IMO the Estate of Margaret Elaine Clark

COURT OF CHANCERY
OF THE
STATE OF DELAWARE
SELENA E. MOLINA
MASTER IN CHANCERY
LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
500 NORTH KING STREET, SUITE 11400
WILMINGTON, DE 19801-3734

Final Report: July 9, 2019
Draft Report: June 24, 2019
Date Submitted: March 26, 2019

Denise D. Nordheimer, Esquire
Shana A. Pinter, Esquire
The Law Office of Denise D. Nordheimer, Esquire, LLC
2001 Baynard Boulevard
Wilmington, DE 19802

David J. Ferry, Jr., Esquire
James Gaspero, Jr., Esquire
Ferry Joseph, P.A.
824 North Market Street, Suite 1000
Wilmington, DE 19899

Re: IMO the Estate of Margaret Elaine Clark
Register of Wills Folio No. 163725

Dear Counsel:

Pending before me are exceptions to estate accountings. To borrow from

then-Vice Chancellor Noble, “[c]ases like this one rarely lead to a doctrinally

comfortable and precise outcome.” 1 The exceptant seeks disallowance of a number

of entries on the accountings, reimbursement for funds she expended on behalf of

the estate, a surcharge against the personal representative, shifting of attorneys’ fees,

1
Stone v. Stant, 2010 WL 4926580, at *1 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2010).
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and a release of all claims. The personal representative, conversely, seeks approval

of the amended first accounting “as is” and authority to file a final accounting, pay

all listed expenses, make any remaining distributions, and close the estate.

In this post-trial report, my recommendations are akin to a mixed bag, with

no clear “winner” or “loser.” I conclude that the personal representative has not met

his burden to prove all listed expenses, fees, and commissions should be charged to

the estate and, as such, I recommend that certain expenses be disallowed in full and

in part. I further conclude that the exceptant has not met her burden to prove that

the personal representative should be surcharged or should bear the exceptant’s

attorneys’ fees and expenses. Although perhaps not the most “doctrinally

comfortable” or “precise outcome”, this report seeks to recommend the most

equitable distribution of this relatively small estate to its two dueling beneficiaries.

This is my post-trial final report.2

I. BACKGROUND 3

Margaret Elaine Clark (“Decedent”) died on February 16, 2016 at Arden

Courts Alzheimer’s Assisted Living.4 She is survived by her two children Linda

2
This report makes the same substantive findings and recommendations as my June 24,
2019 draft report, to which no exceptions were filed.
3
The facts in this report reflect my findings based on the record developed at trial held on
March 26, 2019. I grant the evidence the weight and credibility I find it deserves. Citations
to the trial transcript are in the form “Tr. #.” Trial exhibits are cited as “JX #.”
4
Docket Entry (“D.I.”) 2.
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Kay Warming and Steve A. Batchelor. Following her death, Decedent’s son (the

“Personal Representative”), initiated probate proceedings in testate in the New

Castle County Register of Wills.5 Letters were issued to the Personal Representative

on April 19, 2016, and he filed an inventory of the estate on September 1, 2016 and

a first and proposed final accounting on July 19, 2017 (the “First Accounting”).6

On or about October 10, 2017, Decedent’s daughter (the “Exceptant”), filed

exceptions to the First Accounting pro se. 7 The Exceptant took issue with (1) the

listed funeral expenses, (2) the attorneys’ fees and commission, (3) the veracity of

the affidavits submitted with the First Accounting, and (4) the Personal

Representative’s alleged lack of integrity in the administration of the estate.8 The

