RENDERED: APRIL 5, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2023-CA-0193-MR
LARRY SWEATT APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM LINCOLN FAMILY COURT
v. HONORABLE MARCUS L. VANOVER, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 21-CI-00277
CRYSTAL POLK APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
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BEFORE: CETRULO, GOODWINE, AND JONES, JUDGES.
CETRULO, JUDGE: This is an appeal from a decision of the Lincoln Family
Court denying grandparent visitation to appellant Larry Sweatt (“Grandfather”).
Finding that the family court properly considered the applicable factors under
Walker v. Blair, 382 S.W.3d 862 (Ky. 2012), we affirm.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A.S., a minor child (“Child”), was born to Clayton Sweatt (“Dad”)
and Appellee Crystal Polk (“Mom”) on July 4, 2018. Sadly, Dad died in 2021 at
22 years of age. Prior to his death, Dad, Mom, and Child lived for a time with
Grandfather. The evidence indicated that the grandparents regularly babysat and
visited Child after Mom and Dad moved.
However, after Dad’s death, Grandfather’s wife also passed away, and
Mom and Grandfather became estranged. Mom moved to Lincoln County, and
Grandfather filed the first petition in this case. The petition sought sole custody of
Child and alleged that Grandfather was a de facto custodian of Child under
Kentucky Revised Statute (“KRS”) 403.270. He further alleged that Mom abused
alcohol and drugs. This petition was filed in Nelson County, where Mom and
Child had previously resided. However, because such actions must be filed where
the child presently resides, the Nelson Family Court transferred the case to Lincoln
County.
There, Grandfather filed an amended petition seeking reasonable
grandparent visitation pursuant to KRS 405.021. Mom objected, and the matter
proceeded to a hearing on September 12, 2022. After hearing the evidence, the
family court entered findings of fact, conclusions of law, and a judgment,
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concluding that Grandfather had failed to meet his burden under Walker v. Blair.
This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the family court’s findings of fact applying the clearly
erroneous standard. Reichle v. Reichle, 719 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Ky. 1986) (citing
Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure 52.01). “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if
it is not supported by substantial evidence.” Sewell v. Sweet, 637 S.W.3d 330, 334
(Ky. App. 2021) (citing Hunter v. Hunter, 127 S.W.3d 656, 659 (Ky. App. 2003)).
Substantial evidence is that which, “when taken alone or in light of all the evidence
. . . has sufficient probative value to induce conviction in the mind of a reasonable
person.” Id. (citation omitted). Under such standard, we give due regard to the
opportunity of the family court to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Reichle,
719 S.W.2d at 444 (citation omitted).
However, “the interpretation of KRS 405.021(1) . . . and the
application of the appropriate standard to the facts are issues of law that we review
de novo.” Walker, 382 S.W.3d at 867 (citation omitted).
ANALYSIS
These cases are difficult in that the relationship between a child and a
grandparent can be one of the most nurturing and valued of all familial
relationships. However, when that relationship is not welcomed or supported by a
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parent, KRS 405.021 sets out the process by which a grandparent can seek
visitation:
(1) (a) The [Family] Court may grant reasonable visitation
rights to either the paternal or maternal grandparents of a
child and issue any necessary orders to enforce the decree
if it determines that it is in the best interest of the child to
do so. Once a grandparent has been granted visitation
rights under this subsection, those rights shall not be
adversely affected by the termination of parental rights
belonging to the grandparent’s son or daughter, who is the
father or mother of the child visited by the grandparent,
unless the [Family] Court determines that it is in the best
interest of the child to do so.
(b) If the parent of the child who is the son or daughter of
the grandparent is deceased, there shall be a rebuttable
presumption that visitation with the grandparent is in the
best interest of the child if the grandparent can prove a pre-
existing significant and viable relationship with the
child.[1]
(c) In order to prove a significant and viable relationship
under paragraph (b) of this subsection, the grandparent
shall prove by a preponderance of the evidence that:
1. The child resided with the grandparent for at
least six (6) consecutive months with or without
the current custodian present;
1
In 2020, our Supreme Court held that Section 1(b) of the grandparent visitation statute
establishing the rebuttable presumption in favor of grandparent visitation violated due process.
Pinto v. Robison, 607 S.W.3d 669 (Ky. 2020). “This opinion should not be read to hold that all
grandparent visitation statutes are unconstitutional. In fact, we are leaving intact KRS
405.021(1)(a) and KRS 405.021(3) as potential avenues for a [family] court to grant grandparent
visitation so long as the trial court complies with Walker in applying those subsections of the
statute.” Id. at 677.
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2. The grandparent was the caregiver of the child
on a regular basis for at least six (6) consecutive
months;
3. The grandparent had frequent or regular contact
with the child for at least twelve (12) consecutive
months; or
4. There exist any other facts that establish that the
loss of the relationship between the grandparent
and the child is likely to harm the child.
