In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-23-00194-CV
___________________________
In the Interest of A.B. and A.B., Children
On Appeal from the 360th District Court
Tarrant County, Texas
Trial Court No. 360-708983-21
Before Sudderth, C.J.; Kerr and Birdwell, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Sudderth
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this restricted appeal from a suit affecting the parent–child relationship
(SAPCR), Appellant T.B. (Father) contends that there are six errors apparent on the
face of the record: two related to service of process and four related to the sufficiency
of the evidence. The Office of the Attorney General (OAG) disputes the service-
related issues but concedes that the evidence is insufficient to support the amounts
the trial court ordered Father to pay as cash medical support and child support. We
agree with OAG. We will reverse the support orders, remand for a retrial of those
issues, and affirm the remainder of the SAPCR judgment.
I. Background
OAG petitioned the trial court to determine the parentage of twin girls A.B.
and A.B. (the Twins), to appoint conservators for them, and to order medical and
child support. OAG’s petition was filed in November 2021, and at that time, OAG
requested service of process on Father at an address in Dallas.
Almost ten months later, in September 2022, OAG moved for substituted
service under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 106(b). The motion was accompanied by
a sworn statement from OAG’s process server describing his numerous attempts to
personally serve Father between mid-July and mid-August 2022. The process server
explained that he had been asked to serve Father at a Carrollton apartment address,
that he had twice confirmed with the leasing office that Father resided at the relevant
apartment, and that to his knowledge, “this [wa]s the most likely location for [Father]
2
to receive notice of suit.” He detailed three attempts to personally serve Father at the
Carrollton apartment, providing specific dates and times for each attempt and stating
that he had left delivery notices on Father’s apartment door on each occasion. The
process server also noted that he had left voicemails at the phone numbers listed for
Father and that Father had not responded to any of his phone calls.
Relying on this sworn statement, on September 20, 2022, the trial court granted
OAG’s motion and authorized substituted service of Father either by “leaving a true
copy of the citation, with a copy of the petition attached, with anyone over 16 years of
age at [Father’s Carrollton apartment]” or by “attaching a true copy of the citation,
with a copy of the petition attached, to a door at [Father’s Carrollton apartment].”
OAG served Father less than two weeks later by affixing the documents to the door
of Father’s Carrollton apartment, and the return of service was filed with the trial
court. Father did not file an answer to OAG’s petition.
Later that year, the trial court held a short, final hearing on OAG’s petition.
Again, Father did not appear. No documentary evidence was offered at the hearing,
and only one witness—F.Y.L.F. (Mother)—testified. She stated that Father was the
Twins’ biological father and that she did not know where he lived. She explained that
Father had previously worked as a petroleum engineer but that she did not know if
Father was still employed, if he was still in the same industry, or how much money he
made. When OAG floated the idea that Father received monthly income of
$8,552.66, it sought Mother’s confirmation of this figure, but to no avail:
3
Q. [OAG] If the Office of the Attorney General is able to determine
that he makes $8,552.66 per month, do you think that’s incorrect or
inappropriate?
A. [Mother] I don’t know.
[Indentation altered.] No other evidence was admitted to show Father’s income or
resources.
The trial court granted OAG’s petition and entered a default judgment
awarding OAG’s requested relief. It confirmed that Father was the Twins’ father,
appointed Father as possessory conservator (with Mother as managing conservator),
and established the terms for possession of and access to the Twins. As for medical
and child support, the trial court found that Father had gross monthly resources of
$8,552.66 and net monthly resources of $6,233.45, and based on these findings, it
awarded cash medical child support of $385 per month, ongoing child support of
$1,558 per month, and retroactive child support of $64,884.
Almost six months later, Father filed this restricted appeal—his first
appearance in the case.
II. Standard of Review
To prevail in a restricted appeal, the appellant must establish that (1) he filed a
notice of the restricted appeal within six months after the judgment was signed; (2) he
was a party to the underlying lawsuit; (3) he did not participate in the hearing that
resulted in the judgment complained of and did not timely file any post-judgment
motions; and (4) error is apparent on the face of the record. Ex parte E.H., 602
4
S.W.3d 486, 495–96 (Tex. 2020); Alexander v. Lynda’s Boutique, 134 S.W.3d 845, 848
(Tex. 2004); see Tex. R. App. P. 30. Only the fourth requirement is at issue in this
appeal: whether error is apparent on the face of the record. 1
“The face of the record . . . consists of the papers on file with the trial court
when judgment was rendered.” M.B. v. R.B., No. 02-19-00342-CV, 2021 WL
2252792, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 3, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting
Clamon v. DeLong, 477 S.W.3d 823, 825 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, no pet.)).
