Joseph ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and
Lula Elezovic, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v.
FORD MOTOR COMPANY and Daniel P. Bennett, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
Docket No. 236749.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted August 7, 2003, at Detroit. Decided October 23, 2003, at 9:10 a.m. Released for Publication January 8, 2004.*779 Granzotto & Nicita, P.C. (by Mark Granzotto) and Edwards & Jennings, P.C. (by Alice B. Jennings), Detroit, for Lula Elezovic.
Kienbaum Opperwall Hardy & Pelton, P.L.C. (by Julia Turner Baumhart), Birmingham and Robert W. Powell, Dearborn, for Ford Motor Company.
Sommers, Schwartz, Silver & Schwartz, P.C. (by Sam G. Morgan and Patrick Burkett), Southfield, for Daniel P. Bennett.
Before: JANSEN, P.J., and NEFF and KIRSTEN FRANK KELLY, JJ. *777
*778 NEFF, J.
Plaintiff Lula Elezovic[1] appeals as of right the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of defendant Ford Motor Company and defendant Daniel Bennett, a former supervisor at Ford, on plaintiff's claims of sexual harassment and gender *780 discrimination. We affirm the grant of the directed verdict in favor of Ford. We also affirm the grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett, but only because we are bound to do so by the recent holding in Jager v. Nationwide Truck Brokers, Inc., 252 Mich.App. 464, 478, 652 N.W.2d 503 (2002), in which a panel of this Court decided that under the Michigan Civil Rights Act (CRA), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq., an individual supervisor cannot be held liable, separate from his employer, for hostile environment sexual harassment. MCR 7.215(J). Were we not bound by the holding in Jager, we would reverse the grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett on plaintiff's hostile environment claim, M.C.L. § 37.2103(i)(iii).
I
Plaintiff, an hourly production worker at Ford's Wixom Assembly Plant, filed this action in November 1999 against Ford and Bennett, alleging claims of sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and retaliation. At the core of plaintiff's claims was alleged conduct by Bennett from 1995 through 1999 that included Bennett exposing his penis and masturbating when alone with plaintiff in the Wixom plant rail yard, obscene gestures and lewd facial expressions simulating oral sex, a physical attack at a plant bathroom, and repeated sexual remarks such as asking plaintiff if her "boobs [were] real," saying that he "would like to stick [his] dick in between [her] boobs," and licking his lips and asking for a "blow job." According to plaintiff, she did not complain to Ford of Bennett's sexual harassment because of her Albanian cultural background and fear of reprisals or further intimidation by Bennett. However, plaintiff complained about nonsexual matters involving Bennett and her work conditions at Ford. She also sought psychological counseling and medical care, which she said were made necessary by the harassment at work.
Following a three-week jury trial in August 2001, the trial court directed a verdict in favor of defendants, finding that plaintiff had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination or retaliation by Ford or Bennett. Plaintiff appeals the grant of directed verdict on her claims of sexual harassment and gender discrimination.[2] She also alleges error requiring reversal in the court's evidentiary rulings.
II
The sexual conduct alleged by plaintiff formed the basis of separate claims of sex discrimination under the CRA. We find error only with regard to the claim of hostile environment sexual harassment, and only with regard to defendant Bennett. We therefore first address plaintiff's claim that the court erred in directing a verdict for defendants on her hostile environment sexual harassment claim.
A
This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for a directed verdict. Derbabian v. S & C Snowplowing, Inc., 249 Mich.App. 695, 701, 644 N.W.2d 779 (2002). A directed verdict is appropriate only when no factual question exists upon which reasonable minds could differ. Cacevic v. Simplematic Engineering Co. (On Remand), 248 Mich.App. 670, 679-680, 645 N.W.2d 287 (2001). We view all the evidence admitted up to the time of the motion, in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, granting that party every reasonable inference, to determine whether a question of fact existed. Id. at 679, 645 N.W.2d 287; Tobin v. Providence Hosp., 244 Mich.App. *781 626, 651-652, 624 N.W.2d 548 (2001). When the evidence could lead reasonable jurors to disagree, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the jury. Id. at 652, 624 N.W.2d 548.
B
The CRA prohibits an employer from discriminating because of sex, which includes sexual harassment. M.C.L. § 37.2202(1); M.C.L. § 37.2103(i); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc., 463 Mich. 297, 309, 614 N.W.2d 910 (2000); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc. (On Remand), 244 Mich.App. 614, 617, 624 N.W.2d 543 (2001). M.C.L. § 37.2103(i) provides:
Discrimination because of sex includes sexual harassment. Sexual harassment means unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature under the following conditions:
(i) Submission to the conduct or communication is made a term or condition either explicitly or implicitly to obtain employment....