In Walker, our Supreme Court, (based on the United States Supreme
Court decision in Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 147 L. Ed. 2d
49 (2000)), explained that “[t]he constitutional presumption that a fit parent acts in
the child’s best interest is the starting point for a trial court’s analysis under KRS
405.021(1).” Walker, 382 S.W.3d at 870-71.
The Court in Walker went on to provide guidance to the bench and bar
by suggesting several factors that could be considered to determine whether
visitation is clearly in the child’s best interest, including:
1) the nature and stability of the relationship between
the child and the grandparent seeking visitation;
2) the amount of time the grandparent and child spent
together;
3) the potential detriments and benefits to the child
from granting visitation;
4) the effect granting visitation would have on the
child’s relationship with the parents;
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5) the physical and emotional health of all the adults
involved, parents and grandparents alike;
6) the stability of the child’s living and schooling
arrangements; and
7) the wishes and preferences of the child.
To this list, we add:
8) the motivation of the adults participating in the
grandparent visitation proceedings.
Id. at 871 (citing Vibbert v. Vibbert, 144 S.W.3d 292, 295 (Ky. App. 2004)).
Our Supreme Court has made it clear that the trial court must begin
with a presumption of fitness of the parent. Id. Then, the trial court should turn to
the above factors “to decide whether the fit parent is clearly mistaken in the belief
that grandparent visitation is not in the child’s best interest.” Id. The family court
in this case correctly identified this standard in its judgment.
Although the brief is unclear, it seems that Grandfather is arguing that
the family court’s factual findings were incorrect. For instance, he asserts that the
family court incorrectly referred to Dad and Mom as married, when they were not.
However, upon review of the record, we do not find that to have been an issue in
the family court’s decision. Additionally, Grandfather argues that he did not have
any animosity toward Mom, and yet the trial court found that granting visitation
could have a negative impact on Child’s relationship with Mom. Again, from our
review of the record, it was clear that the relationship was at least strained. Indeed,
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most of the evidence at the hearing focused on the animosity between Grandfather
(and his family) and Mom. There was testimony regarding an argument at Dad’s
funeral. There was evidence of an altercation between family members on both
sides. The family court questioned Mom as to whether this could be worked out
between them, to no avail.
Turning then to the best interest factors that the family court
considered in this case, we note that there were differing accounts as to the extent
of Grandfather’s relationship with Child. It was uncontested that Child lived in
Grandfather’s home with his parents shortly after his birth. However, it was
contested as to how frequently Grandfather saw Child in the last year or two. The
family court noted that neither the physical health of the adults nor Child’s living
arrangements were barriers for visitation, but that Child’s tender age precluded
consideration of Child’s wishes.
While Grandfather’s petition suggested that there were previous
concerns regarding Mom’s substance abuse, Grandfather presented no evidence
supporting that allegation. The initial petition, as mentioned, sought custody of
Child and alleged that Mom was unfit. However, having reviewed the record
below, it is clear that the trial court presumed Mom was fit and Grandfather
presented no evidence to rebut that presumption. See Walker, 382 S.W.3d at 871.
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As was also true in Walker, one of the parents is now deceased.
While a relationship with a child’s deceased parent’s family could be beneficial,
Kentucky courts cannot presume that grandparents and grandchildren will always
benefit from contact with each other. Walker, 382 S.W.3d at 872. Evidence that a
grandparent spent time with the child cannot, alone, overcome the presumption that
the parent is acting in the child’s best interest in denying visitation. Id.
As we have said before, every case is certainly different, and Walker
recognizes the fact-intensive nature of ruling on requests for grandparent visitation.
Id. at 871. Because “the facts of each case dictate which Walker factors are most
relevant and possibly dispositive . . . all eight Walker factors need not be
considered[.]” Massie v. Navy, 487 S.W.3d 443, 447 (Ky. 2016). Here, the family
court made findings of fact and considered or addressed the applicable factors as
set forth above. The family court has great discretion in such cases to judge the
credibility of the witnesses. Reichle, 719 S.W.2d at 444 (citation omitted).
Whether we would have made the same findings and regardless of conflicting
evidence, we cannot disturb factual findings supported by substantial evidence as
we must give due regard to the family court’s assessment of the weight of the
evidence and the credibility of witnesses. Jones v. Jones, 617 S.W.3d 418, 424-25
(Ky. App. 2021) (citation omitted).
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At the end of the day, in accordance with our statute and caselaw, a
grandparent must convince the family court that a fit parent is mistaken in her
belief that the child’s best interests are served by denying that child time with the
grandparent. Here, Grandfather simply failed to convince the family court of that
heavy burden.
For the foregoing reasons, we find that the Lincoln Family Court’s
factual findings were supported by substantial evidence and application of those
facts to the Walker factors supported the conclusion that grandparent visitation was
not in Child’s best interest; therefore, we AFFIRM.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Jude A. Hagan Theodore H. Lavit
Lebanon, Kentucky Cameron C. Griffith
Lebanon, Kentucky
.
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