III. Discussion
In six issues, which we construe as three, Father contends that error is apparent
on the face of the record because (1) OAG did not adequately serve him with the suit;
(2) the trial court failed to appoint the parents as joint managing conservators even
though there was no testimony showing family violence; and (3) there was no
evidence to support the amounts Father was ordered to pay as cash medical support,
ongoing child support, and retroactive child support.
A. Service: No Error on the Face of the Record
In his first and second issues, Father challenges OAG’s service of process.
Although the precise nature of Father’s challenge is unclear, 2 he appears to argue that
1
The first three requirements are jurisdictional, while the fourth goes to the
merits of the appeal. E.H., 602 S.W.3d at 496–97. The jurisdictional requirements
are not only undisputed but easily confirmed by the record: Father filed his notice of
restricted appeal just shy of six months after the judgment was signed, he was a party
to the underlying lawsuit, and he did not participate in the trial court proceedings or
file any post-judgments motions.
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substituted service was improper because (1) the sworn statement supporting OAG’s
motion for substituted service was insufficient as in Coronado v. Norman, 111 S.W.3d
838 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2003, pet. denied); and (2) the manner of substituted
service authorized by the trial court was not “reasonably effective to give the
defendant notice of the suit.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(b). Neither argument reveals error
on the face of the record.
1. Law on Substituted Service
A plaintiff may resort to substituted service only upon failure of the traditional
methods of service that provide proof of actual notice, such as personal service. State
Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Costley, 868 S.W.2d 298, 298–99 (Tex. 1993); In re Guardianship
of Bays, 355 S.W.3d 715, 718 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.). Substituted
service requires authorization from the trial court, which may be granted only if the
plaintiff “files a motion supported by proper affidavit [or sworn statement]” that
complies with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 106(b). Guardianship of Bays, 355 S.W.3d
at 718–19; see Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(b); Wilson v. Dunn, 800 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990).
2
Father makes numerous service-related allegations at various points in his
brief, claiming that OAG’s service lacked due diligence, “offend[ed] the traditional
understanding of due process of law,” violated Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 79,
violated Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 106(a)(1), and violated Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 106(b)(2). Several of these complaints are lodged summarily in a single
sentence without explanation or analysis. Liberally construing Father’s brief as a
whole in an attempt to reach the merits of his appeal, see Tex. R. App. P. 38.9, we
interpret the core of his challenge to be raising the two service-related arguments
addressed herein.
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The affidavit or sworn statement must list any location where the defendant can
probably be found and must state specifically the facts showing that the traditional
methods of service have been unsuccessfully attempted at that location. Tex. R. Civ.
P. 106(b). A sworn statement that does not “stat[e] specifically the facts showing that
service has been attempted” is insufficient to support substituted service, see id., as is a
sworn statement that is conclusory. Wilson, 800 S.W.2d at 836. But if the plaintiff’s
motion and supporting affidavit are sufficient, then the trial court may authorize
service of process “in any other manner . . . that the statement or other evidence
shows will be reasonably effective to give the defendant notice of the suit.” Tex. R.
Civ. P. 106(b)(2).
Whatever the service method, “strict compliance with the rules for service of
citation [must] affirmatively appear on the record in order for a default judgment to
withstand direct attack.” WWLC Inv., L.P. v. Miraki, 624 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tex.
2021); Primate Const., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994); Wilson, 800 S.W.2d
at 836. In this context, “[t]here are no presumptions in favor of valid issuance,
service, and return of citation.” Primate Const., 884 S.W.2d at 152; see WWLC Inv., 624
S.W.3d at 799.
2. Sufficiency of the Sworn Statement
Father first argues that the sworn statement from OAG’s process server was
insufficient to support authorization of substituted service under Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 106(b) because the process server did not specify the identities of the
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persons in the leasing office who confirmed Father’s address. Father claims that “the
exact scenario [that] transpired” here also transpired in Coronado v. Norman, and there,
the court of appeals held that the sworn statement was insufficient to authorize
substituted service under Rule 106. Coronado, 111 S.W.3d at 841–42.