(ii) Submission to or rejection of the conduct or communication by an individual is used as a factor in decisions affecting the individual's employment....
(iii) The conduct or communication has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual's employment... or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive employment ... environment.
When sexual harassment falls under one of the first two subsections, it is commonly referred to as quid pro quo harassment; when it falls under the third subsection, it is commonly labeled hostile environment harassment. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 310, 614 N.W.2d 910.
To establish a claim of hostile environment harassment, an employee must prove the following elements by a preponderance of the evidence:
"(1) the employee belonged to a protected group;
(2) the employee was subjected to communication or conduct on the basis of sex;
(3) the employee was subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct or communication;
(4) the unwelcome sexual conduct or communication was intended to or in fact did substantially interfere with the employee's employment or created an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment; and
(5) respondeat superior." [Id. at 311, 614 N.W.2d 910, quoting Radtke v. Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 382-383, 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993).]
With regard to the respondeat superior element of a claim of hostile environment harassment, the Chambers Court explained:
"Under the Michigan Civil Rights Act, an employer may avoid liability [in a hostile environment case] `if it adequately investigated and took prompt and appropriate remedial action upon notice of the alleged hostile work environment.'... Such prompt and appropriate remedial action will permit an employer to avoid liability if the plaintiff accuses either a co-worker ... or a supervisor of sexual harassment.... An employer, of course must have notice of alleged harassment before being held liable for not implementing action." [Id. at 312, 614 N.W.2d 910, quoting Radtke, supra at 396-397, 501 N.W.2d 155.]
Thus, an employer may avoid liability for a claim of sexual harassment if it does not have actual or constructive notice *782 of the alleged harassment. Radtke, supra at 396 n. 44, 501 N.W.2d 155.
In this case, the trial court granted a directed verdict on the basis that plaintiff had failed to establish that Ford had notice of the alleged sexual harassment. Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we find no error in the court's conclusion.
In McCarthy v. State Farm Ins. Co., 170 Mich.App. 451, 457, 428 N.W.2d 692 (1988), this Court explained what is meant by actual or constructive notice:
"Where ... the plaintiff seeks to hold the employer responsible for the hostile environment created by the plaintiff's supervisor or co-worker, she must show that the employer knew or should have known of the harassment in question and failed to take prompt remedial action.... The employee can demonstrate that the employer knew of the harassment by showing that she complained to higher management of the harassment... or by showing the pervasiveness of the harassment, which gives rise to the inference of knowledge or constructive knowledge." [Id. at 457, 428 N.W.2d 692, quoting Henson v. Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 905 (C.A.11,1982).]
In Sheridan v. Forest Hills Pub. Schools, 247 Mich.App. 611, 622, 637 N.W.2d 536 (2001), this Court defined the term "higher management" to mean someone in the employer's chain of command who possesses the ability to exercise significant influence in the decision-making process of hiring, firing, and disciplining the offensive employee.
With regard to actual notice, plaintiff asserts that she told two of her supervisors of the 1995 incident in which Bennett masturbated in front of her. However, plaintiff asked them as friends to keep this confidential and to not tell anyone. She admitted that she did not want them to report Bennett's conduct to labor relations, the department responsible for investigating complaints of sexual harassment. Under these circumstances, plaintiff's report of Bennett's conduct to her supervisors does not constitute actual notice to Ford, such that it could investigate the matter and take remedial action.
Our conclusion regarding actual notice is not altered by the fact that Ford's antiharassment policy sets forth procedures requiring supervisors to report complaints of sexual harassment. "[N]otice of sexual harassment is adequate if, by an objective standard, the totality of the circumstances were such that a reasonable employer would have been aware of a substantial probability that sexual harassment was occurring." Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 319, 614 N.W.2d 910. Given that plaintiff asked her supervisors to keep the information in confidence and not tell anyone about Bennett's unwanted advances, there was not a "substantial probability" that Ford would have been aware of the hostile work environment claim so as to trigger "prompt and adequate remedial action" on its part.
