IMO the Estate of Anastasios G. Nastatos

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

)
IMO THE ESTATE OF )
ANASTASIOS G. NASTATOS ) ROW Folio No. 167885 AF-SEM
)

FINAL REPORT

Final Report: November 30, 2023
Date Submitted: July 19, 2023

Jason C. Powell, THE POWELL FIRM, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for
Exceptant Alex Whilby-Nastatos.

Brian J. Ferry, FERRY JOSEPH, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for
Respondent Lexx Lazerman.

Donald L. Gouge, DONALD L. GOUGE, JR., LLC, Wilmington, Delaware;
Personal Administrator of the Estate.

Anthony Nastatos, Smyrna, Delaware; Interested Party

Kristina Nastatos, Newark, Delaware; Interested Party

MOLINA, M.
 It is the unique privilege of this Court to oversee the administration of estates

such as estates of persons with disabilities for whom this Court has appointed a

guardian and estates of deceased Delawareans, shepherded by a representative

appointed by the Register of Wills. Through these two exemplar buckets, the Court

adjudges whether the fiduciaries are acting appropriately, issues appropriate relief,

and advises upon future conduct. But it does so under different lenses. In the

guardianship context, the Court acts as ultimate fiduciary for the person with a

disability, who is a ward of the Court and whose best interest is the Court’s primary

consideration. In the probate context, the Court must expand its consideration to

include the estate’s beneficiaries and heirs.

This action arises in the probate context. Yet the familial tension long

predates probate. It began (at least for this Court’s purposes) in a hotly contested

adult guardianship proceeding. Despite this Court’s oversight and numerous

adjudications, disputes persist to this day—approximately six (6) years after the

ward’s death. The time has come for closure and final resolution.

Through this report, I recommend that the administrator of late ward’s estate

begin taking concrete steps to close the estate. I find, based on the record developed

at the evidentiary hearing, there is nothing left for probate, and it is in the best interest

of the estate and its beneficiaries for the neutral administrator to file a final

accounting, distribute the estate, and close this matter for good.
1
I. BACKGROUND 1

This case arises from the administration of the estate of Anastasios Nastatos

(the “Decedent”). According to the opening petition for this estate, the Decedent

died on October 4, 2017, leaving behind four (4) children, Alex Whilby-Nastatos

(the “Exceptant”), Kristina Nastatos, Anthony Nastatos (the “Interested Party”), and

Lexx Lazerman (the “Respondent”). 2 Unfortunately, the Decedent also left behind

long-standing disputes that continue to date. I begin with a brief background of those

disputes before turning to the issues at hand.

A. The Guardianship

In comparison to this Court’s greater adult guardianship docket, the

Decedent’s guardianship was of a limited duration. Then-Master Zurn appointed a

guardian for the Decedent in June 2016, and he passed in October 2017. 3 But the

1
I take this background from the dockets of this action and related actions and the record
developed at the evidentiary hearing held on April 13, 2023. See Docket Item (“D.I.”) 73.
I grant the evidence the weight and credibility I find it deserves. The exhibits submitted by
the Exceptant (defined infra) are cited as “Ex__.” See D.I. 68.
2
D.I. 2. It remains in dispute whether the Decedent had another daughter, Ida Lazerman.
See Pet. to Act as Personal Representative, No. 167885 AF-SEM (Del. Ch. July 20, 2021),
ECF No. 66782501. In relying on the opening petition’s recitation, I make no finding of
paternity. Cf. In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079, at *18 n.1 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2020)
(“assum[ing] that every person who has presented himself or herself as the ward’s
biological child is doing so accurately[,]” without addressing accusations of lack of
paternity).
3
In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079, at *2, *4. The Exceptant was the guardian. To avoid any
confusion, though, I herein use the generic term “the guardian” as I address the
guardianship proceedings and the Guardianship Ruling (defined infra).
2
guardianship was heavily contested for the duration. And those contests continued

after the Decedent passed. One contest continues to plague the Nastatos family: the

sale of certain real property after the Decedent’s death.4

On February 18, 2019, more than one (1) year after the Decedent passed, this

now predominating issue was brought to Vice Chancellor Zurn’s attention. 5 One of

the Decedent’s children informed Vice Chancellor Zurn that real property in which

the Decedent had an interest had been sold on April 24, 2018 (after the Decedent’s

death but before the guardianship disputes were fully resolved).6 The property was