Even if Coronado were binding on us, though, it would undermine Father’s
argument rather than supporting it. In that case, our sister court held that substituted
service should not have been authorized because the process server’s affidavit failed
to list any specific dates or times of attempted service and did not identify any other
avenues he had pursued to contact the defendant. Id. at 842. While Father is correct
that the process server in Coronado confirmed the defendant’s address by speaking
with unnamed individuals at the location, 3 our sister court did not take issue with this;
in fact, it was not even mentioned in the court’s analysis. See id. at 840–42. Instead,
“the specific dates and times of attempted service” were the dispositive details missing
from the process server’s affidavit. Id. at 842.
And here, OAG’s process server included these details in his sworn statement.
The process server listed the exact dates, days of the week, and times of day that he
3
Even on this point, OAG’s process server’s sworn statement provided more
detail than the affidavit in Coronado. There, the process server averred that “[o]n each
of the occasions [of attempted service], [he] was informed that the said Defendant
resided at such address but that he was not there.” Coronado, 111 S.W.3d at 840.
Here, in contrast, the OAG’s process server specified that he had confirmed Father’s
residency by speaking with a person representing “[t]he leasing office”—not a random
passerby.
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had visited Father’s apartment and attempted personal service: a Wednesday morning
at 10:40 a.m., a Monday evening at 7:46 p.m., and a Saturday afternoon at 1:08 p.m.,
spread out over the course of several weeks. The process server also referenced other
avenues he had explored to contact Father; he swore that he had left delivery notices
on the door of Father’s residence each time he had attempted service, and he noted
that he had called Father’s known phone numbers and left voicemails. The sworn
statement in this case is thus distinguishable from that in Coronado. See id.
And apart from Father’s reliance on Coronado, he has not identified any flaws
that render the process server’s sworn statement insufficient to support substituted
service under Rule 106. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(b). We overrule his challenge to the
sworn statement.
3. Reasonably Effective Manner of Substituted Service
Father also alleges that OAG’s manner of substituted service was
“unreasonable” because “it is clear from the face of the record that [Father] had a
history of changing addresses,” but OAG allowed 49 days to pass between the leasing
office’s confirmation that Father lived at the Carrollton apartment and the execution
of substituted service at that address. Father asserts that “[t]here is no supporting
documentation . . . other than the affidavit of the process server to indicate that [the
Carrollton apartment] is [his] address.”
First, it is not at all “clear from the face of the record that [Father] had a history
of changing addresses,” and Father has not provided any record references to support
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this assertion. While the Dallas address listed for Father in OAG’s petition was
different from the Carrollton apartment where he was confirmed (by the leasing office
via the process server) to be living ten months later, moving from one apartment to
another over the span of ten months does not equate to “a history of changing
addresses” on a regular basis.
Second, as Father indirectly acknowledges, the process server’s affidavit is, in
fact, supporting evidence that Father was living at the Carrollton apartment. Again,
the process server’s statement was sworn to and confirmed that the “leasing office”
verified in mid-July 2022 and again in mid-August 2022 that Father resided at the
Carrollton apartment. While this is circumstantial, rather than direct, evidence of
Father’s address 49 days later, it is nonetheless probative evidence, and there is
nothing on the face of the record to contradict it. Cf. Palacios v. Patel, No. 02-18-
00119-CV, 2018 WL 2728441, at *7 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 7, 2018) (mem.
op.) (noting that, “despite the popular television clichés about the worth of
circumstantial evidence, it indeed has legal, probative value”), supplemented on other
grounds, No. 02-18-00119-CV, 2018 WL 3385571 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 12,
2018, no pet.) (suppl. mem. op.).
Although we make no presumptions in favor of service, see WWLC Inv., 624
S.W.3d at 799, we cannot make unsupported inferences against service either.
Father’s argument would have us overlook the circumstantial evidence of his
residence and assume that he moved residences based on nothing more than the
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passage of 49 days. There is nothing in the record to support such an inference, 4 nor
has Father cited any case law holding that the passage of 49 days between the
confirmation of a defendant’s residence and the date of service gives rise to a
presumption that the defendant has moved.
In short, Father has not pointed to anything on the face of the record that
shows that the manner of substituted service—posting the petition and citation on the
door of an apartment that the evidence indicated was Father’s residence—was not
“reasonably effective to give the defendant notice of the suit.” Tex. R. Civ. P.
106(b)(2).
Because Father has failed to show error on the face of the record, we overrule
his service-related complaints.
B. Custody: Inadequately Briefed
In Father’s third listed issue, he alleges that “the trial court erred in failing to
name the parties as joint managing conservators absent testimony of family violence.”
