RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3165-21
DEPARTMENT OF
CHILDREN AND FAMILIES,
INSTITUTIONAL ABUSE
INVESTIGATION UNIT,
Petitioner-Respondent,
v.
K.T.,
Respondent-Appellant.
Argued November 15, 2023 – Decided January 17, 2024
Before Judges Currier and Firko.
On appeal from the New Jersey Department of Children
and Families, Institutional Abuse Investigation Unit,
Docket No. AUH 19-0700.
Mark Alan Gulbranson, Jr. argued the cause for
appellant (Attorneys Hartman Chartered, attorneys;
Katherine Dodge Hartman and Mark Alan Gulbranson,
Jr., on the brief).
Wesley G. Hanna, II, Deputy Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent (Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney
General, attorney; Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant
Attorney General, of counsel; Wesley G. Hanna, II, on
the brief).
PER CURIAM
K.T.1 appeals from the April 1, 2022 final agency decision of the
Department of Children and Families (DCF) substantiating findings of sexual
abuse/risk of sexual abuse against her. We affirm.
I.
At the time of the events in question, B.H. was a seventeen-year-old male
resident at Bancroft—"a residential housing facility for disabled individuals."
Bancroft "provides educational and residential services for individuals with
developmental disabilities." B.H. was diagnosed as "autistic, limited verbally,
and intellectually disabled." His reading ability was on a second-grade level,
and he was able to "answer[] comprehension questions with assistance on a
first[-]grade level." K.T. worked at Bancroft as a Program Associate—she was
assigned to B.H. as his one-to-one aide.
In February 2019, B.H.'s guardian, his grandmother, raised a concern
unrelated to these events. To investigate that concern, Steven Stanewich, a
1
We use initials to protect the privacy and confidentiality of these proceedings.
R. 1:38-3(d)(11).
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2
Senior Program Manager at Bancroft, reviewed footage of B.H.'s living
quarters.2 While watching the footage, he saw two events a few days apart in
which K.T. was seen "inappropriately touching [B.H.]." After watching the
February 16, 2019 video (the first video), Stanewich reported he saw "[K.T.]
placing her face in [B.H.'s] face, touching her face to his face, caressing [B.H.'s]
face[,] caressing his hair . . . tickling him[,] and closed[-]mouth kissing him on
different areas of his face/forehead" before "caress[ing] [B.H.]'s face and chin
and open[-]mouth kiss[ing] [B.H.] with [B.H.] also leaning in to kiss [K.T.] She
d[id] not appear to stop or block him as soon as [B.H.] caressed her face, chin
and when contact was made on her lips." According to Stanewich, the first video
also showed K.T. kissing B.H. "with an open mouth for several seconds." The
door to B.H.'s bedroom was closed during the interaction.
Stanewich also reported seeing inappropriate behavior in a February 23,
2019 video (the second video). He stated the second video displayed "[K.T.]
and [B.H.] . . . hugging on [B.H.'s] bed which in turn led to similar behavior on
the floor." He reported the incidents to the police and other authorities.
2
A Bancroft administrator testified that video recordings of residents' bedrooms
were made in the ordinary course of business but were not routinely monitored
or reviewed.
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3
In the ensuing investigation conducted by Bancroft, the videos were
reviewed and descriptions of the actions seen on them were corroborated.
Bancroft's representative described her view of the videos during the Office of
Administrative Law (OAL) hearing. B.H. was unable to give any account of the
incidents due to his limited verbal capabilities. The report noted the door to the
room was closed in the first video and slightly open in the second one.
K.T. was shown the video footage. She agreed her actions were
inappropriate but stated further that she was from Slovakia, where the cultural
norm was to display affection and kiss others on the mouth. K.T. also conceded
she "crossed the boundaries" in the second video by "not keep[ing] [the
relationship] professional," and stated "it never should have happened." K.T.
told the investigator she had formed a connection with B.H.'s family and
considered B.H. as part of her family, but it "was a big mistake" to treat B.H.
like her own child. "[S]he was 'not positive if [she had] kiss[ed] [B.H.] . . .
outside of the bedroom.'"