located at 515 South DuPont Highway, Dover, Delaware (the “Property”) and the

Decedent had owned the Property “through a wholly owned corporation, Dexalia,

4
I do not attempt to summarize herein the many matters resolved by Vice Chancellor Zurn
throughout the guardianship proceeding. See, e.g., In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079. Avid
readers may also be wondering why guardianship information is being published publicly.
The Court’s guardianship dockets are confidential, but the Court endeavors to anonymize
and publish guardianship rulings of note and utility to the public. Vice Chancellor Zurn did
just that, issuing her November 30, 2020 opinion in the guardianship matter publicly, with
anonymized initializations for the parties. In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079. I direct interested
readers to her decision for additional detail and only confirm the connection between the
two matters because such is already of public record. See, e.g., D.I. 14-15; In re Nastatos,
C.A. No. 2021-0543-SEM (Del. Ch.), D.I. 1 (of which I take judicial notice under D.R.E.
202(d)(1)(C)).
5
In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079, at *4.
6
Id.
3
Inc.”7 But the sale was not a private sale initiated by any of the interested parties;

rather, the Property was sold at auction through a monition action. 8

Placed in the difficult position of determining a guardian’s duties, and the

Court’s jurisdiction, during the period between a ward’s death and the closure of the

guardianship matter, Vice Chancellor Zurn drew careful lines in her November 30,

2020 decision (the “Guardianship Ruling”). Before the Decedent’s death, Vice

Chancellor Zurn found the court-appointed guardian was responsible for paying

taxes on the Property.9 By failing to do so, he breached his fiduciary duties to the

Decedent and was held liable for such breach.10 The guardian further breached his

duty of candor to the Court by failing to inform the Court about the loss of the

Property.11 The Vice Chancellor entered judgment against the guardian as a sanction

for his breaches.12

But Vice Chancellor Zurn stopped short of assessing liability for the

guardian’s failure to defend against the monition action. She held “to the extent [the

guardian] owed such a duty [to defend], he did so outside the context of th[e]

7
Id. at *2.
8
Id. at *4.
9
Id. at *5–7.
10
Id. at *9–10.
11
Id. at *13–14.
12
Id. at *17.
4
guardianship action” because the action was commenced after the Decedent’s death,

which terminated the guardian’s duties toward the Decedent’s person and property.13

Yet Vice Chancellor Zurn did find that the guardian “had a duty to preserve [the

Decedent’s] estate until he transferred it to the personal representative.”14

Complicating the matter further was the record ownership of the Property.

Prior to the sale, the Property was owned by Dexalia, Inc. (the “Company”). 15 Vice

Chancellor Zurn recognized that the Company “appear[ed] to be a holding

company[,]” the Decedent was its registered agent, and there was some confusion as

to “what stake [the Decedent] owned in [the Company].” 16 But Vice Chancellor

Zurn declined to undertake an intrusive ownership inquiry “based on the unique facts

of th[e] guardianship action,” and treated the Property as the Decedent’s property,

subject to the guardian’s oversight.17

The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed the Guardianship Ruling on appeal.18

13
Id. at *10.
14
Id. at *12.
15
Id. at *2, *12 n.149.
16
Id. at *2 n.9.
17
Id.
18
C.M. 18290-N-MTZ (Del. Ch. July 22, 2021), D.I. 379 (of which I take judicial notice
under D.R.E. 202(d)(1)(C)).
5
 B. The Estate

This estate was opened while the guardianship issues were still being

resolved. They have proved no less controversial.

One month after the Decedent’s death, on October 31, 2017, the Exceptant

filed a petition for authority to act as personal representative of the Decedent’s

estate.19 Soon thereafter, the Respondent filed a letter objecting to the appointment

of the Exceptant.20

The Exceptant and the Respondent attempted to resolve their dispute over

estate stewardship outside the courtroom. In December 2017, the Respondent

requested more time from the Register of Wills to determine a personal

representative for the estate because the Exceptant and the Respondent had reached

an impasse. 21 That impasse, it appears, included the Decedent’s other children taking

sides through a letter writing campaign to the Register of Wills. 22

Eventually, after numerous submissions, the Register of Wills directed the

Exceptant and the Respondent, in January 2018, to either serve as joint

administrators or select a neutral third-party. 23 After a few more months of dogged

19
D.I. 3.
20
D.I. 4.
21
D.I. 6.
22
See, e.g., D.I. 7, 8, 10.
23
D.I. 11.
6
resistance on both sides, they chose the latter and proposed in an April 24, 2018

letter that a local attorney, Donald Gouge, Esquire (the “Administrator”) serve as

administrator. 24

On or around May 10, 2018, Mr. Gouge petitioned for authority to act as the

personal representative; he was appointed on June 7, 2018. 25 The Administrator’s

inventory was due by September 7, 2018, and his first accounting was due by June

7, 2019.26 At the Administrator’s request, both deadlines were extended numerous

times.27 On March 12, 2019, the Administrator filed his inventory. 28 By December

2019, the Administrator filed his initial accounting (the “First Accounting”).29

C. The Petition to Resign30

About six months after the Administrator filed the First Accounting, on June

21, 2021, the Administrator filed a petition to resign (the “Resignation Action”).31

24
D.I. 18.
25
D.I. 23; D.I. 24; D.I. 27.
26
D.I. 27.
27
D.I. 29; D.I. 30; D.I. 36; D.I. 40.
28
D.I. 33.
29
Ex. 1.
I take judicial notice of filings in the related proceeding before this Court captioned C.A.
30