We also reject plaintiff's argument that actual notice was provided by other communications to Ford made on behalf of plaintiff. Contrary to plaintiff's contention, there is no evidence that the letters from her psychologist, Dr. Parker, provided Ford with adequate notice that plaintiff was being subjected to sexual harassment by Bennett or to a work environment made hostile by sexual harassment. These letters make no reference to sexual conduct, and, as plaintiff herself admitted, she filed various grievances and labor relations complaints over the years against Bennett, but never once complained about sexual harassment by him.
*783 Plaintiff claims that she presented additional evidence that she complained to Ford officials that Bennett was harassing her, that she was frightened of him, and, further, that her son-in-law, Paul Lulgjuraj, wrote a letter to Ford's supervisor of labor relations, Jerome Rush, asserting that Lulgjuraj might take legal action "to insure that our client is not subjected to working in a hostile environment." The letter did not mention that plaintiff was being subjected to sexual harassment. Although the letter from Lulgjuraj referenced a "hostile environment," plaintiff admitted that its purpose was to notify Ford that she was accusing her co-worker, Tami Holcomb, of threatening her life and she also admitted that the letter was not communicating anything to Ford about there being sexual harassment at Ford. This additional evidence does not, under the objective standard of Chambers, establish that Ford would have been aware that sexual harassment was occurring. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 319, 614 N.W.2d 910. Plaintiff failed to show that Ford had actual notice of the alleged sexual harassment.
We also find no error in the court's conclusion that plaintiff failed to establish constructive notice of the alleged sexual harassment. The trial court held that plaintiff had not adduced sufficient evidence showing that Bennett's conduct was so pervasive that it gives rise to the inference of knowledge or constructive knowledge. Sheridan, supra at 627, 637 N.W.2d 536; McCarthy, supra at 457, 428 N.W.2d 692. In addition to the incidents involving Bennett's sexual harassment, plaintiff provided testimony that other supervisors sexually harassed her and that other female employees were sexually harassed. Nonetheless, this evidence did not establish that the sexual harassment was such that Ford had constructive notice. Plaintiff indicated that there were no witnesses to the alleged incidents of sexual harassment against her. Further, the complaint of alleged sexual harassment of plaintiff's coworker cannot be said to establish notice with respect to plaintiff's claim of harassment. Sheridan, supra at 627-628, 637 N.W.2d 536.
Because plaintiff failed to show that she provided actual or constructive notice to Ford concerning the existence of a sexually hostile working environment, Ford cannot be vicariously liable for her hostile environment claim. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 312, 614 N.W.2d 910; Radtke, supra at 395 n. 41, 501 N.W.2d 155. Thus, the trial court did not err in directing a verdict for Ford on plaintiff's hostile environment claim.
C
We find error in the trial court's conclusion that plaintiff failed to establish a hostile environment sexual harassment claim against Bennett; however, we are nonetheless obligated to affirm the court's decision in light of Jager, supra. As Bennett notes, and plaintiff concedes on appeal, this Court recently held that the CRA imposes liability only on employers, and not on individual employees of employers, with regard to sexual harassment claims. Id. at 478, 485, 652 N.W.2d 503. Thus, the Jager Court concluded that "a supervisor engaging in activity prohibited by the CRA may not be held individually liable for violating a plaintiff's civil rights." Id. at 485, 652 N.W.2d 503. Accordingly, Jager requires a conclusion that Bennett has no individual liability for sexual harassment.
Nonetheless, we conclude that Jager was wrongly decided. The Court in Jager relied on federal precedent and analyses under title VII in deciding that the CRA does not allow for individual liability for *784 sexual harassment, stating: "We believe that, like title VII, the language in the definition of `employer' concerning an `agent' of the employer was meant merely to denote respondeat superior, rather than individual liability." Jager, supra at 484, 652 N.W.2d 503.