Personal Representative responded to the exceptions on October 30, 2017, denying

any wrongdoing and attesting the First Accounting was accurate and reasonable and

the Personal Representative performed his duties appropriately. 9

5
The record reflects that the Personal Representative had a copy of Decedent’s will, but
not the original, and he decided to probate in testate because the distribution would be the
same in testate as under the copy of the will. Tr. 146:16-147:7 (Ferry).
6
D.I. 7; JX 1; JX 2.
7
JX 6.
8
Id.
9
JX 16.
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Following an unsuccessful mediation of the exceptions on June 20, 2018, trial

was scheduled and discovery continued. 10 On December 5, 2018, the Personal

Representative filed an amended first accounting (the “Amended Accounting”).11

The Amended Accounting reflected changes to the administrative expenses, funeral

expenses, and attorneys’ fees and expenses. 12 At the bottom line, the Amended

Accounting reflected $0.00 remaining to be distributed to the estate beneficiaries

compared to $1,741.46 remaining in the First Accounting.13 The Exceptant (now

represented by counsel) filed exceptions to the Amended Accounting on March 6,

2019, renewing her prior exceptions and objecting to the altered portions of the

Amended Accounting.14 The Personal Representative responded on March 14, 2019

and a one-day trial was held on March 26, 2019. 15

II. ANALYSIS

I am tasked with providing recommendations on the exceptions to the First

Accounting and Amended Accounting, the Exceptant’s request for fee shifting, and

10
See D.I. 32, 34, and 46. I ruled on two discovery motions prior to trial (the Exceptant’s
motion to compel, D.I. 48, and the Personal Representative’s motion to quash, D.I. 54) and,
under Court of Chancery Rule 144(f), I stayed the time for taking exceptions to those
rulings until my draft report on the merits of this matter. My draft report was issued on
June 24, 2019 and no exceptions have been filed.
11
JX 7 at LW00084-86.
12
Compare JX 2 with JX 7 at LW00084-86.
13
Id.
14
JX 8.
15
JX 17; D.I. 78.
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the Personal Representative’s request to close the estate. I recommend that the

challenged items be allowed in part and disallowed in part, attorneys’ fees and

expenses not be shifted, and the Personal Representative be permitted to file a final

accounting, subject to the recommendations herein, and work to close out the estate.

A. The Exceptions Should Be Allowed In Part And Disallowed In Part.

With any estate accounting filed, heirs and beneficiaries are provided an

opportunity to object to all or part of the accounting through exceptions. “[T]he

Delaware Constitution provides that when exceptions are heard by the Court, ‘the

account shall be adjusted and settled according to the right of the matter and the law

of the land.’” 16 Under Court of Chancery Rule 198, “the personal representative

bears the initial burden of demonstrating that the account was properly prepared.”17

“That burden shifts, however, where the exceptant seeks a surcharge. In those

instances, the exceptant ‘must demonstrate affirmatively that a surcharge is

warranted.’” 18 Because the Amended Accounting replaced the First Accounting, the

Amended Accounting is my primary focus; although, the First Accounting is part of

the record and informs my analysis.

16
In re Rich, 2013 WL 5966273, at *1 (Del. Ch. Oct. 29, 2013) (quoting Del. Const., Art.
IV, § 32, ¶ 2, cls. 3 & 4).
17
Id.
18
In re Marvel, 2018 WL 4762379, at *2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2018) (quoting In re Stepnowski,
2000 WL 713769, at *1 n.1 (Del. Ch. May 2, 2000)).
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i. The Requested Commission Is Unreasonable Under The
Circumstances.

The Exceptant challenges the Personal Representative’s requested

commission of $5,000.00. Because the Exceptant is not seeking a surcharge against

the Personal Representative for the commission, the burden falls on the Personal

Representative to prove the commission is reasonable.19

Commissions represent “compensation to the personal representative for his

own services in collecting the assets, checking into and paying bills, and performing

the various duties which may be necessary, and his trouble and [i]ncidental expenses

incurred thereby.” 20 Court of Chancery Rule 192 provides in pertinent part:

In determining what constitutes reasonable commissions and fees,
consideration may be given to the time spent, the risk and responsibility
involved, the novelty and difficulty of the questions presented, the skill
and experience of the personal representative … , comparable rates for
similar services in the locality, the character and value of the estate
assets, … the time constraints imposed upon the personal representative
and the attorney, the loss of other business necessitated by acceptance
of the administration, and the benefits obtained for the estate by the
administration. Commissions and fees shall not be considered
unreasonable merely because they are based exclusively on hourly
rates, exclusively on the value of the probate estate, or exclusively on
the value of the assets includible in the estate for the purpose of any
tax.21

19
In re Rich, 2013 WL 5966273, at *1.
20
In re Whiteside, 258 A.2d 279, 282 (Del. 1969).
21
Ct. Ch. R. 192(b).
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Although arising in the surcharge context, the decisions in In re Marvel22 and Stone

v. Stant, 23 applying Rule 192, are informative. In reviewing the factors in Rule 192

in light of Marvel, Stone, the Personal Representative’s testimony, and the

exceptions, I find that the Personal Representative has not met his burden of proving

that a $5,000.00 commission is reasonable under the circumstances.