No. 2021-0543-SEM (“Resignation Action”). See D.R.E. 202(d)(1)(C).
31
The following month, in July 2021, the Respondent petitioned for authority to act as the
personal representative. Pet. to Act as Personal Representative, No. 167885 AF-SEM (Del.
Ch. July 20, 2021), ECF No. 66782501. That petition does not appear to have been
docketed but is, nevertheless, mooted by the recommendations herein.
7
The Administrator averred that “[s]everal heirs wish to sue [the guardian] over his

handling of the guardianship” of the Decedent but that the Administrator believed

such was “beyond the role [he] envisioned as administrator of the estate.” 32

Interested parties responded and I heard oral argument on the petition on February

8, 2022 (the “Resignation Hearing”). 33

At the Resignation Hearing, I questioned the Administrator on the rule I

should apply to his request and he offered to provide further briefing on the subject.34

Taking him up on that offer, I ordered supplemental briefing, to be submitted by

February 17, 2022. 35 That briefing was timely filed. 36 I further directed the

Administrator to file an interim accounting to reflect the latest level of estate assets

and any additional claims, charges, or expenditures from the First Accounting. 37

Such was borne from my questions and was offered by the Administrator to “help

tee up, then, any exceptions that may be filed, and maybe then that will go to the

next step, is who has standing, then, to determine what, if any, cause of action may

be lodged against [the guardian], rightly or wrongly.” 38 At his offer and suggestion,

32
Resignation Action D.I. 1, ¶¶7–8.
33
See, e.g., Resignation Action D.I. 5, 9, 12, 15.
34
Resignation Action D.I. 25 at 13:11–17:24.
35
See Resignation Action D.I. 20.
36
Resignation Action D.I. 22.
37
Resignation Action D.I. 25 at 18:1–21:20.
38
Id. at 72:8–12.
8
I required the Administrator to file another accounting for the estate by February 28,

2022. 39 I shared his hope that any concerns would “be put on the record [in this

estate proceeding] and can be dealt with” here. 40 The Resignation Action has

remained stayed since.

D. The Exceptions

Back in the estate, the Administrator timely filed the required second interim

accounting (the “Second Accounting”). 41 On May 26, 2022, the Exceptant filed

exceptions to the Second Accounting, in which he disagreed with its characterization

as an “interim” accounting.42 The Respondent filed a response in opposition to the

exceptions on August 18, 2022.43 On October 3, 2022, the Administrator filed a

neutral response in which he took no position.44

39
Id. at 84:13–14.
40
Id. at 87:8–11.
41
Ex. 2–3. As of February 28, 2023, there was $221,406.32 in the escrow account at M&T
Bank. Tr. 23:13–16.
42
Ex. 4.
43
Ex. 5.
44
D.I. 57.
9
 On October 5, 2022, the disputes pending in this action were assigned to me

by the Chancellor. 45 By letter dated December 1, 2022, I scheduled a half-day

evidentiary hearing for April 13, 2023 (the “Hearing”). 46

E. The Hearing

As I explained to the Parties in a March 27, 2023 letter, the Hearing was

scheduled to address the Exceptant’s exceptions to the Second Accounting and the

Respondent’s opposition to those exceptions.47 At the Hearing, the Administrator

and the Respondent testified, seven exhibits were admitted into evidence, and the

Interested Party was in attendance. 48

The Administrator explained he was able to secure, among other assets, the

excess proceeds from the sale of the Property. 49 On August 20, 2019, the

Administrator filed a petition for release of unclaimed proceeds of sheriff sale with

the Superior Court.50 In his petition, the Administrator noted the Company as the

owner of the Property, but averred the estate had an interest in the proceeds because

“[t]he corporation went void years ago, with the rights to the real property passing

45
D.I. 58.
46
D.I. 62.
47
Id.
48
D.I. 73; Tr. 71:21–22.
49
Tr. 22:15–19.
50
Ex. 9. I take judicial notice of filings in the related proceeding before the Superior Court
captioned C.A. No. K19M-08-016 WLW (“Pet. Action”). See D.R.E. 202(d)(1)(C).
10
to Mr. Nastatos.” 51 The Administrator attached to his petition the Secretary of State

report reflecting the Company became void on March 1, 1993. 52 On October 7,

2019, the Superior Court granted the petition on the papers, finding the

Administrator “the rightful claimant to the aforesaid funds[.]” 53 The funds were thus

released to the Administrator and have been included in the estate.

