2023 IL App (2d) 230087-U
No. 2-23-0087
Order filed November 30, 2023
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Lake County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 18-CF-2551
)
MAURICE THOMPSON, ) Honorable
) Victoria A. Rossetti,
) D. Christopher Lombardo,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judges, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE SCHOSTOK delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Hutchinson and Kennedy concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The defendant was not denied his right to proceed without counsel as he failed to
make a clear and unequivocal request to proceed pro se.
¶2 Following a jury trial, the defendant was convicted of seven counts of predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(b)(1.2) (West 2018)) and sentenced to natural life
imprisonment. On appeal, the defendant argues that his convictions should be reversed and that
he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court committed plain error when it denied his request
to represent himself at trial. We affirm.
2023 IL App (2d) 230087-U
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 The defendant was charged by indictment with seven counts of predatory criminal sexual
assault and five counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. Each charge alleged that, on October
27, 2018, the defendant, who was over 18 years of age, committed an act of sexual penetration or
sexual conduct against one of three victims, all of whom were under 13 years of age.
¶5 On November 4, 2018, the defendant appeared in court for the first time and the public
defender’s office was appointed to represent him. Two attorneys from that office represented the
defendant throughout the proceedings.
¶6 At a September 5, 2019, status hearing, defense counsel informed the trial court, and the
defendant confirmed, that he wanted to proceed pro se. The trial court told the defendant that
representing himself pro se would be like him removing his own appendix. The trial court then
asked the defendant whether he still wanted to proceed pro se, and the defendant stated that he did
not.
¶7 On November 18, 2019, the defendant sent a letter to the trial court stating that he wanted
to represent himself. At a status hearing two days later, the defendant informed the trial court that
he wanted to represent himself. The trial court asked the defendant if he was a trained attorney
and if he had experience with jury instructions, cross-examination, or motions in limine. The
defendant indicated that he could handle such matters and that he had finished two years of college.
The trial court ultimately told the defendant that he had the right to represent himself and continued
the case for the defendant to “think about [it].” Thereafter, the defendant filed several pro se
motions. The defendant also wrote a letter to the trial court, complaining that the trial court had
not honored his request to proceed pro se.
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¶8 At the next hearing, defense counsel requested that the trial court resolve the issue of
representation. When questioned by the trial court, the defendant stated that he (the defendant)
needed to appoint another attorney. The trial court informed the defendant that it would not
appoint different counsel. The trial court admonished the defendant regarding the severe penalties
he faced if convicted. The defendant complained that defense counsel was not adopting his
motions or interviewing all of his witnesses. The trial court told the defendant that defense counsel
would decide whether to adopt the defendant’s motions and continued the case.
¶9 On January 6, 2020, the trial court received another letter from the defendant, in which the
defendant stated that he had hired private counsel and was working on paying the retainer fee. At
a status hearing on the next day, defense counsel stated that the defendant was “low functioning”
and that defense counsel was having trouble getting him to cooperate. Defense counsel raised a
bona fide doubt as to the defendant’s fitness to stand trial. The trial court found that a bona fide
doubt existed and ordered that the defendant undergo a fitness evaluation. Thereafter, Dr.
Kimberly Loucks evaluated the defendant and concluded that he was fit to stand trial. At a fitness
hearing, the parties stipulated to Dr. Louck’s qualifications and findings, and the trial court found
the defendant fit to stand trial.
¶ 10 At hearings in January, February and May 2020, the defendant continued to report that he
was still trying to retain private counsel. At two hearings in the beginning of June 2020, defense
counsel informed the trial court that the defendant was refusing to meet with them. At the latter
hearing, defense counsel noted that the defendant had filed a letter requesting to proceed pro se in
November 2019, and suggested that the issue should be addressed. The trial court asked the
defendant what he wanted, and the defendant responded that he was still trying to hire private
counsel.
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¶ 11 On June 22, 2020, the defendant filed a five page document. The first two pages was a
handwritten letter to the trial court titled, “Black Lives Matter.” In the letter, the defendant
suggested that the trial court was prejudiced and racist. The defendant complained about the racial
makeup of incarcerated people; that “some” public defenders were “presenting false evidence” to
“incriminate” their clients; and that defendants were not given adequate opportunities to “prove
[their] innocence.” The letter concluded: “Your [sic] not in custody nor my skin color, you can’t
tell me you know about were [sic] I come from. You can lose your job for all I care and maybe be
in cuffs you may know how it feels but don’t [sic].”