The requested $5,000.00 commission, a “flat rate” chosen by the Personal

Representative, 24 represents roughly 13.4% of the total estate. Yet, based upon his

own testimony, the Personal Representative did not spend substantial time on estate

administration.25 Most, if not all, of the Personal Representative’s duties were

22
2018 WL 4762379. In Marvel, a personal representative’s $3,200.00 commission
(0.32% of the estate) was upheld as reasonable because the personal representative
compiled bills and receipts, took unpaid time off work, resolved legal matters related to the
decedent’s real estate, and undertook other efforts to administer the estate supporting the
$3,200.00 commission. Id. at *7-8.
23
2010 WL 2734144 (Del. Ch. July 2, 2010), on reargument, 2010 WL 4926580 (Del. Ch.
Nov. 30, 2010). In Stone, the executor’s $50,000.00 commission (nearly 3% of the estate)
was found unreasonable because the estate was uncomplicated, the executor relied heavily
on professionals, and the executor was “unable not only to identify any extensive work
required to discharge her duties but also to describe with any particularity the risk that she
accepted in administering her mother’s estate.” Id. at *16-17 (internal citations omitted).
The Court in Stone found that a fee of $10,000 (about 0.6% of the total estate) was “fair
and reasonable under the circumstances.” Id. at *17.
24
Tr. 116:13-15 (Batchelor). The Personal Representative also testified that he spent 70
hours administering the estate and 140 additional hours in related travel. Tr. 115:17-22
(Batchelor). But, I give this testimony little weight as it conflicts with the specific duties
the Personal Representative said he performed (Tr. 175:1-24) and because the Personal
Representative did not produce in discovery, nor offer as evidence at trial, his referenced
time records. See Tr. 115:23-116:6 (Batchelor).
25
See Tr. 175:1-24 (Batchelor)
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performed by or with the assistance of his attorneys, who also billed the estate for

their time and expense. 26 There was no substantial risk or responsibility involved

with the Personal Representative’s service, nor anything “novel” or “difficult” about

the estate or its administration.27 There is also no evidence of loss of business by

the Personal Representative nor, conversely, cognizable benefits to the estate from

his service or specialized knowledge or skills. Finally, looking to the character and

value of the estate assets, the estate was not large and was comprised primarily of

cash assets. Under these circumstances, I find that a commission of $5,000.00,

roughly 13.4% of the total estate, is unreasonable.28

Like the exceptants in Stone, the Exceptant is “less than helpful when it comes

to determining what an appropriate fee would have been” for the Personal

Representative’s service to the estate.29 The Exceptant argues that the Personal

Representative is not entitled to any commission because the Personal

26
See id.; Tr. 126:5-17 (Ferry). In describing his role, the Personal Representative denied
that he was uninvolved but rather he described his role as “[w]orking with counsel to ensure
that the administration [was] proper.” Tr. 191:8-20. See also JX 7 at LW00086 (listing
attorneys’ fees of $24,180.50).
27
Cf. Tr. 118:21-119:4 (Batchelor); Tr. 146:3-148:4 (Ferry).
28
I decline to incorporate in this analysis an in-depth discussion of the alleged “difficulty”
caused by this litigation because the $5,000.00 commission was requested as a “flat rate”
prior to any litigation being commenced. But, even if I were to consider this litigation, I
find that the Personal Representative has not met his burden of proving that the $5,000.00
commission is reasonable under the circumstances.
29
2010 WL 2734144, at *17.
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Representative’s attorneys “did the work.”30 But, per Rule 192, “[c]ommissions of

personal representatives, and fees of the attorneys who represent them, shall be

allowed in a reasonable amount.” 31

Because the Personal Representative did take steps to administer the estate by,

for example, working with his counsel to finalize and file an inventory and

accounting, I find that eliminating any commission is not reasonable. Based upon

my review of the factors in Rule 192, the Personal Representative’s and his estate

counsel’s testimony regarding the administration of the estate, and the

determinations in Marvel and Stone, I find that a commission of $1,000.00 would

have been reasonable and fair under the circumstances. 32 Thus, the Personal

Representative’s commission should be disallowed by $4,000.00.

ii. The Personal Representative’s Travel Expenses Should Be
Allowed In Part And Disallowed In Part.