Bancroft also spoke with B.H.'s grandmother who said she was "fond" of
K.T., who "was instrumental in getting [B.H.] a communication device and with
using appropriate utensils during meals." The grandmother also explained K.T.
was kind and taught B.H. to play baseball for the first time, describing her as "a
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4
'godsend to us.'" The grandmother agreed that K.T. was close with B.H.'s
family.
Bancroft's high school program director, Kiesha Gill Jacob, reported to
the investigator she was previously notified of an incident where B.H. grabbed
K.T. by the waist and thrust himself up against her. Jacob stated she reminded
K.T. about the importance of "maintaining proximity and boundaries with the
students." The February 7, 2019 memorandum memorializing the incident
described "B.H. grabb[ing] [K.T.'s] waist and the two of [them] 'thrust[ing]' in
a dance[-]like manner" but "there was no concern of ill intent." Another teacher
reported to the investigator she had spoken with K.T. about proximity issues
with B.H. "approximately [three-to-four] times in a [four][-]month period prior
to the [first incident]."
Additional staff reported seeing B.H. and K.T. tickling and playing around
but no kissing or cuddling. B.H.'s grandmother also allowed K.T. to take B.H.
out of Bancroft overnight on therapeutic leaves of absences. Bancroft's principal
and program director had met with K.T. in February 2019 to discuss the school's
policy that staff should not be hired by family members or guardians of
individuals in Bancroft's care, but they could socially interact with the family
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5
on an unpaid basis, such as going to family dinners, birthday parties, and similar
events.
Bancroft's internal investigation concluded "[t]here is a preponderance of
credible evidence to support the allegation of . . . [s]exual [a]buse—sexual
contact or other. Therefore[,] the allegation is substantiated." The matter was
reported to the human resource department for corrective action.
On February 25, DCF's Institutional Abuse Investigative Unit (IAIU)
began its investigation, led by Dana McBride-Garrett, working along with the
Burlington County Prosecutor's Office. McBride-Garrett's summary of her view
of the videos was substantially the same as that of Bancroft's. She also
interviewed B.H.'s grandmother and Bancroft personnel.
In the prosecutor's detective's conversation with K.T., she admitted
kissing B.H but said it "was normal for her to kiss people." K.T. said "[B.H.]
gets excited" with the kiss sometimes. The prosecutor concluded there was
insufficient evidence to support criminal charges and closed its investigation.
McBride-Garrett also contacted K.T., who confirmed the incidents seen
on the videos occurred, but it was not her intention for the kiss to be
inappropriate. She described herself as a very affectionate person, which was
common in her culture, and her acts were not sexual in nature. K.T. said she
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used close face-to-face contact with B.H. to get his attention. K.T. reiterated
she treated B.H. as if he were her own child and kissing on the mouth was
accepted in her culture. She acknowledged she did not have that type of
relationship with any of the other children to whom she was assigned at
Bancroft.
In reviewing the second video, K.T. said the pulling actions were
inappropriate and she tried to get up. She said it was "a normal spontaneous
reaction" from B.H. when she tickled him, and it had happened before. K.T.
denied kissing B.H. on the mouth any other time.
B.H.'s grandmother told McBride-Garrett she became close friends with
K.T. She stated she had permitted K.T. to take B.H. to K.T.'s home and K.T.'s
children were present. The grandmother described B.H. as affectionate and he
liked to hug her.
IAIU concluded its investigation report, stating:
The results of the investigation indicated that intimate
physical contact occurred between . . . [B.H.], age
[seventeen] and Residential Assistant [K.T.] Video
surveillance confirmed that [K.T.] caressed, and
open[-]mouth kissed [B.H.] while in his bedroom at the
facility. [B.H.], an [a]utistic child, reacted to [K.T.]'s
engagement by caressing her face, hugging her and then
pulling her down to the floor where she straddled him.
It should be noted that residential staff did observe
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other incidents of close, physical contact between
[B.H.] and [K.T.]
The investigation also concluded that B.H. "[was] an abused child" and "was
placed at substantial risk of harm by virtue of the incident." The risk of sexual
abuse was substantiated under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21. Bancroft terminated K.T. in
March 2019.