¶ 12 The next three pages was a form document captioned, “Appearance Pro Se.” On the first
page, it stated: “I, Maurice Jahmal Thompson Jr. enter my appearance in this case.” It also
included a checked box indicating that the defendant demanded a jury trial. The second page
indicated that the form had been sent to the office of the executive inspector general and to the
attorney disciplinary body.
¶ 13 The next hearing in the case was held on July 8, 2020. Defense counsel indicated that the
case was up for status on the defendant’s efforts to hire private counsel. The trial court asked
defense counsel about the defendant’s most recent filing. Defense counsel indicated that he had
seen the filing, but that the defendant was still refusing to meet with his appointed attorneys. The
trial court found that the defendant’s most recent filing gave it “some concern as to his ability to
think clearly, understand the proceedings against him, and also his ability to even assist an attorney
in preparation of his case[.]” The trial court found that a bona fide doubt existed as to the
defendant’s fitness and ordered another fitness evaluation.
¶ 14 Dr. Loucks evaluated the defendant a second time, and again concluded that he was fit to
stand trial. At an August 4, 2020, fitness hearing, the parties stipulated to Dr. Loucks’
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qualifications and to the contents of the report. The trial court found the defendant fit to stand
trial.
¶ 15 During the following year, the defendant filed numerous pro se motions, letters, and other
documents raising claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and errors in the State’s investigation
of the case and pretrial proceedings. None of the documents mentioned the fact that the defendant
had filed a pro se appearance or that he wanted to proceed pro se. On May 3, 2021, the trial court
acknowledged the defendant’s numerous pro se filings and told the defendant it would not consider
them because the defendant was represented by counsel. At the hearings subsequent to the
defendant’s second finding of fitness, defense counsel never stated that the defendant was refusing
to meet or talk with his appointed attorneys.
¶ 16 In September 2021, the defendant sent a letter to the trial court complaining about defense
counsel. At a hearing the next month, defense counsel asked the trial court to review the
defendant’s letter to see if a Krankel inquiry was necessary. The trial court found that the letter
did not make any specific claims of ineffective assistance and found that no further inquiry was
required. The cause proceeded to a jury trial on November 14, 2022. On that same day, the State
dismissed the counts charging the defendant with aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
¶ 17 Following trial, the jury found the defendant guilty of seven counts of predatory criminal
sexual assault. After the trial court denied the defendant’s motion for a new trial, the defendant
filed a pro se motion alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Following a Krankel inquiry,
the trial court concluded that none of the defendant’s allegations warranted the appointment of
new counsel. After a sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed a mandatory sentence of natural
life imprisonment. The defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
¶ 18 II. ANALYSIS
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2023 IL App (2d) 230087-U
¶ 19 On appeal, the defendant’s sole contention is that the trial court erred in denying his request
to represent himself at trial. The defendant acknowledges that the issue was forfeited because it
was not raised in his posttrial motions (see People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 189 (1988)), but
invokes the plain-error doctrine as an exception to forfeiture (see People v. Averett, 237 Ill. 2d 1,
18 (2010)). The plain-error doctrine allows reviewing courts to address forfeited errors when the
evidence is close, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or when the error is serious, regardless
of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 187 (2005). This court has
found that the erroneous denial of a defendant’s request for self-representation constitutes a serious
error that warrants plain-error review regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Albea,
2017 IL App (2d) 150598, ¶ 28. “The first step in a plain error analysis is to determine whether
error occurred.” People v. McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 48. Accordingly, we will address
whether the trial court erred in denying the defendant’s request to proceed pro se.
¶ 20 The sixth amendment (U.S. Const., amend. VI) guarantees a criminal defendant both the
right to the assistance of counsel and the corresponding right to proceed without counsel. People
v. Wright, 2017 IL 119561, ¶ 39 (citing Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 832-34 (1975)). Our
supreme court has long recognized that the right to self-representation is “as basic and fundamental
as [the] right to be represented by counsel. (Internal quotation marks omitted.)” Id. A defendant
may therefore waive his or her constitutional right to counsel as long as the waiver is “voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent.” Id.
¶ 21 It is “well settled” that a waiver of counsel must be clear and unequivocal, not ambiguous.