The Exceptant challenges the addition of travel expenses incurred by the

Personal Representative to the administrative expenses listed on the Amended

Accounting. This Court utilizes a three-factor test to analyze “the appropriateness

30
Tr. 35:7-11 (Warming).
31
Ct. Ch. R. 192(a) (emphasis added).
32
Like in Stone, “[t]here is no good way to calculate” an appropriate commission. 2010
WL 2734144, at *17. After balancing all the applicable considerations, I recommend
$1,000.00 (approximately 2.6% of the estate and 20% of the requested $5,000.00
commission) as the largest commission I would have found reasonable and fair under the
circumstances.
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of [accounting] deductions: relevance, reasonableness, and timeliness.” 33 The three

factors are “intertwined yet unique” and one factor alone, if strong enough, can be

determinative. 34 The scope of these factors was aptly explained in In re Rich, as

follows:

Relevance goes to the heart of estate administration: Does the
deduction serve the best interests of the estate? Does the deduction
protect and preserve the estate? Is the deduction appropriate, given the
general standards of estate administration?

Reasonableness speaks to the amount spent: Is the amount spent the
fair market value of such goods or services? Is the amount spent
proportionate to a benefit that the estate receives or a detriment that the
estate avoids?

Timeliness is always an admired but elusive factor: Does the deduction
occur in a timely manner so as to achieve a benefit (or avoid a
detriment) for the estate? 35

Regarding timeliness, this Court has recognized “there can be absolute deadlines for

deductions.” 36 The Personal Representative bears the burden of proving the

relevance, reasonableness, and timeliness of his listed expenses.

The Amended Accounting lists travel expenses, within the administrative

expenses, totaling $3,541.67.37 The travel expenses were incurred when the

33
In re Rich, 2013 WL 5966273, at *4.
34
Id.
35
Id.
36
Id.
37
JX 7 at LW00085.
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Personal Representative traveled to Delaware to meet with his counsel on three (3)

occasions: November 23, 2016, July 14, 2017, and June 20, 2018. 38 The 2016 and

2017 expenses were incurred prior to the First Accounting, the proposed “final”

accounting, but they were not included therein as administrative expenses. The

Personal Representative provides no justification for his failure to list the 2016 and

2017 expenses in the First Accounting nor for his decision to add them, belatedly, to

the Amended Accounting.

I find the addition of the 2016 and 2017 travel expenses in the Amended

Accounting untimely under these circumstances.39 Conversely, the 2018 travel

expenses were relevant to the estate administration,40 reasonable,41 and timely

incurred.42 As such, the Personal Representative’s travel expenses should be

allowed in the reduced amount of $1,462.04. 43

38
JX 12 at LW00101-2.
39
Cf. Tr. 156:15-22 (Ferry); Tr. 183:18-184:2 (Batchelor).
40
Tr. 179:23-180:2 (Batchelor).
41
See Tr. 178:18-20 (Batchelor) (explaining that the full airfare was charged to the estate
because he would not have traveled to the United States but for the mediation).
42
See In re Walker, 122 A. 192, 194 (Del. Orph. 1923) (holding that if travel expenses “are
necessary in order to properly protect the property or the interests of the estate, and are
incurred in good faith, in transacting the business of the estate with reasonable care and
diligence [the personal representative] should be given credit for them in the account”).
43
See JX 5 at LW00035-37, 40 (showing 2018 airfare ($1,217.94), hotel charges ($186.79),
and car rental ($57.31)).
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iii. The Personal Representative’s Attorneys’ Fees Should Be
Allowed In Part And Disallowed In Part.

