Tippett v. Daly

10 A.3d 1123 (2010)

James TIPPETT, Trustee for the Revocable Trust of James Tippett, Appellant,
v.
Gregory DALY, Appellee.

No. 06-CV-1327.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Argued En Banc November 10, 2009. Decided December 30, 2010.

Morris R. Battino, Washington, DC, for appellant.

Carol S. Blumenthal, for appellee.

Before WASHINGTON, Chief Judge, and RUIZ, REID, GLICKMAN, KRAMER, FISHER, BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, THOMPSON, and OBERLY, Associate Judges.

FISHER, Associate Judge:

James Tippett appeals from judgments entered following a consolidated trial of his suit for possession of a dwelling and his tenant's suit for breach of contract.^[1] The trial court held (1) that the tenant had timely invoked his rights under the Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Act ("TOPA"), D.C.Code §§ 42-3404.02 to 42-3404.13 (2001), by providing a written statement of interest within thirty days of receiving the owner's offer of sale, see D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1) (2001); and (2) that the owner had waived a ninety-day notice to vacate for personal use and occupancy by accepting rent for a new term that began after the notice expired. When this appeal was heard by a division of the court, we reversed the first judgment and affirmed the second. Tippett v. Daly, 964 A.2d 606 (D.C.2009). Thereafter, the full court granted appellee's petition for rehearing en banc to reconsider the first issue and vacated the original opinion. Tippett v. Daly, 973 A.2d 691 (D.C.2009) (granting rehearing en banc). Upon reconsideration, we reach the same result, but issue this modified opinion.^[2] Our holding will have limited impact because, as we explain in more detail below, the relevant portion of the statute has been amended.

I. The Factual and Procedural Background

The revocable trust of James Tippett owns a single-family dwelling which Gregory Daly ("the tenant") has rented for more than thirty years. On April 28, 2001, pursuant to TOPA, see D.C.Code § 42-3404.03 (2001), the owner mailed an offer of sale which the tenant received on April 30. The tenant testified that he mailed a statement of interest to the owner on May 18 and filed a copy with the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs ("DCRA") the same day. The owner testified, however, that he did not receive the statement of interest until June 2.^[3] On July 27, 2001, the tenant and his partner placed $20,000 in escrow as a "purchase contract deposit" and on July 30 the tenant hand-delivered a purchase contract to the owner. The owner did not sign the contract and the deposit remained in escrow at the time of trial.

On April 29, 2002, the tenant filed a complaint seeking damages, specific performance of the alleged contract for sale of the property, and an injunction ordering the owner to comply with TOPA. Following a bench trial, the trial court directed the owner to "negotiate with [the tenant] in good faith for the sale of" the property. The court first found that the tenant had timely provided his statement of interest by mailing it on May 18. The court calculated the thirty-day period for response from the date the owner mailed the offer of sale, April 28, added three days for mailing and an additional day because April 29 was a Sunday, see Super. Ct. Civ. R. 6 (2001), and determined that the statement had to be provided by June 3, 2001. Moreover, the court held that the tenant's "acceptance of the offer of sale was complete upon mailing the statement of interest on May 18, 2001[,]" and that the statement of interest was therefore timely regardless of when the owner actually received it. (Bench Order and Op. at 4 (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 63(a) (1981).))

II. Was the Statement of Interest Timely Provided?

Under TOPA, an owner of a rental housing accommodation who wishes to sell the property must first "give the tenant an opportunity to purchase the accommodation at a price and terms which represent a bona fide offer of sale." D.C.Code § 42-3404.02(a) (2001).^[4] To fulfill this requirement, the owner must "provide each tenant and the Mayor a written copy of the offer of sale...." D.C.Code § 42-3404.03 (2001). The time allowed for the tenant(s) to respond depends upon the number of units in the housing accommodation. For a single-family dwelling, "[u]pon receipt of a written offer of sale from the owner ..., the tenant shall have 30 days to provide the owner and the Mayor with a written statement of interest." D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1) (2001). If the tenant "has provided a written statement of interest in accordance with paragraph (1) of [§ 42-3404.09]," the owner must allow additional time for negotiation of a contract of sale, and, if a contract is agreed to, for settlement. D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(2), (3) (2001).