II.
K.T. appealed the substantiation to the OAL and it was assigned to an
Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) for a hearing. During the June 25, 2021
hearing, Bancroft personnel testified consistent with their investigation report.
McBride-Garrett also testified regarding her investigation. She explained
that IAIU considers risk of sexual harm to be a form of sexual abuse. She
testified about what she saw on the videos and reviewed them again during the
hearing. She said she viewed K.T. approach B.H. "when he was on the bed after
the initial being pulled down" and it did appear that she was attempting to get
closer to him.
McBride-Garrett stated she substantiated K.T. for sexual abuse in the form
of "risk of harm." She said "K.T. subject[ing] B.H. to sexual activity" was an
absolute substantiating factor present in the case. She described the s exual
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activity as "[t]he inappropriate physical contact and the kiss[;] the open[ -]mouth
kiss is where the concern is noted."
When asked what she meant by inappropriate physical contact, McBride-
Garrett replied,
The boundaries, the closeness . . . that K.T. had with
B.H. and the appearance . . . that a kiss could occur on
the video . . . . The closeness of and the comfortability
of B.H. placing his head on . . . K.T.'s stomach. K.T.
caressing B.H.'s hair. B.H. being comfortable enough
to pull K.T. down on the floor and also pull K.T. into
an embrace while on the roommate's bed is very
concerning.
McBride-Garrett explained she was concerned by the second video when
the two were on the floor because K.T. did not separate herself and the two
remained close, "[n]othing in the behavior changed." Regarding the open-mouth
kiss "it appeared that . . . K.T.'s tongue was moving in her mouth and when . . .
B.H. pulled K.T. to the floor, it was a comfortable embrace." Moreover,
McBride-Garrett said there appeared to be straddling, which is inappropriate
sexual contact as well. She also noted, in addition to the kissing, closeness, and
straddling, the caressing of the head "impose[d] a substantial risk of harm of
sexual abuse to the child."
During B.H.'s grandmother's testimony, she reiterated that B.H. was
affectionate and liked to hug. She did not see anything sexual in the interactions
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9
between B.H. and K.T. The grandmother confirmed she authorized K.T. to take
B.H. outside of Bancroft. She did not recall why K.T. took B.H. overnight.
K.T. testified she was born in Slovakia and worked with special needs
children while earning her degree. After moving to the United States, she
worked at a daycare. She started at Bancroft in January 2018, and was assigned
as an aide to B.H. the following summer.
K.T. said B.H. made great progress with his education skills during the
time she worked with him. She also worked with him outside of school, saying
he loved to be outside, including trips to the Franklin Institute and enrolling him
in a baseball program. She considered him as part of her family.
K.T. acknowledged becoming attached to B.H., but never in a sexual way.
She denied being attracted to him in a sexual way. She conceded she physically
touched him in the form of "play[ing] with my hands in his hair, play[ing] with
his hair, put[ting] my hands on his face. I would hug him. He likes squeezes. I
would squeeze him. I would kiss him, yes, I did." She said she would kiss him
on the mouth and other places. She would also tickle him, saying "That was his
favorite." They played a game where he would say "hands up, hands up" and
she would run up to him and tickle him. She reiterated it was never sexual.
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When asked if she was straddling B.H. in the second video, she replied
"No," stating he "liked to pull people down" and she "was trying to get up . . .
as soon as possible." She acknowledged she was tickling him on the roommate's
bed. She said she was pulled onto the bed. While on the bed she believed she
counted down from three, as it was common for her to do that, and he let go.
Regarding the kiss on the first video, K.T. agreed that B.H. pulled her toward
him and kissed her. She said her mouth was not open and it was not a sexual
kiss. K.T. conceded the kiss was a mistake but said the close face-to-face
contact and caressing of B. T.'s face seen in the videos was not inappropriate.
She did not believe that tickling B.H., holding his head to her chest, and
straddling him was improper behavior.