The Exceptant challenges the relevance and reasonableness of the attorneys’

fees billed to the estate by Ferry Joseph, P.A., counsel to the Personal

Representative. “[F]ees paid to the attorney for the personal representative are

considered an expense of the estate.”44 “The rational[e] behind this rule is that the

personal representative and his or her attorney is providing a service to the estate

and its beneficiaries by properly and efficiently administering the estate.”45 But, the

Personal Representative still bears the burden of proving the attorneys’ fees and

expenses were relevant, reasonable, and timely.

I address each of the Exceptant’s four subject-matter challenges—(a)

investigation of possible claims arising from Decedent’s death; (b) proceeding(s) in

North Carolina; (c) this litigation; and (d) banking—in turn.

(a) Attorneys’ Fees And Expenses Incurred To Investigate
Decedent’s Death Should Be Allowed In Part And
Disallowed In Part.

The Personal Representative, through his counsel, investigated potential

wrongful death and survival claims arising from Decedent’s death. 46 Attorneys’ fees

44
In re Pusey, 1997 WL 311503, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 23, 1997).
45
Id.; see also Davis v. Rawlins, 2 Harr. 125, 125-126 (Del. 1836).
46
See Tr. 130:16-24 (Ferry) (explaining that the Personal Representative was concerned
about Decedent’s “care and treatment at the nursing facility” and “the cause of death”); Tr.
131:10-16 (Ferry) (testifying that counsel “believe[d] that it was all related to the services
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and expenses for investigating a wrongful death action, which is pursued for the

benefit of the decedent’s heirs and not the estate, are not properly charged to a

decedent’s estate.47 But, attorneys’ fees and expenses for investigating whether a

decedent had any pre-death survival claims (e.g., personal injury claims) that may,

if successful, inure to the benefit of the estate, may be properly charged to the

estate.48 Because both wrongful death and survival actions were being investigated

jointly, I find that the Personal Representative has not met his burden of proving this

category of attorneys’ fees and expenses was, in full, properly charged to the estate.

I recommend these fees and expenses be disallowed by 50% in recognition of the

two seemingly co-equal objectives.49

(b) Attorneys’ Fees And Expenses Related To Proceeding(s)
In North Carolina Should Be Disallowed In Full.

Second, the Exceptant objects to attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred in

connection with proceeding(s) in North Carolina. The Personal Representative

requested to administer the estate. If for example, there had been some malpractice, some
mistreatment, some neglect of some sort, there could potentially be a claim that would be
pursued by the estate, a survival action, or perhaps by one or both of the children, a
wrongful death action”); Tr. 61:24-62:18, 64:15-22 (Batchelor) (testifying similarly).
47
See 10 Del. C. § 3724(a); In re Ciliberto, 1993 WL 488239, at *2 (Del. Ch. Nov. 18,
1993).
48
Id. See also 10 Del. C. § 3701.
49
A percentage is recommended because, upon review of the fee affidavit (JX 21), it is
clear that identification and removal of charges related solely to wrongful death would be
laborious, if not impossible. See Taglialatela v. Galvin, 2015 WL 757880, at *4 n.46 (Del.
Ch. Feb. 23, 2015).
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explained that Decedent had property in North Carolina at the time of her death but

that it was not a part of the Delaware estate, nor within Delaware’s jurisdiction.50

His attorney testified likewise.51 And, they are correct—proceedings related to the

North Carolina property were (and, to the extent they are still active, are) separate

from the Delaware estate administration. Yet, the estate was billed for fees and

expenses related to the North Carolina property and proceeding(s). 52 Those fees and

expenses should be disallowed in full.53

(c) Litigation-Related Attorneys’ Fees And Expenses Should
Be Allowed In Part And Disallowed In Part.