A. May 30 Was the Deadline.

The owner argues that the trial court erred both in calculating the time within which the tenant was required to provide his statement of interest and in holding that the tenant had "provided" that statement when he mailed it on May 18. The tenant wisely concedes error on the first point. The statute states that, "[u]pon receipt" of the written offer of sale, the tenant shall have thirty days to provide a written statement of interest. D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1) (2001). The tenant testified, and it was undisputed at trial, that he received the offer on April 30. Thus, the tenant had thirty days from April 30 (until May 30) to provide a statement of interest. TOPA has its own provision for calculating time periods, see D.C.Code § 42-3405.02 (2001),^[5] and the trial court erred in relying on a rule of civil procedure to extend the time prescribed by statute. See D.C.Code § 42-3405.11 (2001) ("If this chapter conflicts with another provision of law of general applicability, the provisions of this chapter control.") (emphasis added); Super. Ct. Civ. R. 1 (2001) (the rules of civil procedure only govern procedure in suits of a civil nature).

B. What Does the Statute Require?

The remaining question then is whether the tenant "provide[d] the owner... with" the statement of interest when he placed it in the mail on May 18 or whether, as the owner contends, the tenant did not "provide [him] with" the statement until he received it on June 2. The meaning of the term "provide ... with" is a question of statutory interpretation, and we review the trial court's decision de novo. Wemhoff v. District of Columbia, 887 A.2d 1004, 1007 (D.C.2005); 1618 Twenty-First Street Tenants' Ass'n, Inc. v. Phillips Collection, 829 A.2d 201, 203 (D.C.2003).

1. The Language of the Statute

"We start, as we must, with the language of the statute." Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 144, 116 S.Ct. 501, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995). "The primary and general rule of statutory construction is that the intent of the lawmaker is to be found in the language that he has used." Peoples Drug Stores, Inc. v. District of Columbia, 470 A.2d 751, 753 (D.C.1983) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). "Moreover, in examining the statutory language, it is axiomatic that `the words of the statute should be construed according to their ordinary sense and with the meaning commonly attributed to them.'" Id. (quoting Davis v. United States, 397 A.2d 951, 956 (D.C. 1979) (additional citation omitted)).

Neither TOPA nor the related regulations define the term "provide ... with." See D.C.Code § 42-3401.03 (2001) (definitions section); 14 DCMR § 4799.1 (1991) (same). Thus, it is appropriate for us to look to dictionary definitions to determine the ordinary meaning of these words. 1618 Twenty-First Street Tenants' Ass'n, 829 A.2d at 203. "Provide" means "to supply for use" and is synonymous with "furnish." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1827 (2002); see also THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1458 (3d ed. 1992) ("[t]o furnish," "supply," or "make available"). In order to "use" the statement—to be able to read it and act upon it—the owner must have access to it. Therefore, "to supply [the statement of interest] for use" or to "make [it] available," the tenant must place it in the owner's possession. Depositing the statement in the mail may give rise to an inference that the owner will receive it eventually, see, e.g., Kidd Int'l Home Care, Inc. v. Prince, 917 A.2d 1083, 1087 (D.C.2007) (There is "a rebuttable presumption that a letter properly addressed, stamped, and mailed, and not returned to the sender, has been delivered to the addressee."), but the owner does not have possession of, or access to, the statement while it is in the mail stream. Thus, the "ordinary sense" of the term "provide ... with" is that the tenant must ensure that the statement reaches the landlord within thirty days.^[6]

2. The Statutory Context

We recognize, however, that "[a] word in a statute may or may not extend to the outer limits of its definitional possibilities." Dolan v. United States Postal Service, 546 U.S. 481, 486, 126 S.Ct. 1252, 163 L.Ed.2d 1079 (2006). "The meaning— or ambiguity—of certain words or phrases may only become evident when placed in context." FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 132, 120 S.Ct. 1291, 146 L.Ed.2d 121 (2000). Therefore, "we do not read statutory words in isolation; the language of surrounding and related paragraphs may be instrumental to understanding them." District of Columbia v. Beretta, U.S.A., Corp., 872 A.2d 633, 652 (D.C.2005) (en banc). "We consider not only the bare meaning of the word but also its placement and purpose in the statutory scheme." Bailey, 516 U.S. at 145, 116 S.Ct. 501. "Statutory interpretation is a holistic endeavor...." Washington Gas Light Co. v. Public Service Comm'n, 982 A.2d 691, 716 (D.C.2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

TOPA contains separate provisions dealing with single-family accommodations (§ 42-3404.09), accommodations with two through four units (§ 42-3404.10), and accommodations with five or more units (§ 42-3404.11). Variants of the word "provide" appear throughout the statutory scheme. Some portions of TOPA require the tenant to provide notice to the owner; others require the owner to provide information to the tenant.