We find Jager's reliance on federal law misplaced. The Michigan Supreme Court has recognized that unlike the federal law, the CRA expressly establishes a cause of action for sexual harassment and that employer liability under the CRA for sexual harassment is based on traditional agency principles. Chambers, supra at 311, 315-316, 326, 614 N.W.2d 910. Thus, this Court has observed that the theories of liability underlying federal sexual harassment cases must be distinguished from those underlying the CRA:
To the extent that the dissent relies on federal cases involving sexual harassment claims under title VII, that reliance is misplaced. In Chambers, our Supreme Court held that federal principles of vicarious liability related to sexual harassment claims brought under the federal title VII do not apply to claims brought under Michigan's CRA. The Court reasoned that federal principles are contrary to Michigan case law and the express language of the CRA. Chambers, supra at 303, 316, 614 N.W.2d 910.... The Court concluded that common-law agency principles determine when an employer is liable for sexual harassment committed by its employees under the CRA, whereas federal principles of vicarious liability pertinent to title VII are founded in negligence. As such, the Court refused to apply federal principles to sexual harassment claims alleging employer liability under the CRA. Id. at 311, 314-316, 614 N.W.2d 910. See Chambers v. Trettco, Inc. (On Remand), 244 Mich.App. 614, 618, 624 N.W.2d 543 (2001) (recognizing that under federal law, once "a plaintiff has established that a supervisor created a hostile working environment, the burden shifts to the employer to disprove vicarious liability for the supervisor's actions," but that "under state law, vicarious liability will be found only where the plaintiff has carried the burden of proving respondeat superior"). Given that clear mandate by our Supreme Court, we cannot apply federal title VII principles of vicarious liability in defining the term "higher management" as it relates to a claim under the CRA. We instead rely on the express language of the CRA and the cited Michigan cases in determining the proper standard. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 303, 316, 614 N.W.2d 910. [Sheridan, supra at 622-623 n. 12, 637 N.W.2d 536.]
Michigan's CRA is rooted in common-law agency principles. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 311, 614 N.W.2d 910. The Chambers Court stated, "[b]ecause the Civil Rights Act expressly defines `employer' to include agents, we rely on common-law agency principles in determining when an employer is liable for sexual harassment committed by its employees." Id. In this case, we can find no basis for distinguishing Chambers on the ground that it involved an issue of employer liability.
The CRA prohibits an employer from discriminating because of sex, which includes sexual harassment, as defined in M.C.L. § 37.2103(i). The statute expressly defines an employer as including an agent:
"Employer" means a person who has 1 or more employees, and includes an agent of that person. [M.C.L. § 37.2201(a).]
"Person" means an individual, agent, association, corporation, joint apprenticeship committee, joint stock company, *785 labor organization, legal representative, mutual company, partnership, receiver, trust, trustee in bankruptcy, unincorporated organization, the state or a political subdivision of the state or an agency of the state, or any other legal or commercial entity. [M.C.L. § 37.2103(g).]
The Legislature expressly and separately added "agent" to the definition of "employer." This definitional language indicates that an agent bears liability for discrimination. Common-law agency principles are in keeping with this language. Under agency principles, an agent is generally liable to a third person for misfeasance and for his own tortious acts. See Michigan Pleading and Practice, Agency, § 104, p. 366; Warren Tool Co. v. Stephenson, 11 Mich.App. 274, 300, 161 N.W.2d 133 (1968).
In reaching its holding, the Jager Court relied on the reasoning of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in Wathen v. Gen. Electric Co., 115 F.3d 400, 406 (C.A.6, 1997), which found that the language "and any agent of such a person"[3] in the federal act did not impose individual liability for sexual harassment. However, the Wathen court relied in key part on the limitation in the federal law's definition of employer that limits liability for discrimination to employers with fifteen or more employees. Id. at 406. We disagree with the Jager Court's conclusion that this distinction "does not signal an intent by the Legislature to make individuals as well as employers liable under the act." Jager, supra at 483-484, 652 N.W.2d 503. The Wathen court reasoned that it was inconceivable that a Congress concerned with protecting small employers would simultaneously allow civil liability to run against individuals. Id. at 406. Unlike the federal act, the CRA expressly prohibits sexual harassment, Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 315, 614 N.W.2d 910, and clearly expresses the Legislature's intent that sexual harassment be strictly prohibited in this state's work environment, including the workplace of the smallest employer. M.C.L. § 37.2201(a). Further, contrary to the reasoning of Wathen,[4] the CRA's remedy provisions are not incompatible with the imposition of individual liability for violations of the act since the CRA allows damages for injury or loss caused by each violation of the CRA, including reasonable attorney fees. M.C.L. § 37.2801(1) and (3); Hall v. State Farm Ins. Co., 18 F Supp 2d 751, 764 (E.D.Mich., 1998).
We are not the first to question the statutory interpretation espoused in Jager. While adhering to the Jager holding, the court in United States ex rel Diop v. Wayne Co. Community College Dist., 242 F. Supp. 2d 497, 507 (E.D.Mich., 2003), noted its disagreement with the Jager interpretation of the CRA given the statutory language: "[T]his Court does not necessarily endorse the Michigan Court of Appeals' interpretation of the language in the Elliott-Larsen Act in Jager, as it believes that the language `includes an agent of that employer,' could, under principles of strict statutory construction, well be read as extending liability to individuals. Otherwise, this phrase is merely surplusage, *786 as it adds nothing to the definitional scope of `employer,' which itself defines the term `employer' as a person." We concur with this observation.