Third, the Exceptant objects to the estate covering the attorneys’ fees and

expenses incurred in connection with the exceptions and this litigation. As I

explained, “[t]he general rule is that fees paid to the attorney for the personal

representative are considered an expense of the estate[,]” 54 but this general rule does

not apply to attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred that do not provide a service or

benefit to the estate and its beneficiaries. 55

50
See Tr. 106:5-107:11 (Batchelor).
51
See Tr. 163:11-164:1 (Ferry).
52
See, e.g., JX 21 at Ex. A (reflecting charges for communications with North Carolina
counsel and a potential purchaser of the North Carolina property).
53
See Taglialatela v. Galvin, 2015 WL 757880, at * 8 (disallowing legal fees associated
with lawsuits not initiated to benefit the trust or defend the trustee’s administration).
54
In re Pusey, 1997 WL 311503, at *3.
55
See In re Reichert, 2001 WL 1398579, at *2-3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2001).
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The Personal Representative and his attorneys acted appropriately in

administering the estate, including throughout discovery and mediation.56 But, the

Personal Representative crossed the line from administering and servicing the estate,

for the benefit of the estate and its beneficiaries, by belatedly adding his 2016 and

2017 travel expenses to the Amended Accounting. The Personal Representative’s

decision to add the 2016 and 2017 travel expenses to the Amended Accounting was

untimely and benefitted only himself, to the detriment of the Exceptant. 57 As such,

it would be inequitable to force the estate and, in turn, the Exceptant to pay for the

Personal Representative’s untimely additions to the Amended Accounting and the

successful exceptions thereto.58 Thus, I recommend that all attorneys’ fees and

expenses incurred in drafting, finalizing, and filing the Amended Accounting be

56
The parties disagree about who is to blame for these protracted proceedings and the failed
mediation. See Tr. 21:6-9 (Warming); Tr. 185:11-22 (Batchelor). Under the
circumstances, “[o]ne cannot help but understand why each side has such starkly
contrasting views of the other.” Stone v. Stant, 2010 WL 4926580, at *1. And I find that
both parties’ views are held in good faith. See id. As such, I cannot, and do not, conclude
that the Personal Representative acted in bad faith.
57
Compare JX 2 (Personal Representative recovering $5,870.73; Exceptant reimbursed in
full and recovering $870.73) with JX 7 at LW00084-86 (Personal Representative
recovering $8,541.67; Exceptant partially reimbursed, at a loss of $5,299.05, and
recovering $0.00). When asked why the Amended Accounting was filed, the Personal
Representative was evasive, at best. Tr. 183:18-184:2. See also Tr. 185:11-22 (Batchelor).
58
See In re Reichert, 2001 WL 1398579, at *3 (holding that, as a matter of equity, the
estate should not cover attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred by the executor in connection
with his breaches of fiduciary duty). Cf. In re Pusey, 1997 WL 311503, at *3 (finding that
the attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with estate disputes was properly chargeable
against the estate because the attorney’s “work benefitted both heirs”).
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disallowed and 25% of all attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred after the Amended

Accounting was filed be disallowed.59

(d) Banking-Related Attorneys’ Fees And Expenses Should
Be Allowed In Full.

Fourth, the Exceptant objects to all attorneys’ fees and expenses charged to

the estate in connection with the estate bank account, including setting up the bank

account and doing general banking and bill payment on behalf of the estate. The

Exceptant argues banking falls under the Personal Representative’s duties and the

Personal Representative’s attorneys should not be compensated from the estate for

“conducting” the Personal Representative’s “business.”60 I disagree.

The banking-related fees and expenses were incurred to service the estate.61

It would have been more costly for the non-resident Personal Representative to

handle the banking himself and counsel was prudent in covering those duties on his

behalf.62 Because I recommend, above, that the Personal Representative’s

59
I recommend 25% because (1) the fee affidavit does not provide sufficient detail to
exclude entries related solely to the untimely travel expenses, (2) the challenge to the
untimely travel expenses is one of four subject-matter challenges, and (3) the remaining
three (commission, attorneys’ fees, and funeral expenses) would have been litigated, to
some extent, regardless of the added untimely travel expenses.
60
Tr. 31:16-22 (Warming).
61
See Tr. 144:6-15 (Ferry); Tr. 95:20-96:1 (Batchelor).
62
See Tr. 43:13-24 (Warming) (conceding that, because the Personal Representative
resides in Austria, it is correct that “it would be more costly for him to come back to
Delaware in order to personally conduct bank business”).
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commission be reduced to account for his minimal hands-on involvement in the

administration of the estate, the banking-related attorneys’ fees and expenses should

be allowed, in full, as relevant, reasonable, and timely.