The process begins when the owner provides each tenant and the Mayor a written copy of an offer of sale (§ 42-3404.03). This written offer must include:

(4) A statement that the owner shall make available to the tenant a floor plan of the building and an itemized list of monthly operating expenses, utility consumption rates, and capital expenditures for each of the 2 preceding calendar years within 7 days after receiving a request. The statement shall also indicate that the owner shall, at the same time, make available the most recent rent roll, list of tenants, and list of vacant apartments. If the owner does not have a floor plan, the owner may meet the requirement to provide a floor plan by stating in writing to the tenant that the owner does not have a floor plan.

D.C.Code § 42-3404.03(4) (2001). The owner's obligation is to make this information available to the tenant "within 7 days after receiving a request." § 42-3404.03(3). The last sentence of subsection (4) refers to one aspect of this obligation as "the requirement to provide a floor plan" (emphasis added). Later sections of TOPA dealing with the sale of accommodations of different sizes all use common language to refer back to this requirement: "For every day of delay in providing information by the owner as required by this subchapter, the negotiation period is extended by 1 day." § 42-3404.09(2); § 42-3404.10(2); § 42-3404.11(2) (emphasis added). In context, therefore, providing information to tenants is synonymous with making it available to them. If the owner had mailed the information and it still were in the mail stream after the seven-day deadline had expired, each day that passed before the mail arrived would be counted as a day of delay.

Thus, § 42-3404.09(1) gives the tenant "30 days to provide the owner and the Mayor with a written statement of interest." Section 42-3404.09(2) refers to the owner's obligation to provide information to the tenant. Similar parallel use of these terms is found in D.C.Code § 42-3404.10 (2001) (accommodations of two through four units). The word "provide" and its variations should have the same meaning, whether the tenant or the owner has the obligation to "provide." Both the language and the structure of the statute confirm that "provide" means "make available."^[7]

3. The Legislative History

We have not found any legislative history from 1980 that is particularly useful in deciding the question before us. This is not surprising because, as originally enacted, TOPA did not require tenants in accommodations of up to four units to submit a statement of interest within any specified period of time. Rental Housing Conversion and Sale Act of 1980, D.C. Law 3-86, §§ 409-410, 27 D.C.Reg. 2975, 2993-94 (1980).^[8] In 1983, however, the Council amended the statute to limit the time within which the tenants of a housing accommodation of two to four units could respond to an offer of sale. Rental Housing Conversion and Sale Act of 1980 Amendments and Extension Act of 1983, D.C. Law 5-38, § 2(k), 30 D.C.Reg. 4866, 4872 (1983). The thirty-day time period at issue here was added in 1988 after opponents of legislation to renew the Rental Housing Conversion and Sale Act (including TOPA) requested a similar limitation for single family dwellings. Rental Housing Conversion and Sale Act of 1980 Extension Amendment Act of 1988, D.C. Law 7-154 § 2(g), 35 D.C.Reg. 5715, 5716 (1988).

In its original form, TOPA set only one deadline for an expression of interest, and it applied to tenants in an accommodation with five or more units. "In order to make a contract of sale with an owner," D.C.Code § 45-1640, now codified as D.C.Code § 42-3404.11 (2001), required the tenants to "[f]orm a tenant organization with the legal capacity to hold real property" and "deliver a statement of registration to the Mayor and the owner by hand or by first class mail within 45 days of receipt of a valid offer." Whether the tenants used the mail or made hand delivery, the statement of registration had to be delivered to the owner "within 45 days." This served as notice that the tenant organization wished to purchase the property.

In 1983 the Council was asked to extend the life of the Rental Housing Conversion and Sale Act and to make certain amendments. The Committee Report explained that § 45-1639 (now codified at § 42-3404.10) "is amended to require tenants to indicate in a time certain an interest in purchasing a two- to four-unit building, thereby giving the owner timely notice of the tenants' intent to purchase" (emphasis added). D.C. Council, Report on Bill 5-162 at 3 (June 7, 1983).