Despite taking that action, the Administrator testified that he does not see

future claims related to the Property as assets of the estate; rather he testified “[i]t

really should be pursued by the heirs.”54 Otherwise, the Administrator testified that

there were no additional assets to collect or liquidate. 55 But he conceded that the

Second Accounting may need to be clarified and that his fees and costs will have

increased after the Hearing.56

51
Pet. Action D.I. 1 at 2.
52
Id. at Ex. C.
53
Pet. Action D.I. 3.
54
Tr. 26:11–12. The Administrator provided additional reasons why he did not pursue
claims related to the Property, including that he could be witness and the time and difficulty
involved. See, e.g., Tr. 52:15–24.
55
Tr. 29:17–23.
56
See, e.g., Tr. 59:4–60:2.
11
 Following the Hearing, the Parties were directed to submit closing briefs

addressing the alleged claims that might exist for the estate to prosecute.57 Briefing

was complete on July 19, 2023, at which time I took this case under advisement.58

This is my final report.

II. ANALYSIS

The parties’ disputes present under the framework of accounting exceptions.

With any estate accounting, heirs and beneficiaries are provided an opportunity to

object to all or part of the accounting through exceptions. Under Court of Chancery

Rule 198, “the personal representative [(here the Administrator)] bears the initial

burden of demonstrating that the account was properly prepared.” 59 If met, the

Exceptant will need to present evidence to overcome the Administrator’s showing.60

I first address the Respondent’s argument that the exceptions are improper. I

reject it, and find the exceptions are ripe for my review. I then turn to the

57
Tr. 100:3–9. I also advised the Administrator that, because the estate would be extended
for at least a couple months longer, transferring the estate proceeds into an account with
higher-bearing interest, as he suggested, would be prudent. Tr. 106:15–23. The
Administrator contacted M&T Bank on April 13, 2023 to secure a higher interest rate for
the estate account. D.I. 74. To secure an even higher rate, he would have had to obtain a
CD or place the funds in a money market account. Id. He did not pursue the latter choices
because he may have to write checks out of the accounts on short notice. Id.
58
D.I. 80.
59
In re Rich, 2013 WL 5966273, at *1 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2013).
60
Rule 198 does provide for burden shifting if a surcharge is sought, but there is no such
request before me.
12
Administrator’s burden to prove the Second Accounting was properly prepared. I

find he has met that burden and shift my consideration to whether the Exceptant has

overcome that showing with sufficient evidence that the Second Accounting should

be a final accounting. I find the Exceptant met his burden, and the Respondent has

failed to present sufficient justification to keep this estate open. To bring this matter

to an efficient close, I recommend that the Administrator be required to file a final

accounting within ninety (90) days. 61

A. The exceptions are ripe for judicial review.

The Respondent argues that, because the Exceptant does not challenge the

fees and costs reflected in the Second Accounting, the purported exceptions are not

viable “exceptions.” The Respondent further argues that the exceptions, by failing

to identify dollar-and-cent challenges, fail to comply with Rule 197. I disagree on

both points.62

First, I reject the Respondent’s invitation to narrowly define what may

constitute proper “exceptions” to an estate accounting. The right of estate heirs and

61
Technically, the final accounting will provide an additional exception period but, with
exceptions limited to only the items that have changed from the Second Accounting, I do
not expect protracted proceedings. See In re Chambers, 2020 WL 3173032, at *4 (Del. Ch.
June 12, 2020) (holding that exceptions that were, or could have been, raised in response
to the first or final accountings may not be raised in response to future accountings).
62
The Respondent also arguably waived this argument by failing to brief it in his initial
response to the exceptions. D.I. 56. See Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 726 A.2d 1215, 1224 (Del.
1999) (“Issues not briefed are deemed waived.”). Nevertheless, I consider the argument on
its merits.
13
beneficiaries to file exceptions derives from the Delaware Constitution, which

provides:

Exceptions may be made by persons concerned to both sides of every
such account, either denying the justice of the allowances made to the
accountant or alleging further charges against him or her; and the
exceptions shall be heard in the Court of Chancery for the County; and
thereupon the account shall be adjusted and settled according to the
right of the matter and the law of the land.63

This right must be interpreted under the settled canons of constitutional construction:

The Constitution and each part thereof must be harmonized and
construed as a whole; that it cannot be presumed that any clause of the
Constitution is intended to be without full force and effect. Indeed, such
a rule is cardinal in our law. In addition, Delaware courts are charged
to interpret the Constitution in a way to avoid producing an irrational
result. That interpretation is not policy-driven, however; the ruling must
come from the interrelationship of concepts set forth in the
Constitution, the language of the Constitution, and the prior case law
that has construed the Constitution. 64

The Respondent would have me interpret “further charges” as purely

monetary. But to do so would ignore the broader call to this Court to review

exceptions and thereafter adjust and settle accountings “according to the right of the

matter and the law of the land.” 65 Such implicates more than math, as demonstrated

63
Del. Const., art. IV, § 32.
64
Higgin v. Albence, 2022 WL 4239590, at *16 (Del. Ch. Sept. 14, 2022), judgment
entered, (Del. Ch. 2022), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 285 A.3d 840 (Del. 2022), and
amended, (Del. Ch. 2022), and aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 285 A.3d 840 (Del. 2022)
(cleaned up).
65
Del. Const., art. IV, § 32.
14
in numerous rulings of this Court. 66 I find the right to file exceptions is not limited

to monetary exceptions regarding the dollars and cents reflected on an estate

accounting.