Chambers, implicitly, if not explicitly, recognized that an individual may be held liable for sexual harassment under the CRA. The Court noted that its distinctions with regard to employer liability for hostile environment sexual harassment "simply allows this Court to determine whether the sexual harasser's employer, in addition to the sexual harasser himself, is to be held responsible for the misconduct." Chambers, supra at 320, 614 N.W.2d 910 (emphasis in original). We are unable to reconcile the holding in Jager with the Supreme Court's analyses in Chambers or the language of the CRA.
The facts of this case bear out the anomalous result with respect to Bennett under the holding in Jager. Merely because the company is absolved of legal fault for lack of notice, the alleged perpetrator-supervisor is also shielded from liability, even though he purposely created a hostile work environment, and even though his conduct, if proved, undeniably constitutes sexual harassment.[5]
We conclude that under the controlling legal principles regarding sexual harassment under Michigan law, Chambers, supra at 313, 614 N.W.2d 910, the Legislature did not intend to preclude individual liability for sexual harassment. Were it not for this Court's holding in Jager, we would reverse the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett with regard to plaintiff's hostile environment claim.
III
We find no error requiring reversal with regard to plaintiff's remaining claims. The trial court did not err in granting a directed verdict on plaintiff's claim of gender discrimination. To establish a claim of gender discrimination, plaintiff must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) she is female, (2) she was subjected to an adverse employment action, (3) she was qualified for the position, and (4) similarly situated male employees were treated more favorably so as to be "unaffected by the employer's adverse conduct." Town v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 455 Mich. 688, 695, 568 N.W.2d 64 (1997). Contrary to plaintiff's claim, the trial court properly concluded that plaintiff failed to identify and prove that a similarly situated male employee had been treated more favorably.
IV
The trial court did not err in granting a directed verdict on plaintiff's *787 claim of quid pro quo sexual harassment. In Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 310, 614 N.W.2d 910, the Court, quoting Champion v. Nationwide Security, Inc., 450 Mich. 702, 708-709, 545 N.W.2d 596 (1996), set forth the elements of quid pro quo sexual harassment claim. Specifically, a plaintiff must prove:
"(1) that she was subject to any of the types of unwelcome sexual conduct or communication described in the statute, and (2) that her employer or the employer's agent used her submission to or rejection of the proscribed conduct as a factor in a decision affecting her employment."
Plaintiff failed to introduce sufficient evidence identifying a tangible employment action resulting from Bennett's sexual harassment. There was no "objective evidence" that plaintiff suffered a "materially and objectively adverse" employment decision. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 320 n. 7, 614 N.W.2d 910. The record reflects that plaintiff suffered no tangible employment action with regard to being "bumped" because she continued to perform the same job for the same wage and returned to her former shift within a few weeks. Plaintiff presented no evidence that she was denied overtime after Bennett's sexual harassment.
Moreover, plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence showing that the "bumping" and the denial of overtime were caused by Bennett's misconduct. Decisions regarding bumps in shifts and overtime were a function of the collective bargaining agreement and were not controlled by individual supervisors. Finally, given the passage of time from Bennett's misconduct in 1995 to the alleged adverse employment action, plaintiff failed to show the necessary causal linkage required by Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 317, 614 N.W.2d 910.
V
We find no basis for reversal with regard to plaintiff's evidentiary claims. The decision whether to admit evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. Chmielewski v. Xermac, Inc., 457 Mich. 593, 614, 580 N.W.2d 817 (1998); Pena v. Ingham Co. Rd. Comm., 255 Mich.App. 299, 303, 660 N.W.2d 351 (2003). An abuse of discretion exists when an unprejudiced person, considering the facts on which the trial court acted, would say that there was no justification or excuse for the ruling. People v. Rice (On Remand), 235 Mich.App. 429, 439, 597 N.W.2d 843 (1999).
A
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding, under MRE 404(b) evidence of Bennett's 1995 conviction of indecent exposure and the facts associated with that conviction. According to plaintiff, Bennett's indecent exposure conviction arose from a nonwork-related incident in which Bennett reportedly followed a car on the expressway with three teenage girls in it, pulled alongside the girls' car, and began waving and pointing at his groin area, whereupon the girls saw that Bennett was masturbating. Because Bennett was driving a company car, the police traced the license plate to Ford, and the head of security informed them that the car was assigned to Bennett. He was convicted of indecent exposure after a trial.[6]
MRE 404(b) provides:
(1) Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show *788 action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in the case.