During the legislative process, Mayor Barry wrote to Councilmember John Ray, urging, among other things, an amendment to § 45-1639 "requiring that tenants in properties with two to four units indicate interest in purchasing as a prerequisite to using all of the existing negotiation period." Carol Thompson, Director of the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, explained the need for this amendment during her testimony on behalf of the executive branch:

Under the current law, an owner of a building with two to four units must wait a total of 135 days[^[9]] before the owner knows whether the tenants will attempt to buy the property. On the other hand, the tenants in a building with five units or more must indicate an interest in purchasing within 45 days in order to continue with the purchase process. We recommend that a parallel provision be included for buildings with two to four units. This amendment would make the law more equitable for the "smaller" landlords who are often the owners of these small rental properties.

Id., Report on Bill 5-162 at Attachment B, page 6. As indicated, this amendment was designed to give "timely notice" to the owner and to reduce the time he must wait before learning whether the tenants will attempt to buy the property.

Section 1639 was amended in two respects. Three sentences, here italicized, were added to the end of subsection (1) so that it read:

(1) Joint and several response.—The tenants may respond to an owner's offer first jointly, then severally. Upon receipt of a written offer of sale from the owner, a group of tenants acting jointly shall have 15 days to provide the owner and the Mayor with a written statement of interest. Following that time period, an individual tenant shall have 7 days to provide a written statement of interest to the owner and the Mayor. Each statement of interest must be [a] clear expression of interest on the part of the tenant or tenant group to exercise the right to purchase as specified in this subchapter [.]

Subsection (2) was amended by adding the italicized words at the beginning:

(2) Negotiation period.—(A) Upon receipt of a letter of intent from a tenant or a tenant group, the owner shall afford the tenants a reasonable period to negotiate a contract of sale, and shall not require less than 90 days. For every day of delay in providing information by the owner as required by this subchapter, the negotiation period is extended by 1 day;

(B) If, at the end of the 90-day period or any extensions thereof, the tenants jointly have not contracted with the owner, the owner shall provide an additional 30-day period, during which any 1 of the current tenants may contract with the owner for the purchase of the accommodation[.]

D.C. Law 5-38, § 2(k), 30 D.C.Reg. 4866 (1983). To be sure, our task would have been simpler if the Council had used the word "deliver" instead of "provide," but there is every reason to believe that the Council intended this "parallel provision" to have a similar meaning to the statute on which it was modeled—the section dealing with buildings of five units or more, which required that the statement of registration be delivered within 45 days. See testimony of Director Thompson, quoted above. This 1983 amendment was intended to give the owner "timely notice" "in a time certain" and required that the statement of interest be provided (made available or delivered) to the owner within fifteen days.

We now come to the deadline at the heart of this case. The Preamble to D.C. Law 7-154 (effective September 29, 1988) explains that the purpose of the 1988 amendments was to extend the life of the legislation and "to require a tenant to provide the owner of a single-family accommodation with a written statement of interest within 30 days of receiving a written offer of sale from the owner." D.C. Law 7-154 § 2(g), 35 D.C.Reg. 5715-16 (1988). The Committee Report confirms that "[t]he new bill will require a tenant of a single family accommodation, like tenants of 2-4 unit accommodations, to submit a written statement of interest to purchase the property within 15 days [later changed to 30 days in the case of single-family dwellings] of an offer of sale." D.C. Council, Report on Bill 7-462 at 3 (June 27, 1988).

This change had been suggested to benefit landlords—to "ease the hardships faced by property owners, without weakening any of the existing tenant protections." Id. at 4 (summarizing testimony on behalf of Apartment and Office Building Association which characterized the restrictions of TOPA as "a gross infringement on property rights," but suggested, if legislation was extended, changing several procedural provisions, including adding a time limit for providing a statement of interest); id. (reporting that Association of Realtors opposed renewal of legislation but, in the alternative, asked Council "to require tenants in a single-family accommodation who want to exercise their right to purchase to give written notice within 15 days of receipt of the owners' notice to sell"). The history of this provision demonstrates that it was added to benefit landlords by establishing a time certain for the tenant to respond. This legislative history supports the conclusion derived from the structure of the statute and the "ordinary sense" of the words used in it: "shall have 30 days to provide" means that the tenant's written statement of interest must be "made available" to the owner within 30 days.