Second, the exceptions comply with Rule 197. Under Court of Chancery Rule

197, exceptions “shall be in writing” and must contain: (1) the name of the

beneficiary filing exceptions; (2) the nature of the beneficiary’s interest; and (3) “[a]

list of the specific exceptions and the grounds for each exception.” The Exceptant

met this call and lobbed an exception to the Second Accounting’s designation as an

interim, rather than final, accounting. Such is a specific exception, for which the

Exceptant also provided his grounds and argument. The Respondent may question

those grounds, which I address later in this report, but they are not improper nor

unworthy of judicial attention.

B. The Second Accounting was properly prepared and the probate
process is (nearly) complete.

Although the Administrator took a neutral stance in this action, Rule 198

dictates that “the personal representative [(here the Administrator)] bears the initial

66
See, e.g., In re Childres, 2021 WL 3283028, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 2, 2021), adopted sub
nom. In re Childres (Del. Ch. 2021) (addressing a non-monetized breach of fiduciary duty
claim on its merits through the exceptions process); In re Chambers, 2020 WL 3173032,
at *2 (addressing “itemization exceptions”); In re Marvel, 2018 WL 4762379, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Oct. 1, 2018) (addressing corporate ownership through estate exceptions).
15
burden of demonstrating that the account was properly prepared.” 67 The

Administrator, through his testimony, met that burden.

The Administrator is “responsible for compiling the inventory of Decedent’s

estate, managing the Decedent’s assets, and paying the Decedent’s debts.”68 There

is no dispute that the Administrator has completed these steps, nor is there any

allegation that he has fallen short or erred in doing so. The amended inventory filed

in February 2022 represents the total probate and non-probate assets of the

Decedent’s estate and none of the heirs have filed exceptions to that inventory.69

Likewise, the Second Accounting has only been challenged insofar as it is labeled

an “interim” accounting, rather than a final accounting. There has been no challenge

to the assets, expenditures, or attorneys’ fees listed on the Second Accounting.70

Finally, the Administrator testified credibly, and with a proper foundation, that he

believes there is nothing more required to probate the estate (other than to distribute

67
In re Rich, 2013 WL 5966273, at *1.
68
Dixon v. Joyner, 2014 WL 3495904, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 14, 2014).
69
Exceptions were due no later than May 25, 2022. 12 Del. C. § 2102(c).
70
Any such challenge was due no later than May 25, 2022. 12 Del. C. § 2102(c).
16
the residue to the heirs). 71 As I explain further below, I agree. The Administrator

met his burden to prove the Second Accounting was properly prepared.72

C. The estate should be closed without delay.

Because the Administrator demonstrated the Second Accounting was properly

prepared, the burden flips to the Exceptant to overcome that showing and

demonstrate that the estate is ready for closure. He succeeded in doing so. 73

“Upon the filing of exceptions to an accounting, the Delaware Constitution

provides that when exceptions are heard by the Court, ‘the account shall be adjusted

and settled according to the right of the matter and the law of the land.’” 74 To

determine if the Second Accounting should have been final, rather than interim, I

am guided by several overarching principles of estate administration, including: (1)

71
“An administrator is not required to make distributions to the beneficiaries before the
estate is settled.” Dixon v. Joyner, 2014 WL 3495904, at *3. Thus, the Administrator is
appropriately waiting to take such step until the family’s disputes are resolved.
72
But the Administrator was candid during the Hearing about mathematical errors in the
Second Accounting. Tr. 58:10–60:2. Such appear to be minimal and immaterial. Without
any argument that those errors amount to an improper accounting (an argument that was
required to be raised by May 25, 2022), I see no basis on which to fault the Administrator.
12 Del. C. § 2102(c). The errors will, no doubt, be corrected in the final accounting
recommended herein.
73
In so holding, I do not fault the Administrator for filing the Second Accounting as
“interim.” In doing so, he was following my direction in the Resignation Action, where I
explained the Second Accounting would not “be an accounting that triggers closure of the
estate, but [would] set forth where things stand . . . so everyone can get a look at that.”
Resignation Action D.I. 25, 84:15–18. But, based on the more developed record before me,
I find the estate is ready for closure.
74
In re Rich, 2013 WL 5966273, at *1.
17
that expenditures should serve the best interests of the estate; 75 (2) that the personal

representative should protect and preserve the estate; 76 (3) that charges incurred

should be “proportionate to a benefit that the estate receives or a detriment that the

estate avoids[;]” 77 (4) that action is taken “in a timely manner so as to achieve a

benefit (or avoid a detriment) for the estate[;]” 78 and (5) that estates should be

settled, distributed, and closed promptly. 79 These principles are applied to judge

whether a personal representative’s choice to bring or defend suit was prudent and

whether attendant fees are appropriately charged to the estate; 80 it follows that they

may be applied to judge whether an estate ought to remain open to prosecute

potential future litigation.