People v. Baez, 241 Ill. 2d 44, 116 (2011). A defendant waives his right to self-representation
unless he articulately and unmistakably demands to proceed pro se. Id. The purposes of requiring
that a defendant make an unequivocal request to waive counsel are to: “(1) prevent the defendant
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2023 IL App (2d) 230087-U
from appealing the denial of his right to self-representation or the denial of his right to counsel,
and (2) prevent the defendant from manipulating or abusing the system by going back and forth
between his request for counsel and his wish to proceed pro se.” People v. Mayo, 198 Ill. 2d 530,
538 (2002).
¶ 22 In determining whether a defendant’s statement is clear and unequivocal, a court must
determine, from the overall context of the proceedings, whether the defendant truly desires to
represent himself and has definitively invoked his right of self-representation. People v. Burton,
184 Ill. 2d 1, 22 (1998). Even if a defendant indicates that he wants to proceed pro se, he may
later abandon his request to proceed pro se and acquiesce to representation by counsel. Id. at 23.
As such, in determining whether a defendant seeks to relinquish counsel, courts may look at the
defendant’s conduct following his request to represent himself. Id. at 23-24. “A defendant may
forfeit self-representation by remaining silent at critical junctures of the proceedings.” Id. at 24.
Courts must “indulge in every reasonable presumption against waiver” of the right to counsel.
Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 404 (1977); Burton, 184 Ill. 2d at 23.
¶ 23 We also note that it is the responsibility of the party filing a motion to bring it to the trial
court’s attention and have it resolved. Hernandez v. Pritikin, 2012 IL 113054, ¶ 54. Where no
ruling has been made on a motion, the presumption is that the motion was waived or abandoned.
See Jackson v. Alverez, 358 Ill. App. 3d 555, 563 (2005) (collecting cases). A party cannot appeal
an issue raised by motion where the motion was not ruled upon. See People v. Hall, 114 Ill. 2d
376, 414 (1986) (“Because the defendant did not obtain a ruling on the question, he cannot now
complain that the court erred.”).
¶ 24 Under the circumstances in the present case, the defendant was not erroneously denied his
right to self-representation because the defendant’s request to waive counsel was not clear and
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2023 IL App (2d) 230087-U
unequivocal. The defendant argues that his request to proceed pro se as stated in his pro se
appearance form filed on June 22, 2020, was a clear and unequivocal request. However, at the
next hearing on July 8, 2020, the trial court did not address the appearance form and the defendant
did not bring it to the trial court’s attention or request that he be allowed to proceed pro se. Rather,
the trial court found that the defendant’s June 2020 filing, that included a pro se letter, raised a
bona fide doubt of the defendant’s fitness and ordered an evaluation. After the defendant was
found to be fit, there were at least monthly status hearings where the defendant was represented
by counsel. At those hearings, the parties addressed pretrial issues, motions, and a trial date. The
case then proceeded to a jury trial in November 2022. At the pretrial hearings and during the jury
trial, the defendant never raised the issue of the June 2020 filing or stated that he wanted to proceed
pro se. Accordingly, as we must indulge in every reasonable presumption against waiver of
counsel, we presume that the defendant abandoned any desire to proceed pro se. People v. Owens,
2018 IL App (3d) 150616, ¶ 13 (a request to waive counsel is not clear and unequivocal if the
defendant later acquiesces to his counsel’s representation or abandons his earlier request to proceed
pro se); Jackson, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 563 (where a party fails to request a ruling on a motion, it is
presumed that the motion was abandoned). The defendant also forfeited any request to proceed
pro se by remaining silent for over two years during pretrial proceedings and during trial. See
Burton, 184 Ill. 2d at 24.
¶ 25 Moreover, if a trial court finds that a bona fide doubt exists as to a defendant’s fitness to
stand trial, it is implicit that the defendant cannot knowingly and intelligently waive the right to
counsel. People v. Washington, 2017 IL App (4th) 150054, ¶ 21. Under such circumstances, a
trial court could not grant a request to proceed pro se until the defendant was found fit to stand
trial. Id. Accordingly, at the July 2020 hearing, once the trial court found a bona fide doubt as to
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the defendant’s fitness, the trial court could not have granted a request to proceed pro se. After
the defendant was found fit to stand trial, as noted, the defendant did not renew his request to
proceed pro se in any hearings or pro se filings for the over two-year period before the
commencement of trial.