4. Recent Amendments

Soon after a division of this court issued its decision on February 5, 2009, the Council of the District of Columbia amended the statute through a series of emergency, temporary, and permanent acts. The permanent legislation became effective on July 23, 2010, after the required period of congressional review. 57 D.C.Reg. 7532 (2010) (notice of effective date). This legislation amended § 42-3404.09(1) and § 42-3404.10(1) by inserting the following words and punctuation: "by hand or by sending by certified mail," after the phrase "provide the owner and the Mayor." See § 2(a) and § 2(b) of Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Preservation Clarification Amendment Act of 2010, D.C. Act 18-404, 57 D.C.Reg. 4510 (2010). Thus, after amendment, § 42-3404.09(1) provides in pertinent part that "the tenant shall have 30 days to provide the owner and the Mayor, by hand or by sending by certified mail, with a written statement of interest."

The Council asserted that this court's decision made it "necessary to clarify the Council's intent that tenants have the full 30 days provided by law to express an interest in purchasing their unit following an offer of sale from the landlord." See § 2(e), (g) of the Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Preservation Clarification Emergency Declaration Resolution of 2009 (emphasis added).^[10] 56 D.C.Reg. 2120 (2009). Thus, the announced purpose of the amendment was "to clarify" that a tenant can preserve his opportunity to purchase by "hand delivery or sending by certified mail [the] letter of interest" and that "actual receipt ... by the housing provider or the Mayor within the relevant time frame is not required." D.C. Act 18-327, Preamble, 57 D.C.Reg. 2544 (2010).

The Council may have clarified TOPA for the future, but it did not purport to enact legislation that would govern this case. Given the absence of clearly expressed intent to the contrary, we presume that the amendment does not apply retroactively. See Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 265, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994) ("If the statute would operate retroactively, our traditional presumption teaches that it does not govern absent clear congressional intent favoring such a result."). In fact, at oral argument, the tenant's counsel assured us that the amendment operates prospectively only.

Nor did the Council's action in 2009 provide meaningful assistance in discerning the intent of the predecessor Councils which enacted TOPA and later added the thirty-day deadline. In the first place, the Council did not assert that it was clarifying what the earlier legislators meant.^[11] Secondly, "there is serious debate and doubt as to when, if ever, a later legislature has a role in construing what an earlier legislature intended." United States Parole Comm'n v. Noble, 693 A.2d 1084, 1103 (D.C.1997), majority opinion adopted on rehearing en banc, 711 A.2d 85, 86 (D.C.1998) (en banc). "[E]ven if later Councils approve [a certain interpretation of a statute], that is not necessarily valid evidence of the intent of the Council that enacted it." Id.

"[T]he Supreme Court often has said `the views of a subsequent Congress form a hazardous basis for inferring the intent of an earlier one.'" Winters v. Ridley, 596 A.2d 569, 579 (D.C.1991) (Ferren, J., concurring) (quoting United States v. Price, 361 U.S. 304, 313, 80 S.Ct. 326, 4 L.Ed.2d 334 (1960)). See Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497, 530 n. 27, 127 S.Ct. 1438, 167 L.Ed.2d 248 (2007) (quoting Price). The hazard certainly is greatest in circumstances like these, where more than two decades have passed, and the Council that acted in 2009 did not contain any members who passed the legislation in 1980, 1983, and 1988. Cf. Winters, 596 A.2d at 578 (Schwelb, J., concurring) ("Relatively little time elapsed between the enactment of the GTCA [in 1986] and the Council's actions in 1989. Most of the legislators were members of the Council at both relevant times."); United States ex rel. Long v. SCS Business & Technical Institute, Inc., 335 U.S.App.D.C. 331, 339-40, 173 F.3d 870, 878-79 (1999) ("Post-enactment legislative history ... becomes of absolutely no significance when the subsequent Congress... takes on the role of a court and in its reports asserts the meaning of a prior statute.").

This decision implies no disrespect for the Council, nor does it step beyond our proper role as judges. Ultimately, the interpretation of statutes is "the responsibility of courts, not of subsequently elected legislative bodies." Winters, 596 A.2d at 577 (Schwelb, J., concurring) (citing Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 566, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988)). In sum, nothing about the recent amendments changes our understanding of what the statute meant in 2001.