But he has wholly failed to brief this issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1, 38.9.
An appellant’s brief is “meant to acquaint the court with the issues in a case
and . . . present argument t[o] enable the court to decide the case.” Tex. R. App. P.
4
Father requested a supplemental clerk’s record with “scans of the . . . Returned
Envelope from USPS addressed to [Father] with the [Carrollton apartment address].”
In anticipation of this supplement, Father claimed that it would provide “further
evidence . . .that the service was insufficient.” No such supplemental record was filed,
though, and there is nothing in the record indicating that correspondence mailed to
Father’s Carrollton apartment was returned as undeliverable.
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38.9. To that end, the appellant must provide “a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” Tex.
R. App. P. 38.1(i).
Father has failed to do that here. Apart from listing the absence of family-
violence testimony as an issue presented on appeal, Father’s only other mention of
this issue is in his recitation of the factual background, where he refers to the lack of a
family-violence finding. The portion of Father’s brief dedicated to his legal argument
does not mention the alleged necessity of “testimony of family violence” at all, much
less does Father provide analysis of the issue or cite relevant legal authorities.
Without an “argument for the contention[] made” to “acquaint the court with the
issue[],” see Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i), 38.9, we are left guessing as to the nature of
Father’s family-violence-related complaint.
“[A]ppellate courts have no duty—or even the right—to perform an
independent review of the record and the applicable law to determine whether there
was error; we cannot make the party’s arguments for [hi]m, and then adjudicate the
case based on the arguments we have made on [his] behalf.” Wellness & Aesthetics Inst.,
PA v. JB&B Cap., LLC, No. 02-22-00330-CV, 2023 WL 4780511, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth July 27, 2023, pet. filed) (mem. op.) (quoting Craaybeek v. Craaybeek, No.
02-20-00080-CV, 2021 WL 1803652, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 6, 2021, pet.
denied) (mem. op.)). Because Father has failed to brief his third issue, he has waived
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it. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); Wellness & Aesthetics Inst., 2023 WL 4780511, at *2
(holding appellant waived issues raised in “perfunctory list of ‘arguments’”).
C. Cash Medical Support and Child Support: Insufficient Evidence
In his final three issues, Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to
support the trial court’s awards of cash medical support, ongoing child support, and
retroactive child support. OAG concedes the insufficiency of the evidence, and after
reviewing the record, we agree. 5
1. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s judgment granting child support for an abuse of
discretion. Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990); B.K. v. T.K., No.
02-19-00472-CV, 2021 WL 2149621, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 27, 2021, no
pet.) (mem. op.). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or without
5
Mother has not filed a brief. And neither Father nor OAG has addressed the
potential effect of Father’s failure to answer on his insufficiency complaint.
Generally, in the context of a no-answer default judgment, courts deem the
non-answering party to have admitted all facts properly pleaded in the petition. In re
J.G., No. 02-22-00238-CV, 2023 WL 2179463, at *7 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 23,
2023, no pet.) (mem. op.). We have questioned whether, “when conservatorship of
children is involved, the same rules may not apply,” but we have not resolved this
issue in the context of a SAPCR that does not involve a divorce. See id. (noting
unresolved issue and summarizing case law). We need not resolve this issue today,
though, because even if Father were deemed to have admitted to the facts alleged in
OAG’s petition, such petition did not allege the amount of Father’s gross or net
resources, nor did it request a specific amount of cash medical support, ongoing child
support, or retroactive child support. Instead, OAG’s petition asked the trial court to
order “appropriate current and retroactive child, medical, and dental support for the
children.”
13
reference to guiding principles, or when its judgment is supported by legally or
factually insufficient evidence. B.K., 2021 WL 2149621, at *2.
2. Statutory Child Support Guidelines
When calculating the amount of cash medical support, ongoing child support,
or retroactive child support presumed to be reasonable under Texas law, the obligor’s
gross and net resources are key variables. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 154.062, .125,
.131.
If neither parent has access to private health insurance and the children receive
medical care through a government program—as Mother testified the Twins do here
—the trial court must order cash medical support in “an amount[] not to exceed nine
percent of the obligor’s annual resources.” Id. § 154.182(b)(3), (b-2).
The amount of cash medical support is then deducted from the obligor’s gross
resources (along with taxes and certain other expenses) to calculate the obligor’s net
resources. See id. § 154.062(d). And the amount of the obligor’s net resources is used
to determine his presumptively reasonable child support payments. See id. §§ 154.122,
.125.