The ALJ issued his initial findings on November 17, 2021. He found the
videos "show[ed] activity that, while inappropriate in nature for K.T. as an
instructor and aid[e] to B.H., do not document any open[-]mouth kissing, or
other activities which can be construed as overt in nature." The ALJ noted K.T.
acknowledged the "activities were inappropriate." However, the ALJ found
"these activities . . . were not of a sexual nature." The ALJ found DCF's
witnesses were credible and detailed, but they were "perhaps reaching for
something that was not seen on the video."
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After reviewing the videos, the ALJ found they demonstrated a
"familiarity" that was "more suited to the relationship between a parent and a
child—not a provider and a patient—but no sexual overtures, inference[,] or
activity [was] . . . seen." Therefore, the ALJ concluded "that such conduct,
although constituting an inappropriate level of familiarity, does not constitute a
'Risk of Sexual Abuse' within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c) . . . ." Thus,
"the allegations of abuse and neglect . . . [were] not . . . substantiated."
III.
On April 1, 2022, DCF Assistant Commissioner Brian C. Ross issued a
final decision. The Assistant Commissioner reviewed the ALJ's findings and
conclusions, listened to the audio recording of the hearing and watched the
videotapes.
The Assistant Commissioner thoughtfully noted that "the evidence in this
case is not dependent on the observations and opinions of the witnesses or the
information gathered during the course of their investigations. Uniquely, the
evidence in this case is as equally viewable by this agency as it was by the ALJ."
The Assistant Commissioner found his "own review of the videotapes . . .
compels the conclusion that [K.T.]'s actions placed B.H. at risk of sexual abuse."
The Assistant Commissioner found K.T. initiated the kiss seen on the first video
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that "lasted for at least five seconds," and that "[a] five second kiss on the lips
in the context of an adult and child interaction [was] extremely offensive." The
Assistant Commissioner stated the
ALJ . . . failed to recognize that such action, while
comfortable in the context of two consenting adults,
created a circumstance for a child which not only
crossed the boundary of appropriate, but lent itself to a
highly sexualized and inappropriate interaction. In this
context, specifically K.T. alone with B.H. in his
bedroom, one need only count five seconds to realize
that such a time frame is shocking.
The Assistant Commissioner also discussed the second video, stating,
K.T.'s conduct . . . [of] insert[ing] her leg between
B.H.'s and then straddl[ing] the child with her groin
positioned above his, is no less inappropriate. When
they separate momentarily, K.T. re[-]engages with the
child and pushes him over to a bed where she is again
positioned on top of the child with her face close to his.
In addressing K.T.'s "characteriz[ation] [of] her actions as fondness and
affection," the Assistant Commissioner found the statements unsupported by the
record since Bancroft management had discussed proximity and boundary issues
with K.T. just three weeks before her "even more inappropriate" behavior with
B.H.
The Assistant Commissioner found "K.T.'s conduct [was] even more
egregious when considered from the perspective of the child-victim" particularly
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B.H. who is autistic with limited verbal skills and intellectually disabled. The
Assistant Commissioner stated,
[T]here is no way to determine whether [B.H.]
interprets [K.T.'s] conduct as merely affection or as
sexual advances or whether he finds her actions
welcome or repugnant. Were K.T. to engage in similar
behavior with a fully[]abled high school senior, her
conduct would unquestionably constitute sexual abuse.
Certainly, vulnerable adolescents such as B.H. deserve
no less protection.
Therefore, the DCF reversed the ALJ's decision and affirmed the finding of
substantiated abuse.
IV.
On appeal, K.T. contends the DCF's final decision is not factually
supported, rendering it arbitrary and capricious. We are unconvinced.
The scope of judicial review of an administrative decision is limited. In
re Herrmann, 192 N.J. 19, 27 (2007). "An administrative agency's final quasi-
judicial decision will be sustained unless there is a clear showing that it [was]
arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable, or that it lack[ed] fair support in the
record." Id. at 27-28.
An appellate court is limited to determining:
(1) whether the agency's action violate[d] express or
implied legislative policies, that is, did the agency
follow the law; (2) whether the record contain[ed]
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substantial evidence to support the findings on which
the agency based its action; and (3) whether in applying
the legislative policies to the facts, the agency clearly
erred in reaching a conclusion that could not reasonably
have been made on a showing of the relevant factors.