¶ 26 The defendant points out that he had requested to proceed pro se in September and
November 2019 and that this bolstered a conclusion that his June 2020 pro se filing was a clear
and unambiguous request to proceed pro se. We disagree. While the defendant initially made
requests to proceed pro se in September and November 2019, he ultimately abandoned those
requests by first asking for alternate counsel to be appointed and then indicating that he was hiring
private counsel. As noted above, after his June 2020 filing, the defendant was silent about any
desire to proceed pro se for over two years prior to the commencement of his trial and during his
trial. The defendant argues that because he continued filing pro se motions, this was evidence that
he did not abandon his request to proceed pro se. However, the defendant did not request to
proceed pro se in any of those filings. Further, the trial court informed the defendant that it would
only consider his pro se filings if they were adopted and presented by defense counsel. Under
these circumstances, the defendant’s continued pro se filings did not amount to a clear and
unequivocal request to proceed pro se.
¶ 27 In arguing that he was denied his right to proceed pro se, the defendant relies on People v.
Gray, 2013 IL App (1st) 101064. In Gray, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition, a
public defender was appointed to represent the defendant, and the State filed a motion to dismiss.
Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Thereafter, the defendant filed several pro se amendments and supplements to the
petition. Id. ¶¶ 8-13. Appointed counsel filed a Rule 651(c) certificate that stated he was unable
to amend or supplement the claims raised by the defendant in the pro se filings. Id. ¶ 14. At the
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next hearing, counsel advised the trial court that the defendant wanted to represent himself, and
have counsel withdraw, so that the issues the defendant raised in his pro se filings would be
considered by the trial court. Id. ¶ 15. Alternatively, counsel asserted that the trial court could
consider the pro se amendments without counsel’s withdrawal. Id. The trial court denied the latter
request, stating that it never allowed dual representation. Id.
¶ 28 The State subsequently filed a motion to strike the defendant’s pro se amendments and
filings because he was represented by counsel and the defendant filed a pro se motion asking the
court to either consider the claims in his pro se amendments with counsel or allow him to proceed
pro se. Id. ¶¶ 16-17. At the next hearing, the trial court reiterated its disapproval of hybrid
representation and counsel thus suggested that the defendant should be brought to court to assert
his right to represent himself. Id. ¶ 18. The trial court stated that this suggestion was a dilatory
tactic, struck the defendant’s pro se filings, and granted the State’s motion to dismiss. Id. ¶¶ 18-
19. The defendant appealed.
¶ 29 On appeal, the Gray court held that the defendant’s request to represent himself was clear
and unambiguous and that the trial court had “abused its discretion by failing to grant, or even
expressly rule upon, [the] defendant’s request to proceed pro se.” Id. ¶ 24. The reviewing court
further held that the defendant’s request to represent himself was not a dilatory tactic because it
arose shortly after his counsel refused to make or endorse the pro se amendments to the petition
and the trial court refused to consider the amendments. Id. ¶ 25. The Gray court thus vacated the
dismissal of the defendant’s petition and remanded the matter for further proceedings for the trial
court to determine whether the defendant knowingly and intelligently relinquished his right to
counsel. Id. ¶ 27.
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¶ 30 The defendant’s reliance on Gray is unpersuasive. In Gray, the defendant’s request to
proceed pro se was clear and unambiguous. On two occasions, at hearings before the trial court,
defense counsel made it clear that Gray wanted his pro se amendments and filings to be considered
and that he was willing to represent himself pro se if necessary. Id. ¶¶ 15, 18. Gray also filed a
pro se motion asking the trial court to consider his pro se amendments and clearly stating that, if
necessary to reach that result, he would proceed pro se. Id. ¶ 17. Thus, Gray’s request to proceed
pro se was raised at multiple hearings before the trial court. In this case, the defendant never
informed the trial court that he had filed a pro se appearance form, never brought the filing to the
trial court’s attention when it was not mentioned, and after his second fitness hearing never
reiterated a request to proceed pro se for over two years during pretrial and trial proceedings. Also
following the second finding of fitness, defense counsel never expressed that the defendant was
not cooperating with them. Thus, unlike Gray, the defendant’s request to proceed pro se following
his June 2020 filing was never raised in any hearings before the trial court. Accordingly, as the
defendant never made a clear and unequivocal request to proceed pro se, there was no error and
thus no plain error.
¶ 31 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 32 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County.
¶ 33 Affirmed.
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