By statute, “child support is generally determined by calculating the child
support obligor’s monthly net resources and applying statutory guidelines to that
amount.” Gonzalez v. Gonzalez, 331 S.W.3d 864, 868 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no
pet.). The statutory guidelines provide, for example, that an obligor with two children
will pay either 20% or 25% of his net resources, depending on whether those net
14
resources are above a certain threshold. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.125(b), (c); see
M.G. v. T.G., No. 02-21-00433-CV, 2023 WL 2178762, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
Feb. 23, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.). These same statutory guidelines—and the
variables on which they rely—guide the determination of retroactive child support as
well. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.131 (providing that “[t]he child support
guidelines are intended to guide the court in determining the amount of retroactive
child support” and directing court to consider “the net resources of the obligor during
the relevant time period”).
Absent evidence of the obligor’s gross resources, the trial court “shall presume
that the party has income equal to the federal minimum wage for a 40-hour week,” id.
§ 154.068(a), which equates to approximately $15,080 per year or $1,256.67 per
month.6 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(a)(1)(C); M.G., 2023 WL 2178762, at *4 (calculating gross
resources and explaining); Cervenka, 672 S.W.3d at 819–20 & n.1 (similar); Gonzalez,
331 S.W.3d at 868 & n.2 (similar).
3. No Evidence to Support Inflated Payment Amounts
Here, there was no evidence of Father’s gross or net resources. In fact, there
was no evidence that he was even employed. Mother’s testimony was the only
evidence offered at trial, and when she was asked whether Father was working and
The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour, resulting in gross income of
6
$290 per 40-hour work week, and $15,080 per 52-week year. See 29 U.S.C.A.
§ 206(a)(1)(C); M.G., 2023 WL 2178762, at *4; Cervenka v. Cervenka, 672 S.W.3d 814,
820 n.1 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2023, no pet.).
15
whether OAG’s suggested salary figures seemed accurate, Mother responded that she
did not know.
Because there was no evidence of Father’s gross resources, the trial court was
required to presume that he received income equal to the federal minimum wage, i.e.,
$15,080 per year or $1,256.67 per month. 29 U.S.C.A. § 206(a)(1)(C); Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. § 154.068(a). Rather than applying this statutory presumption, though, the trial
court found that Father had gross resources of $102,631.90 per year or $8,552.66 per
month. There is no evidence to support this finding.
More to the point, this error had the knock-on effect of inflating the amounts
of cash medical support and child support that the trial court ordered Father to pay.
Father’s cash medical support payments were statutorily capped at 9% of his gross
resources—$113.10 per month based on the federal minimum wage—but the trial
court ordered Father to pay $385 per month. Similarly for ongoing child support, the
statutory guidelines provided for presumptively reasonable payments of 20% to 25%
of Father’s net resources, but the trial court ordered Father to pay $1,558 per month,
which was more than 100% of his statutorily presumed gross resources of $1,256.67
per month.7 The same is true for retroactive child support. The trial court ordered
Father to pay $64,884 to cover approximately four years of missed payments, but this
7
Father’s net resources would have been less than his gross resources, see Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. § 154.062(d), but because this difference is not dispositive, and
because there was little evidence of Father’s expenses, we need not linger over this
distinction.
16
sum exceeded the entirety of Father’s statutorily presumed gross resources for all four
years, which would have been $60,320 based on the federal minimum wage.
The face of the record thus demonstrates that there is no evidence to support
the ordered sums of cash medical support, ongoing child support, and retroactive
child support. See Gonzalez, 331 S.W.3d at 868 (holding error apparent on the face of
the record when trial court ordered appellant to pay monthly child support of $750
without evidence of appellant’s employment status or income). We sustain Father’s
sufficiency challenges, which he lists as his fourth, fifth, and sixth issues.
IV. Conclusion
Because the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s awards of cash
medical support, ongoing child support, and retroactive child support, we reverse
these portions of the judgment and remand the case for a retrial of these issues. See
Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(d); Gonzalez, 331 S.W.3d at 869 (remanding after restricted appeal
and explaining that, “[w]hen legally insufficient evidence supports a default judgment,
the proper remedy is remand, not rendition”). In all other respects, the trial court’s
judgment is affirmed. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a).
/s/ Bonnie Sudderth
Bonnie Sudderth
Chief Justice
Delivered: January 11, 2024
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