[In re Carter, 191 N.J. 474, 482-83 (2007) (quoting
Mazza v. Bd. of Trs., Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys., 143
N.J. 22, 25 (1995)).]
"[I]f substantial credible evidence supports an agency's conclusion, a court may
not substitute its own judgment for the agency's even though the court might
have reached a different result." Greenwood v. State Police Training Ctr., 127
N.J. 500, 513 (1992) (citing Clowes v. Terminix Int'l, Inc., 109 N.J. 575, 587
(1988)). "[A] reviewing court . . . will not weigh the evidence, determine the
credibility of witnesses, draw inferences and conclusions from the evidence, or
resolve conflicts therein." De Vitis v. N.J. Racing Comm'n, 202 N.J. Super. 484,
489-90 (App. Div. 1985).
"In proceedings before an administrative agency . . . it is only necessary
to establish the truth of the charges by a preponderance of the believable
evidence and not to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Atkinson v.
Parsekian, 37 N.J. 143, 149 (1962) (citing Freud v. Davis, 64 N.J. Super. 242
(App. Div. 1960)); N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b). "[I]n challenging an agency's
determination, an appellant carries a substantial burden of persuasion, and the
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agency's determination carries a presumption of reasonableness." Dep't of
Child. & Fams. v. C.H., 414 N.J. Super. 472, 479-80 (App. Div. 2010), adhered
to on reconsideration, 416 N.J. Super. 414 (App. Div. 2010).
K.T. asserts there was insufficient evidence for DCF to substantiate her
for abuse and neglect under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c). Considering the totality of the
circumstances, K.T. argues there is no evidence demonstrating "overt sexual
contact," which would otherwise need "little or no context to demonstrate sexual
abuse." Instead, K.T. asserts the evidence established she had a "quasi-parental
bond with B.H." and she was only showing affection "by touching or playing
with him the way a mother might with her child." K.T. contends the Assistant
Commissioner improperly disregarded the context of the relationship shared by
K.T. and B.H., and "a five second kiss on the lips[,] and . . . an incident in which
K.T. straddle[d] B.H." are not "inherently sexual" or "inconsistent with how a
mother might show affection to her son." K.T. contends DCF erroneously relied
on the videos which only depicted ambiguous conduct and did not show "overtly
sexualized behavior."
Under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(3), an "[a]bused or neglected child" is defined
as "a child less than [eighteen] years of age whose parent or guardian . . .
commits or allows to be committed an act of sexual abuse against the child."
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The definition of "[p]arent or guardian includes a teacher, employee, or
volunteer, whether compensated or uncompensated, of an institution who is
responsible for the child's welfare and any other staff person of an institution
regardless of whether or not the person is responsible for the care or supervision
of the child." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(a).
"Sexual abuse" is defined as "contacts or actions between a child and a
parent or caretaker for the purpose of sexual stimulation of either that person or
another person." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.84; N.J.A.C. 3A:11-1.3. It includes "the
employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child
to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexually explicit
conduct or simulation of such conduct;" as well as "sexual penetration and
sexual contact as defined in N.J.S.[A.] 2C:14-1 and a prohibited sexual act as
defined in N.J.S.[A.] 2C:24-4." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.84; N.J.A.C. 3A:11-1.3.
"[A]cts of abuse or neglect [are] considered on a case-by-case basis and
must be 'analyzed in light of the dangers and risks associated with the situation.'"
N.J. Div. of Youth and Fam. Servs. v. S.I., 437 N.J. Super. 142, 153 (App. Div.
2014) (quoting N.J. Dep't of Child. and Fams. v. R.R., 436 N.J. Super. 53, 58
(App. Div. 2014)). "[An] adjudication of abuse or neglect is governed by Title
[Nine], which is designed to protect children who suffer serious injury inflicted
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by other than accidental means." S.I., 437 N.J. Super. at 152 (citing G.S. v.
Dep't of Hum. Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 171 (1999)). There must be "more than
ordinary negligence" found against the parent or guardian. Id. at 153 (quoting
G.S., 157 N.J. at 178). Instead, "a gross or wanton negligence standard should
be employed in determining whether the parent or guardian had failed to
exercise 'a minimum degree of care' and therefore had committed an act of child
abuse or neglect." N.J. Div. of Youth and Fam. Servs. v. N.M., 438 N.J. Super.