The Administrator and the Exceptant demonstrated that the estate, in the

traditional sense, has completed probate. It is the Respondent who contends there is

more to do. But what, precisely, that “more” is remains elusive. In the Resignation

Action, the Respondent argued in opposition that: “the Estate indisputably has

75
Id. at *4.
76
Id.
77
Id.
78
Id.
79
Criscoe v. Derooy, 384 A.2d 627, 629 (Del. Ch. 1978) (citation omitted).
80
See, e.g., In re Clark, 2019 WL 3022904, at *5 (Del. Ch. July 9, 2019) (explaining that
attorneys’ fees for investigating a wrongful death action—pursued for the benefit of the
decedent’s heirs and not the estate—were not properly charged to a decedent’s estate).
18
standing to take legal action again [the guardian] for damage [the guardian] inflicted

to assets of the Decedent.” 81 In this action, the Respondent testified that he believed

the estate should purpose claims against the guardian for the loss of the Property.82

And finally, in his briefing after the Hearing, the Respondent argued the estate “has

one monumental task remaining – a lawsuit against [the guardian] for his

mismanagement of the assets and the corresponding loss of nearly $250,000 in

assets.”83 But absent from these representations is the articulation of any specific

claim(s) which the Respondent believes the estate should, or must, pursue.

The parties dispute what I should do with this deficiency. The Exceptant

argues the lack of clarity supports conversion of the Second Accounting to a final

accounting and closure of the estate. The Respondent counters that it would be

inappropriate to prejudge future claims and that any substantive consideration would

be an advisory opinion. I disagree with both approaches. Called upon to adjust and

settle the Second Accounting “according to the right of the matter and the law of the

land[,]”84 I herein explore the potential future claims, to the best of my ability on the

limited record before me. Thus, I address herein what, it appears, the Respondent

81
Resignation Action D.I. 12 at p.4.
82
See, e.g., Tr. 83:22–23.
83
D.I. 79 at p.14.
84
Del. Const., art. IV, § 32.
19
seeks to prosecute regarding the loss of the Property.85 I see, and explore, three (3)

avenues through which the estate could (arguably) pursue recovery: (1) a survival

action under 10 Del. C. § 3701, (2) an action arising from 12 Del. C. § 3905(a), or

(3) a receivership of the Company.86 Such exploration demonstrates that it is not in

the estate’s best interest to pursue any future litigation. 87

1. Any additional survival claims are precluded.

Under 10 Del. C. § 3701:

[a]ll causes of action, except actions for defamation, malicious
prosecution, or upon penal statutes, shall survive to and against the
executors or administrators of the person to, or against whom, the cause
of action accrued. Accordingly, all actions, so surviving, may be
instituted or prosecuted by or against the executors or administrators of
the person to or against whom the cause of action accrued.

85
Although there were initial rumblings about what the parties termed the “Tucumbo
Claim,” I find any further argument waived by the Respondent’s failure to brief the issue.
Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 726 A.2d at 1224 (“Issues not briefed are deemed waived.”).
86
In limiting my consideration to these theories, I reject the Respondent’s argument that
Vice Chancellor Zurn, in the Guardianship Ruling, issued a placeholder judgment in tacit
(or explicit) support of the estate initiating litigation; I do not see any such forecasting in
her careful parsing.
87
In doing so, I reject the Respondent’s argument that my consideration of future claims is
an improper advisory opinion. The existence of collectable estate assets through future
litigation is an actual controversy between the parties and is ripe for consideration. See
Stroud v. Milliken Enters., Inc., 552 A.2d 476, 479 (Del. 1989) (reiterating the four-part
test for an actual controversy).
20
In the fiduciary-duty context, “[c]laims the principal may have for breach of

fiduciary duty survive to the fiduciary of the principal’s estate, not the beneficiaries

of the principal’s estate.”88

At first blush, thus, a survival claim appears viable. But in the Guardianship

Ruling Vice Chancellor Zurn already addressed fiduciary-duty claims arising before

the Decedent passed. She found, in short, that the guardian “breached his fiduciary

duty to [the Decedent] by failing to pay the taxes on the Property while [the

Decedent] was alive” and awarded appropriate relief.89 Her decision was affirmed

by the Delaware Supreme Court and further litigation is precluded. 90

2. An action under 12 Del. C. § 3905(a) would be fruitless.

Vice Chancellor Zurn reasoned that the guardian “had a duty to preserve [the

Decedent’s] estate until he transferred it to the personal representative.” 91 Such

duty, she found, arose from 12 Del. C. § 3905(a), which requires a court-appointed

guardian to “deliver and pay to . . . the executors or administrators of the person with

a disability all the property belonging to the person with a disability in the possession