* * *
Unless otherwise stated specifically herein, I find that the attorneys’ fees and

expenses incurred by counsel to the Personal Representative were relevant,

reasonable, and timely. The Personal Representative should submit a revised fee

affidavit within thirty (30) days of this decision becoming final, which removes and

reduces the fees recommended to be disallowed herein.

iv. The Funeral Expenses Should Be Reimbursed To The Fullest
Extent Permissible From The Estate’s Coffers.

The Exceptant covered Decedent’s funeral expenses on behalf of the estate,

has not been repaid, and, per the Amended Accounting, will never be repaid in full.

The Exceptant asks that the Personal Representative be surcharged for the full

funeral expenses, meaning that the Personal Representative would personally fund

reimbursement to the Exceptant for such expenses, rather than have them paid by

any available funds in the estate’s coffers. The Personal Representative contests the
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requested surcharge and asks that the partial reimbursement contemplated in the

Amended Accounting be approved.63

A surcharge is, essentially, a sanction against a personal representative

requiring the personal representative to fund (or refund) the estate because the

personal representative improperly or poorly handled the estate, engaged in self-

dealing, or improperly depleted estate assets.64 The sanction of a surcharge is not

appropriate, though, when the fiduciary’s failings are harmless or justified under the

circumstances.65 Further, surcharges are normally tailored to remedy the specific

harm caused, rather than to punish the personal representative. 66 The Exceptant

bears the burden of proving a surcharge is warranted. 67

The only arguably improper conduct I can attribute to the Personal

Representative in connection with the estate administration is his untimely addition

63
The Personal Representative intimated that the Exceptant should have filed a claim
against the estate for the funeral expenses. Tr. 52:5-23 (Warming); Tr. 143:4-12 (Ferry).
She was not required to do so. See In re Graham, 275 A.2d 253, 254-55 (Del. Ch. 1971).
64
See, e.g., Taglialatela v. Galvin, 2015 WL 757880, at *8; In re Lomker, 1997 WL
907995, at *8 (Del. Ch. Dec. 15, 1997); Vredenburgh v. Jones, 349 A.2d 22, 42 (Del. Ch.
1975).
65
See In re Lomker, 1997 WL 907995, at *8 (finding that there was no basis for a surcharge
from a harmlessly late inventory, which was delayed, in part, because of the exceptant).
66
See, e.g., In re Reichert, 2001 WL 1398579, at *1 (explaining that the court’s previously
ordered surcharge was limited to the interest lost by the executor’s actions and noting that
a further surcharge in the amount of the exceptant’s attorneys’ fees and expenses was
declined), *3 (holding the executor cannot charge the estate for attorneys’ fees and
expenses incurred in connection with his breach of fiduciary duty but not ordering any
additional surcharge).
67
In re Marvel, 2018 WL 4762379, at *2.
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of the 2016 and 2017 travel expenses to the Amended Accounting. That conduct

does not rise to the level required for imposition of a surcharge, and I find a surcharge

for the funeral expenses is not appropriate nor warranted under the circumstances.

But, with my findings and recommendations above regarding the amount of the

relevant, reasonable, and timely administrative expenses, attorneys’ fees, and

commission, there will be additional funds available in the estate to reimburse the

funeral expenses. Thus, the funeral expenses should be reimbursed by the estate to

the fullest extent permissible from the estate’s coffers. 68

B. The Exceptant’s Attorneys’ Fees And Expenses Should Not Be
Shifted To The Personal Representative.

The Exceptant asks that the Personal Representative pay her attorneys’ fees

and expenses. The so-called American Rule dictates that each party is responsible

for its own legal fees.69 But, this Court does recognize several exceptions allowing

fee shifting, including the bad faith conduct of a party to the litigation 70 and where

fees are authorized by statute or common law. 71 I interpret the Exceptant’s request

68
See In re Rich, 2013 WL 5966273, at *5 (explaining that “the General Assembly and this
Court have given funeral expenses the rebuttable presumption of being relevant,
reasonable, and timely”).
69
Arbitrium (Cayman Is.) Handels AG v. Johnston, 705 A.2d 225, 231 (Del. Ch. 1997).
70
Id.
71
See, e.g., 10 Del. C. § 348(e); In re Pusey, 1997 WL 311503, at *4 (referencing a body
of case law that permits exceptants to have their attorneys’ fees and expenses covered by
the estate if the exceptions benefited the estate). Regarding the latter, the Exceptant does
not seek payment from the estate, nor would such be warranted under the circumstances.
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as one for either bad faith fee shifting or a surcharge against the Personal

Representative in the amount of the Exceptants attorneys’ fees and expenses.