5. Other Considerations

Practical considerations confirm our reading of the statute. Permitting the tenant to invoke his right to purchase by placing a statement of interest in the mail on the thirtieth day would create uncertainty and impose a significant additional burden on the owner, who would have to decide, without guidance from the statute, how long to wait before concluding that the tenant had not responded. In this case, for example, it apparently took two full weeks for the mail to arrive. Requiring the owner to choose between further, potentially costly, delay in the sale or redevelopment of his property and possibly violating TOPA would serve none of the Act's salutary purposes, see D.C.Code § 42-3401.02 (2001 & 2010 Supp.) (stating purposes of the legislation), and we have seen no evidence that the legislature intended this result. To the contrary, this language was adopted for the benefit of owners and to shorten the time in which they must remain uncertain whether the tenant will claim the right to purchase the property.

On the other hand, enforcing the thirty-day deadline by requiring that the statement of interest be made available to the owner within that time will provide certainty and predictability that benefit landlords and tenants alike. Moreover, it is a common feature of TOPA that the end of one period triggers the beginning of another, and it often will be important for tenants to know with certainty that a new period has begun.^[12] In addition, as explained above, this understanding of the verb "provide" will establish the tenants' right to receive certain information within seven days after the owner has received a request for it. See D.C.Code § 42-3404.03(4); D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(2).^[13]

Having considered the language of the statute, its structure, and its legislative history, we hold that the tenant must "provide the [owner] ... with" a statement of interest by ensuring that it is made available to him within thirty days.^[14]

III. The Tenant's Arguments

The tenant's arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. He urges us to interpose the "mailbox rule" that acceptance of an offer generally is effective "as soon as put out of the offeree's possession, without regard to whether it ever reaches the offeror...." RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS, § 63(a) (1981). We have seen no indication that the legislature intended to incorporate this common law rule by implication. Indeed, the language, history, and structure of TOPA seem to exclude this possibility. The plain language of § 42-3404.11(1) (applying to accommodations with five or more units) precludes use of the mailbox rule by providing that "the tenants shall ... deliver an application for registration [as a tenant organization] to the Mayor and the owner by hand or by first class mail within 45 days of receipt of a valid offer." Although use of the mail plainly is authorized, the application must be delivered within 45 days. It would be odd, indeed, if the legislature meant to take a radically different approach and incorporate the mailbox rule into a corresponding section of TOPA without at least mentioning that change. Cf. Orius Telecommunications, Inc., 857 A.2d at 1068 ("[W]e cannot endorse the mailbox rule because its application ignores the existence of relevant statutory language and would nullify the essential holding of the director's interpretation that the relevant date under the statute is that of receipt by the claimant.").^[15]

Nor are we persuaded by the fact that some provisions of TOPA expressly allow (or require) notice to be sent by mail. See, e.g., D.C.Code § 42-3404.03 (2001) (offer of sale); D.C.Code § 42-3404.11(1) (2001) (copy of application for registration as a tenant organization). Nothing we say in this opinion precludes the tenant from sending his statement of interest by mail. He simply has to make sure that the owner receives it within the thirty-day period. In other words, the tenant who elects to use the mail accepts the risk of delay in receipt.

Finally, while we recognize that the Council intended that ambiguities in the statute be resolved "toward the end of strengthening the legal rights of tenants or tenant organizations," see D.C.Code § 42-3405.11 (2001);^[16]Wilson Courts Tenants Ass'n, Inc. v. 523-525 Mellon Street, LLC, 924 A.2d 289, 294 (D.C.2007); Allman v. Snyder, 888 A.2d 1161, 1166 (D.C.2005), that rule of statutory construction, by its own terms, applies only when there is ambiguity.^[17] Here, after consulting the language, structure, and legislative history of § 42-3404.09, we conclude that the statute is not ambiguous and we apply its plain meaning.