88
Rende v. Rende, 2023 WL 2180572, at *15 (Del. Ch. Feb. 23, 2023).
89
In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079, at *15.
90
See Intrepid Invs., LLC v. London Bay Capital, LLC, 2023 WL 4111072, at *4 (Del. Ch.
June 21, 2023) (“[R]es judicata (or claim preclusion) ‘applies not only to claims actually
litigated but also to claims that could have been raised in prior litigation.’”) (citations
omitted).
91
In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079, at *12.
21
of the guardian and all that shall be due to the person with a disability from the

guardian[.]” But the Vice Chancellor questioned how such duty would be classified

or delineated. I share her lack of certainty. But I nevertheless find the guardian was

not required, under this cognizable duty, to defend against the sale of the Property.

It is undisputed that the Property was titled in the name of the Company. Also

undisputed is that the Company’s corporate taxes had not been paid for

approximately thirty (30) years prior to the Decedent’s death. 92 Such was confirmed

in the Administrator’s submissions to the Superior Court, which included a print-out

from the Secretary of State’s website showing the State considered the Company

void. 93

The Company was properly considered void. Under 8 Del. C. § 510, “[i]f any

corporation . . . neglects or refuses for 1 year to pay the State any franchise tax or

taxes, which has or have been, or shall be assessed against it, . . . the charter of the

corporation shall be void, and all powers conferred by law upon the corporation are

declared inoperative[.]” There is no dispute that the Company so neglected or

refused and its charter was properly marked void as of March 1, 1993.94

92
See Tr. 34:8–17.
93
Pet. Action D.I. 1, Ex. C.
94
Id.
22
 Because the Company’s charter was properly marked void, it was, as of 1993,

a dissolved corporation. 95 Under 8 Del. C. § 278, dissolved corporations “shall

nevertheless be continued, for the term of 3 years from such expiration or dissolution

or for such longer period as the Court of Chancery shall in its discretion direct[.]”

Such period is meant to enable the dissolved corporation “gradually to settle and

close their business, to dispose of and convey their property, to discharge their

liabilities and to distribute to their stockholders any remaining assets[.]” 96 “The

suggestion that the act of dissolution in itself in some fashion works a forfeiture or

extinguishment of a legal right, by analogy to the death of an individual, is . . .

unsound.” 97 Rather, the dissolved corporation may continue to act to wind up its

affairs and “[i]f no such action is taken, the corporation continues to hold

[undistributed] assets even after it is dissolved.” 98

Thus, when the Property was sold, it remained an asset of the Company. The

Company was dissolved in 1993. It continued from the dissolution until March 1,

1996, after which time the wind-up period ended. With the wind-up concluded, and

95
Wuerfel v. F.H. Smith Co., 13 A.2d 601, 602 (Del. Ch. 1940).
96
8 Del. C. § 278.
97
Addy v. Short, 89 A.2d 136, 139 (Del. 1952).
98
Surrey Park v. Riegel, 2022 WL 17336095, at *4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2022) (citing In re
Krafft-Murphy Co., 82 A.3d 696, 704 (Del. Ch. 2013) (“After § 278’s three year period
expires, § 279 empowers the Court of Chancery to oversee and facilitate (by appointing a
trustee or receiver) the completion of the dissolved corporations unfinished business,”
including by “tak[ing] charge of the corporation’s property.” (quoting 8 Del. C. § 279)).
23
the Property still undistributed, the Property continued to be held by the Company

until it was sold through the monition action in 2018. The Company’s ownership did

not automatically terminate or transfer upon dissolution, or the Decedent’s death.99

Thus, the Property was not subject to, or within the scope of, the guardian’s duty to

preserve and transfer the Decedent’s assets to the estate; it was, simply put, not the

Decedent’s asset. The estate, therefore, has no viable claim against the guardian for

breach of the duties arising from 12 Del. C. § 3905(a).

3. Pursuing a receivership of the Company would not be in the
estate’s best interest.

The only option to recover for the Company’s loss of the Property would be

through a receivership action. As explained above, I find the Property was an asset

of the Company when it was sold. Thus, as explained further below, any claims

arising from the sale of the Property may be prosecuted only through a court-

99
Nor did the treatment of the Property in the guardianship action alter its ownership.
Although I agree with the Exceptant that the guardianship action is replete with uncontested
averments that the Property was personally owned by the Decedent, such representations
fall short of conclusively determining ownership. Vice Chancellor Zurn was also careful
to explain she was treating the Property as the Decedent’s property solely for the
Guardianship Ruling. In re A.N., 2020 WL 7040079, at *12 n.149. Further, I decline the
Exceptant’s invitation to sidestep the ownership question either as a matter (1) on which I
can defer to the Administrator’s reasoned judgment or (2) that was waived by the
Respondent. Neither, I find, supports giving the issue short shrift or declining inquiry on
whether the Property and any claims arising therefrom were or are assets of the estate. Such
is a live controversy that must be addressed on its merits to bring this matter to a close.
24
appointed receiver. But having the Administrator or a successor administrator

initiate a receivership action would not be in the estate’s best interest.