To be admissible under MRE 404(b), evidence generally must satisfy three requirements: (1) it must be offered for a proper purpose, (2) it must be relevant, and (3) its probative value must not be substantially outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice, MRE 403. People v. Starr, 457 Mich. 490, 496, 498, 577 N.W.2d 673 (1998); People v. VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 74-75, 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993), mod. 445 Mich. 1205, 520 N.W.2d 338 (1994). A proper purpose is one other than establishing the defendant's character to show his propensity to commit the offense. Id. at 74, 508 N.W.2d 114.
1
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of Bennett's conviction. Plaintiff failed to establish that the evidence was offered for a proper purpose.
Bennett's act of indecent exposure outside the workplace is not sufficiently similar to sexually harassing an employee in the workplace to establish a common plan, scheme, or system. People v. Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43, 63-66, 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000). Unlike in Sabin, at 64-65, 614 N.W.2d 888, here, there was not a sufficiently strong showing that evidence of Bennett's conviction shared a "concurrence of common features" with his alleged sexual harassment of plaintiff. Further, even if the evidence was admitted for a proper purpose, we would find no abuse of discretion in the court's exclusion of the evidence otherwise under MRE 404(b).
2
We also reject plaintiff's claim that Bennett's conviction was admissible against Ford because it was essential evidence of notice to Ford of Bennett's conduct, which was necessary to proving respondeat superior. Chambers, supra at 312, 614 N.W.2d 910. As plaintiff correctly notes, the Michigan Supreme Court has taken a "sliding scale" approach to the MRE 403 analysis. See People v. Mills, 450 Mich. 61, 75-76, 537 N.W.2d 909 (1995), mod. 450 Mich. 1212, 539 N.W.2d 504 (1995). "[T]he idea of prejudice denotes a situation in which there exists a danger that marginally probative evidence will be given undue or pre-emptive weight by the jury." Mills, supra at 75, 537 N.W.2d 909, quoting Sclafani v. Peter S. Cusimano, Inc., 130 Mich.App. 728, 735, 344 N.W.2d 347 (1983).
Plaintiff contends that Bennett's conviction was highly probative evidence and should have been admitted because it was "absolutely essential background fact" in considering the totality of the circumstances with regard to notice. Sheridan, supra at 622, 637 N.W.2d 536. Plaintiff maintains that knowledge of the indecent exposure conviction would lead a reasonable employer to conclude that plaintiff's general complaints about Bennett were indicative of sexual harassment. Plaintiff asserts that such essential evidence can never be excluded under MRE 403.
We find plaintiff's argument unconvincing. Plaintiff had previously made a specific complaint of sexual harassment against her union committeeman at Ford and, on the contrary, voiced only nonsexual complaints against Bennett. Under these circumstances, we cannot agree with plaintiff's contention that the evidence was essentially *789 conclusively probative of notice. Plaintiff has otherwise failed to show any link between Ford's knowledge of Bennett's indecent exposure conviction and Ford's receipt or investigation of plaintiff's work complaints. The court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the conviction evidence on the basis that its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. At most, the evidentiary issue presented a close question. There can ordinarily be no abuse of discretion in a trial court's decision regarding a close evidentiary question. Sabin, supra at 67, 614 N.W.2d 888.
B
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of other sexual harassment complaints at Ford Wixom. According to plaintiff, the trial court's exclusion of a database of sexual harassment claims brought at Ford Wixom, prepared by her counsel, prevented her from exploring at trial these other charges of sexual harassment and was directly relevant in assessing Ford's respondeat superior liability.
Contrary to plaintiff's contention, the database evidence was not automatically admissible merely because Chambers requires consideration of the totality of the circumstances. As Ford correctly argues, the phrase "the totality of circumstances" refers to the circumstances of a plaintiff's work environment.
A hostile work environment claim is actionable only when, in the totality of the circumstances, the work environment is so tainted by harassment that a reasonable person would have understood that the defendant's conduct or communication had either the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with the plaintiff's employment, or subjecting the plaintiff to an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. [Radtke, supra at 398, 501 N.W.2d 155.]
Even though the trial court excluded the "database" enumerating the complaints filed at Ford Wixom, it did not exclude those complaints that were relevant to plaintiff's work environment. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the complaints that did not pertain to plaintiff's work environment.