Neither is appropriate, here, because I cannot, and do not, find that the Personal

Representative acted in bad faith, mishandled the estate, engaged in improper self-

dealing, or engaged in any other conduct worthy of a surcharge 72 or bad faith fee

shifting.73

In so holding, I reject the Exceptant’s arguments that the Personal

Representative acted in bad faith in (a) submitting false or misleading information

in the affidavits filed with the First Accounting, (b) requesting an excessive

commission and listing attorneys’ fees that were unreasonable and irrelevant, and

(c) belatedly including travel expenses in the Amended Accounting “in an effort to

bankrupt the Estate in order to prevent [the Exceptant] (1) from being reimbursed

the entire amount of funeral expenses paid by her personally and (2) from receiving

any distribution from the Estate as a Beneficiary.” 74 In short, the Exceptant misreads

the affidavits 75 and misinterprets the Personal Representative’s reasonable litigation

72
See supra n.64-67.
73
See Arbitrium (Cayman Is.) Handels AG, 705 A.2d at 231-32 (explaining that bad faith
fee shifting is a “quite narrow exception … applied in only the most egregious instances of
fraud or overreaching”).
74
JX 8 at ¶ 4(c).
75
The plain reading of the Affidavit in Lieu of Receipts supports the Personal
Representative—the funeral expenses were paid in full on behalf of the estate when the
affidavit was filed and the affidavit does not require, and the Personal Representative did
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positions as bad faith conduct. 76 Additional fee shifting is not warranted or

appropriate under these circumstances.

C. The Personal Representative Should Submit A Final Accounting
Consistent With This Recommendation.

The Personal Representative seeks permission to finalize and close the estate.

Such request should be granted subject to the above recommendations that certain

expenses be disallowed and a revised attorneys’ fee affidavit be submitted. The

Personal Representative should file a proposed final accounting consistent with the

above recommendations within sixty (60) days of this decision becoming an order

of the Court.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, I recommend the Court disallow the following

expenses on the Amended Accounting: (a) $4,000.00 of the $5,000.00 commission,

(b) $2,079.63 of the $3,541.67 travel expenses, (c) 50% of the investigation-related

attorneys’ fees and expenses, (d) all of the North Carolina related attorneys’ fees and

not misrepresent, that he had in his possession documentation as to each and every claim
or expense listed on the accounting. See JX 3. See also Dixon v. Joyner, 2014 WL
3495904, at *4 (Del. Ch. July 14, 2014) (“There is no obligation for [a personal
representative] affirmatively to seek out additional documentation beyond that necessary
to comply with his duties as administrator.”). Likewise, there is no evidence that the Rule
190 Affidavit was fraudulent. See JX 4.
76
I find the Personal Representative had a reasonable basis to believe his commission and
attorneys’ fees were properly charged to the estate and his actions were not in bad faith or
otherwise sanctionable. See Tr. 160:11-161:19 (Ferry).
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expenses, (e) all of the attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred in preparing, finalizing,

and filing the Amended Accounting, and (f) 25% of the attorneys’ fees and expenses

incurred after December 5, 2018.

I further recommend that the remaining exceptions be overruled and that the

Personal Representative submit a revised attorneys’ fee affidavit and final

accounting consistent with this report and recommendation, within thirty (30) days

and sixty (60) days, respectively, of this becoming an order of the Court. Finally, I

recommend that the Exceptant bear her own attorneys’ fees and expenses. This is a

final report and exceptions may be taken pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 144.

Respectfully submitted,

/s/ Selena E. Molina

Master in Chancery