he is accused
of doing. He will also be able to determine the possible
effects on his probation that those allegations could have,
and he will be able to gather any evidence available to
rebut the allegations.

Id. at 342, 807 S.E.2d at 553 (emphasis added). One possible effect a defendant’s

actions may have on his probation, if said actions constituted a crime or absconding,

is the revocation of said probation. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1343(b)(1), 1344(a).

Here, Defendant was convicted for fifteen counts of third-degree exploitation

of a minor, a crime that “prohibits the mere possession of child pornography.” State

v. Fletcher, 370 N.C. 313, 320, 807 S.E.2d 528, 534 (2017). Defendant was then placed

on probation with the condition that he “not have any pornography adult or child.”

See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-190.17A(a) (2021) (“A person commits the offense of third[-

]degree sexual exploitation of a minor if, knowing the character or content of the

material, he possess material that contains a visual representation of a minor

engaging in sexual activity.”). In the Report, after noting that Defendant’s probation

is subject to the condition he “not have pornography adult or child[,]” Officer Wallace

described Defendant’s alleged actions of downloading to his phone and viewing “child

abusive material,” and viewing child pornography on his girlfriend’s phone.

The Report’s description of Defendant’s alleged behavior was sufficient to give

Defendant notice of possible probation revocation. While the Report does not

explicitly allege that Defendant violated his probation by committing a criminal

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Opinion of the Court

offense, its allegation of Defendant downloading and viewing child pornography gave

Defendant the chance to prepare a defense against the accusation of him possessing

child pornography—conduct that may be criminal as third-degree exploitation of a

minor, which is the very offense for which Defendant was convicted. See Moore, 370

N.C. at 342, 807 S.E.2d at 553; see Fletcher, 370 N.C. at 320, 807 S.E.2d at 534. We

conclude that, from the Report, Defendant was able to determine the “possible effects”

his alleged actions may have on probation, i.e., revocation, and therefore hold the trial

court did not err. See Moore, 370 N.C. at 342, 807 S.E.2d at 553.

B. New Criminal Offense

Defendant argues that, even if the State gave him effective notice that his

probation could be revoked for committing a new criminal offense, the State failed to

meet its burden to show that a crime was committed. We disagree.

This Court has provided:

A proceeding to revoke probation is often regarded as
informal or summary, and the court is not bound by strict
rules of evidence. An alleged violation by a defendant of a
condition upon which his sentence is suspended need not
be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. All that is required
is that the evidence be such as to reasonably satisfy the
judge in the exercise of his sound discretion that the
defendant has violated a valid condition upon which the
sentence was suspended.

Johnson, 246 N.C. App. at 134, 782 S.E.2d at 551; see also State v. Monroe, 83 N.C.

App. 143, 145–46, 349 S.E.2d 315, 317 (1986). As articulated above, a condition upon

which probation may be revoked is the commission of a new crime, and one commits

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Opinion of the Court

the crime of third-degree exploitation of a minor when, “knowing the character or

content of the material, he possesses material that contains a visual representation

of a minor engaging in sexual activity.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-190.17A(a); see N.C.

Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1343(b)(1), 1344(a). A person possesses child pornography when

he is “aware of its presence and has himself or together with others both the power

and intent to control the disposition of the material.” State v. Dexter, 186 N.C. App.

587, 595, 651 S.E.2d 900, 906 (2007); see State v. Riffe, 191 N.C. App. 86, 92, 661

S.E.2d 899, 904 (2008).

In Monroe, this Court heard a defendant’s appeal of the lower tribunal’s

decision to revoke his probation, and the defendant argued, “the trial court erred in

revoking his probation because the trial court’s findings of fact in the revocation order

do not support the conclusion of law that [the] defendant breached a condition of

probation by committing a criminal offense.” 83 N.C. App. at 144, 349 S.E.2d at 316.

We disagreed with the defendant’s contention and provided that, although the trial

court did not specifically state whether the criminal offense was in violation of one of

the two statutory crimes listed in the defendant’s violation report, “the evidence

presented amply support[ed] a finding that [the] defendant violated” one of the

statutory crimes. Id. at 144, 349 S.E.2d at 316. As such, the trial court’s revocation

of the defendant’s probation was proper. Id. at 145–46, 349 S.E.2d at 317.

Here, the State presented evidence that Defendant admitted twice to

downloading and viewing child pornography and “child abusive material[,]” that

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Opinion of the Court

Defendant had factory reset his girlfriend’s phone at some point after viewing the

material on her phone, and that Defendant had made several suggestive Google

searches on his girlfriend’s phone. Defendant’s admissions certainly support a

finding that he possessed child pornography as, by downloading and viewing the

material on his and his girlfriend’s phones, he was necessarily aware of the

pornography’s presence and had the power and intent to control the material’s

disposition. See Dexter, 186 N.C. App. at 595, 651 S.E.2d at 906. This evidence,

together with the remaining evidence presented by the State, was therefore sufficient

to reasonably satisfy the trial court, in its sound discretion, that Defendant knowingly

possessed material containing a visual representation of a minor engaging in sexual

activity and committed third-degree exploitation of a minor. See Johnson, 246 N.C.

App. at 134, 782 S.E.2d at 551; see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-190.17A(a).

In its written order, the trial court concluded, inter alia:

4. A [c]ourt may find a probationer has committed a new
criminal offense regardless of the State’s decision to drop
the new criminal charge or to not bring a charge at all. . . .

5. The evidence before the [c]ourt was such as to reasonably
satisfy the [c]ourt, in its discretion, that Defendant has
willfully violated a condition of his probation.

(cleaned up). From the trial court’s Conclusion of Law 4—that a court “may find a

probationer has committed a new criminal offense regardless of the State’s decision

to . . . not bring a charge at all”—we conclude that the court found, in Conclusion of

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Opinion of the Court

Law 5, Defendant willfully violated the probation condition of not having child

pornography by committing a new criminal offense.

Although the trial court did not specify in its order the new crime Defendant

had committed, third-degree exploitation of a minor was the underlying crime for

which Defendant was placed on probation with the condition that he not have child

pornography. The State presented evidence which “amply support[ed] a finding” that

Defendant committed third-degree exploitation of a minor, and the evidence was such

that the trial court was reasonably satisfied Defendant violated a term of his

condition. See Monroe, 83 N.C. App. at 145–46, 349 S.E.2d at 317. As such, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in revoking Defendant’s probation.

IV. Conclusion

Defendant has failed to demonstrate he did not receive notice that he would

face probation revocation, and the trial court was reasonably satisfied Defendant

violated a term of his condition such that revocation was proper. Accordingly, the

trial court did not err in revoking Defendant’s probation.

NO ERROR.

Judge GORE concurs.

Judge COLLINS concurs in result only.

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