VI
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing plaintiff's request to add Pamela Perez to her witness list. A trial court's decision to bar testimony of a witness who was not identified within the period established by the court is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Hayes-Albion Corp. v. Kuberski, 421 Mich. 170, 188, 364 N.W.2d 609 (1984). "This Court will not disturb a trial court's decision regarding whether to permit a witness to testify, after a party has failed to comply with a deadline for submission of a witness list, absent an abuse of discretion." Carmack v. Macomb Co. Community College, 199 Mich.App. 544, 546, 502 N.W.2d 746 (1993).
Plaintiff's complaint was filed in November 1999. After extensive discovery and numerous pretrial motions, the trial court scheduled the trial to begin on August 13, 2001. On June 28, 2001, it came to light, during a deposition in an unrelated case against the same defendants, that another Ford Wixom female employee, Perez, claimed that she too had been subjected to unwanted sexual advances made by Bennett.
On July 2, 2001, plaintiff filed an emergency motion to add Perez as a witness in this case. Perez appeared for her deposition on July 25, 2001, which was less than three weeks before the trial was scheduled to start. At the deposition, Perez testified *790 about several incidents involving inappropriate sexual behavior on the part of Bennett. After hearing argument from counsel, the trial court refused to allow Perez to testify.
Although plaintiff argues that defendants were not prejudiced because they had the opportunity to depose Perez, plaintiff acknowledges that defendants needed time to find the witnesses who could confirm or deny the allegations made by Perez. We therefore find no abuse of discretion in the denial of plaintiff's request to add Perez as a witness in this case, especially considering that plaintiff had filed her complaint in November 1999 and that the case was about to go to trial.
VII
In light of our above conclusions, we do not address defendants' claim on cross-appeal that plaintiff's sexual harassment allegation concerning the alleged exposure incident was barred by the statute of limitations.
Affirmed.
JANSEN, P.J., concurred.
KIRSTEN FRANK KELLY, J. (concurring).
I respectfully disagree with the majority's conclusion that Jager v. Nationwide Truck Brokers, Inc., 252 Mich.App. 464, 478, 652 N.W.2d 503 (2002), was wrongfully decided. Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett on plaintiff's hostile environment claim, M.C.L. § 37.2103(i)(iii), on the basis of Jager not because I am bound by court rule to follow it, but because it was correctly decided. I concur with the majority in all other respects.
As noted by the majority, the CRA prohibits an employer from discriminating because of sex, which includes sexual harassment. M.C.L. § 37.2202(1); M.C.L. § 37.2103(i); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc., 463 Mich. 297, 309, 614 N.W.2d 910 (2000); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc. (On Remand), 244 Mich.App. 614, 617, 624 N.W.2d 543 (2001). The CRA clearly expresses the Legislature's intent that sexual harassment be strictly prohibited in this state's work environment, including the workplace of the smallest employer. M.C.L. § 37.2201(a).
The statute defines "employer" as including an agent of that employer. M.C.L. § 37.2201(a). However, the simple fact that M.C.L. § 37.2201(a) defines "employer" as including an "agent of that [employer]" does not, in and of itself, authorize a CRA claim against such an agent.[1] Rather, I read the statute as meaning that an employing entity may be held liable for the individual and collective acts of it agents. This reading is supported by Chambers, wherein our Supreme Court stated:
Because the Civil Rights Act expressly defines "employer" to include agents, we rely on common-law agency principles in determining when an employer is liable for sexual harassment committed by its employees....
... The bottom line is that, in cases involving a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must show some fault on the part of the employer. That is the essence of Radtke's requirement that a plaintiff prove that the employer failed to take prompt and adequate remedial action upon notice of the creation of a hostile work environment.
*791 Therefore, under current Michigan law ... the question is always whether it can be fairly said that the employer committed the violationeither directly or through an agent. The fact that the answer to that question may differ depending on whether the harassment is of the quid pro quo or hostile environment type is not a result of arbitrary rulemaking, but, rather, is firmly rooted in traditional agency principles. [Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 311-312, 614 N.W.2d 910 (emphasis added).]
Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done within the scope of the agent's authority, "even though acting contrary to instructions." Dick Loehr's, Inc. v. Secretary of State, 180 Mich.App. 165, 168, 446 N.W.2d 624 (1989). This is because, in part, an agency relationship arises where the principal has the right to control the conduct of the agent. St. Clair Intermediate School Dist. v. Intermediate Ed. Ass'n/Michigan Ed. Ass'n, 458 Mich. 540, 558 n. 18, 581 N.W.2d 707 (1998) (citations omitted). The employer is also liable for the torts of his employee if "`the servant purported to act or to speak on behalf of the principal and there was reliance upon apparent authority, or he was aided in accomplishing the tort by the existence of the agency relation,'" McCann v. Michigan, 398 Mich. 65, 71, 247 N.W.2d 521 (1976), quoting Restatement of Agency, 2d § 219(2)(d), p. 481; see also Champion v. Nationwide Security, Inc., 450 Mich. 702, 704, 712, 545 N.W.2d 596 (1996), citing Restatement of Agency, 2d § 219(2)(d), p. 481 ("the master is liable for the tort of his servant if the servant `was aided in accomplishing the tort by the existence of the agency relation' "). In Backus v. Kauffman (On Rehearing), 238 Mich.App. 402, 409, 605 N.W.2d 690 (1999), this Court stated:
The term "authority" is defined by Black's Law Dictionary to include "the power delegated by a principal to an agent." Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed.), p. 127. "Scope of authority" is defined in the following manner: "The reasonable power that an agent has been delegated or might foreseeably be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
Statutory language should be construed reasonably, keeping in mind the purpose of the act. Draprop Corp. v. Ann Arbor, 247 Mich.App. 410, 415, 636 N.W.2d 787 (2001). As stated previously, the purpose of the CRA was to strictly prohibit discrimination in the workplace committed directly by the employer or through its agents. I agree that "the language in the definition of `employer' concerning an `agent' of the employer was meant merely to denote respondeat superior, rather than individual liability." Jager, supra at 484, 652 N.W.2d 503. This is consistent with our Supreme Court's holding in Radtke v. Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 382-383, 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993), that a plaintiff must necessarily prove the element of respondeat superior in a claim of hostile environment harassment. Bringing a CRA claim against an agent of the employer in an individual capacity would render this requirement superfluous and do nothing to forward the purposes of the act. Thus, I concur in the Jager Court's conclusion that the inclusion of "agent" within the definition of "employer" "does not signal an intent by the Legislature to make individuals as well as employers liable under the act." Jager, supra at 483-484, 652 N.W.2d 503.
Accordingly, I disagree with the majority that Jager was wrongly decided and I would affirm the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennet.
NOTES
[1] Plaintiff Joseph Elezovic, Lula's husband, is not involved in this appeal.
[2] Plaintiff does not appeal the grant of a directed verdict regarding her retaliation claim.
[3] "Title VII defines `employer' to mean `a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees ... and any agent of such a person.'" Jager, supra at 483 n. 12, 652 N.W.2d 503, quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b).
[4] The Wathen court reasoned that Congress did not envision individual liability because title VII's remedial provisions initially limited recovery to reinstatement and back pay, remedies available only from an employer, and when it was subsequently amended to allow compensatory and punitive damages, Congress calibrated the amounts recoverable to the size of the employer. Wathen, supra at 406.
[5] The holding in Jager appears to be leading to greater inconsistency in outcomes with regard to claims under the CRA. Recently, in Poches v. Electronic Data Systems Corp., 266 F. Supp. 2d 623, 628 (E.D.Mich., 2003), the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan rejected the analysis of Jager with regard to an anti-retaliation claim under the CRA, concluding that the Legislature's use of the broader term "person" under the anti-retaliation provision supports a conclusion that the Legislature intended the imposition of individual liability for retaliation under the CRA:
Here, the Michigan Legislature has clearly spokenit has prohibited retaliation by any "person," in contrast to its prohibition on discrimination by an "employer," and it has expressly defined "person" more broadly than "employer," with the former encompassing the latter. Following this plain language where it naturally leads, the Court concludes that the scope of liability is broader under the Elliott-Larsen Act's anti-retaliation provision than under the Act's anti-discrimination provision. If this is not what the Michigan Legislature intended through its use of different terms in the two provisions, it is the task of that body, and not this Court, to amend the Act accordingly.
[6] According to defendant Ford, Bennett's conviction was subsequently expunged.
[1] This is not to say, of course, that no action at all can lie against an actor individually. Traditional tort actions, when warranted, could still be asserted against an agent in his or her individual capacity. Thus, I agree with the majority that "an agent is generally liable to a third person for misfeasance and for his own tortious acts." But, this is not the same as saying the actor is individually liable for violations of the CRA.