419, 428 (App. Div. 2014) (quoting G.S., 157 N.J. at 178). Willful or wanton
actions are those that are done knowing that injury is likely or probably likely
to occur. Ibid.
In the absence "of actual harm, . . . the statute requires a showing of
'imminent danger' or a 'substantial risk' of harm before a parent or guardian can
be found to have abused or neglected a child." S.I., 437 N.J. Super. at 154
(quoting N.J. Dep't of Child. & Fams. v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1, 8 (2013)). DCF is not
required to "wait until a child is actually harmed . . . before . . . address[ing] . . .
conduct adverse to a minor's welfare." Ibid. (citing N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam.
Servs. v. V.M., 408 N.J. Super. 222, 235-36 (App. Div. 2009) (Carchman,
P.J.A.D., concurring)).
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We are satisfied the Assistant Commissioner's reversal of the ALJ's initial
decision was not arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable, and it did not lack
substantial support in the record. DCF did not disregard the ALJ's credibility
findings. The Assistant Commissioner acknowledged the ALJ's finding that the
DCF's witnesses, who both concluded that sexual abuse did occur, were credible.
He also found the record did not support "K.T.['s] characteriz[ation] [of] her
actions as fondness and affection[] as she would engage in with her own
children." N.J.S.A. 52:14B-10(c). However, the Assistant Commissioner found
the dispute did not turn on the credibility of the witnesses because the video
evidence was equally viewable by DCF, and the determination of abuse and
neglect could be made on the review of videos and the record. ZRB, LLC v.
N.J. Dep't of Env't Prot., 403 N.J. Super. 531, 561-62 (App. Div. 2008).
The Assistant Commissioner relied on evidence in the record to contradict
the conclusion that K.T. was merely acting with affection in her interactions
with B.H. He referred to the note memorializing the discussion with K.T. after
the first incident where she was counseled about "proximity when working with
students" after an "episode of suggestive dancing." The note alerted K.T. that
her conduct was inappropriate, and she needed to maintain an appropriate
distance from B.H.
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In the final agency decision, the Assistant Commissioner clearly stated his
reasons for rejecting the ALJ's findings that the DCF witnesses "were 'perhaps
reaching for something that was not seen on the video.'" He first quoted
Bancroft's investigator's testimony at the hearing describing her observations of
the videos, which included K.T. "run[ning] her hands through B.H.'s hair,"
moving her hand along his jaw before moving her face close to his, giving him
a "peck" on the face—which B.H. reciprocated, and B.H. pulling K.T. to the
floor where she straddles him before the two end up on the roommate's bed. The
Assistant Commissioner then reviewed the first video himself, noting the kiss
"lasted for at least five seconds" and occurred between an adult and a child alone
in the child's bedroom. He then reviewed the second video, noting that K.T.
straddled B.H. in a way where "her groin [was] positioned above his." The
Commissioner found this to be "no less inappropriate" than the five-second kiss.
These observations are supported by a review of the videos, were consistent with
Bancroft's and IAIU's investigative reports, and DCF witnesses' testimony.
DCF's modified factual findings were supported in the record as required under
N.J.S.A. 52:14B-10(c).
The fact that opinions might differ on the severity of the conduct does not
result in a finding that DCF's conclusion, supported by the record evidence, was
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arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable. DCF is not required to wait and see if
worse and more definitive evidence of sexual abuse emerges before intervening
on B.H.'s behalf. S.I., 437 N.J. Super. at 154. There is support in the record
that B.H. was, at a minimum, exposed to a substantial risk of harm during the
kiss and the straddling that took place while he was alone with K.T. in his
bedroom. Ibid.
K.T.'s assertion that she established a parent-like relationship with B.H.
does not change the DCF's conclusion. Such a relationship is not a mitigating
factor in the totality of the circumstance analysis. Indeed, the statute expressly
includes parents as a class of potential perpetrators. N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c).
Affirmed.
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