To recover or dispose of assets retained after a dissolved company’s wind-up

period, the dissolved company needs a court-appointed receiver under 8 Del. C. §

279. Section 279 is meant to “empower[ ] the Court of Chancery to oversee and

facilitate (by appointing a trustee or receiver) the completion of the dissolved

corporation’s unfinished business,” including by “administering the ‘still existing

property interests of a dissolved corporation.’” 100 “[A]ny creditor, stockholder or

director of the corporation, or any other person who shows good cause” may apply

for a receiver.101 Upon application, a receiver may be empowered “to prosecute and

defend, in the name of the corporation, or otherwise, all such suits as may be

necessary or proper” to “take change of the corporation’s property, and to collect the

debts and property due and belonging to the corporation[.]” 102

Under this statutory scheme, an interested party would have needed to bring

a receivership action to recover the Property prior to the sale; no such action was

initiated, and the Property was sold, and the sale confirmed. The Superior Court has

also conclusively determined the appropriate recipient of the excess proceeds from

100
In re Krafft-Murphy Co., Inc., 82 A.3d at 704 (citations omitted).
101
8 Del. C. § 279.
102
Id.
25
that sale. Under 10 Del. C. § 4986, the Superior Court has discretion to dispose of

sale proceeds “for the benefit of the parties interested,” when the owner of the

property sold cannot be located. Such is precisely what the Superior Court did; faced

with unclaimed proceeds and the Administrator’s petition seeking recovery, the

Superior Court exercised its discretion to provide the proceeds to the Administrator

for ultimate distribution to the Decedent’s heirs.

But the Superior Court did not conclusively determine pre-sale ownership or

any post-sale standing for claims arising from the sale. I reiterate my finding that

the Property remained an asset of the Company and it follows that only the

Company, through a receiver, would have standing to seek further recovery on the

Company’s behalf for the loss of the Property. 103 But this long-standing estate

should not be further delayed to prosecute such action.

First, there is nothing left to distribute through a belated wind-up of the

Company. The Property has been sold, that sale has been confirmed, and the

proceeds distributed; those actions can no longer be challenged. And there is no

103
In so holding, and for reasons already provided, I reject the Respondent’s argument that
the Guardianship Ruling acknowledged the standing of, or granted standing to, the estate
to pursue future claims.
26
indication that other property exists. Thus, the necessary “good cause” for the

appointment of a receiver to wind-up the Company’s business is lacking. 104

Second, to the extent the Respondent is arguing that the Company has viable

litigation that the estate could pursue through a receivership, I disagree. Vice

Chancellor Zurn determined that the guardian was responsible for protecting and

preserving the Property while he served as guardian and until the Decedent’s death.

She was careful in articulating that responsibility as arising from his court-appointed

position as guardian, rather than as an employee or officer of the Company. Put

differently, she found the guardian took over (or, more so, should have taken over)

the duties and responsibilities of the Decedent in managing the Company and

particularly the Property. Any breach(es) of fiduciary duties that may have been

owed to the Company would be attributable to the Decedent; estate surely cannot be

expected to sue itself. Further, it is difficult to understand who, if anyone, owed

what duty to the Company to preserve and protect the Property after the Decedent’s

death. It is not in the best interest of the estate and its beneficiaries to bear the burden

of investigating and pursuing that issue further.

104
See, e.g., In re Dow Chem. Int’l Inc. of Del., 2008 WL 4989069, at *2 (Del. Ch. Nov.
18, 2008) (rejecting an argument that would require this Court to “appoint a receiver
anytime a potential plaintiff states that a dissolved corporation may still hold assets”).
27
 D. The Administrator should file a final accounting.

The Administrator has completed probate and it is time for a final accounting.

The Exceptant argues that the Second Accounting should be converted to final. But

because the Administrator (prudently) transferred estate assets to a higher-interest-

bearing account after the Hearing and I expect the Administrator’s fees and costs

may have increased, the Administrator should promptly file a new final accounting

before the estate is distributed and closed.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, I find the Administrator met his burden to prove

the Second Accounting was properly prepared. But the Exceptant also met his

burden to prove that the Second Accounting should have been a final accounting.

The Respondent has failed to rebut this showing nor convince this decisionmaker

that the estate should remain open to pursue amorphous future litigation. To bring

this matter to an efficient close, the Administrator should be required to file a final

accounting with ninety (90) days of this becoming a final order of the Court. The

estate should then be distributed and closed as promptly as possible after the

exceptions period has expired, or further exceptions are resolved.

This is my final report and exceptions may be filed under Court of Chancery

Rule 144.

28