Even if we were to apply this legislative rule of statutory construction, it does not provide a straightforward answer to the question before us. "[S]trengthening the legal rights of tenants" as a whole is not the same thing as devising an ad hoc rule that would permit an individual tenant to win. Moreover, the provision of TOPA at issue in this case was meant to balance the rights of tenants and owners. "[N]o legislation pursues its purposes at all costs. Deciding what competing values will or will not be sacrificed to the achievement of a particular objective is the very essence of legislative choice—and it frustrates rather than effectuates legislative intent simplistically to assume that whatever furthers the statute's primary objective must be the law." Rodriguez v. United States, 480 U.S. 522, 525-26, 107 S.Ct. 1391, 94 L.Ed.2d 533 (1987). Indeed, as we have demonstrated above, the interpretation of "provide ... with" that we adopt today could in fact benefit tenants as well as owners, even though it does not help the individual tenant in this case.

IV. Conclusion

The tenant acknowledged that he received the owner's offer of sale on April 30, 2001, and he presented no evidence to dispute the testimony that the owner did not receive the tenant's statement of interest until June 2, 2001, more than thirty days later. See note 3, supra. Accordingly, the tenant did not "provide" the owner "with" his statement of interest within thirty days of receiving the offer of sale. Because the tenant did not timely invoke his right to purchase under TOPA, the trial court erred in ordering the owner to negotiate a contract for sale to the tenant.^[18]

The judgment of the Superior Court directing the owner to negotiate with the tenant for sale of the dwelling is reversed and the case is remanded for entry of an order dismissing the tenant's complaint.

So ordered.

RUIZ, Associate Judge, dissenting:

I cannot agree with the court's conclusion that in order to protect a tenant's right to purchase under the District of Columbia Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Act ("TOPA"), a tenant's expression of interest in purchasing the property must be received by the owner within the thirty-day period prescribed in the statute, rather than sent by the tenant during that time. The inevitable result of the majority's conclusion is that a tenant who elects to mail the expression of interest by first-class mail—as is permitted—will necessarily have less than the full thirty days allowed by the statute, which says that "the tenant shall have thirty days to provide the owner and the Mayor ... with a statement of interest." D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1) (2001) (emphasis added). If the tenant must assure that the owner receives the mailed notice within the thirty-day period, however, the tenant will not have had the full period to consider and respond to the offer, but must make allowance for the time it takes for the mail to be delivered. How much time must be allowed is not within the control of the tenant. In this case, for example, the difference between "send" and "receipt" means that the tenant lost—by two days—the right created by TOPA to purchase the home in which he had lived as a tenant for over thirty years. That result is contrary to TOPA's purpose and the intent of the Council that TOPA be interpreted to favor tenants' rights.

At a minimum, the case should be remanded for further proceedings. Here, in addition to mailing his expression of interest in buying the home eighteen days after he received the owner's offer of sale—well within the thirty-day period—the tenant shortly thereafter sent a signed purchase contract that incorporated the terms in the owner's offer of sale ($400,000 price, 5% down, 60 days to settlement) and made a $20,000 deposit in escrow, all demonstrating his bona fide intention to complete the purchase. The record does not show corresponding bona fide compliance with TOPA by the owner. To the contrary, the owner's offer of sale was made grudgingly because the owner did not want to sell the property to the tenant, and the owner claimed (without corroboration) that it took two weeks for the tenant's mailed notice to reach him in nearby suburban Maryland. On this record, even accepting the court's interpretation of the statute, there is a material issue of fact in dispute—the date the owner received the tenant's mailed expression of interest in purchasing the property—that requires a remand to the trial court for further proceedings and findings of fact.

1. TOPA must be interpreted to favor the tenant's right to purchase.

The court concedes, as it must, that because TOPA uses the word "provide" in connection with the tenant's expression of interest to purchase the property, the statute is not clear on its face as to whether the tenant must ensure receipt or simply send the expression of interest within the thirty-day period that the statute prescribes. See ante at 1130 ("To be sure, our task would have been simpler if the Council had used the word `deliver' instead of `provide' ..."). The court, therefore, is forced to choose among dictionary sub-meanings of the word "provide" (e.g., "furnish" rather than "submit") and draw analogies to other parts of the statute (and even different statutory schemes) to conclude that when the statute says the "tenant shall ... provide" an expression of interest to purchase within thirty days, it meant to require that the "owner must receive" the notice within the thirty-day period. As I pointed out in my dissent from the division opinion, however, the TOPA statute uses the word "receipt" advisedly in several provisions. Tippett v. Daly, 964 A.2d 606, 615 (D.C.2009) (Ruiz, J., dissenting). Indeed, the word "receipt" is used twice in the very section at issue in this case, D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1) ("Upon receipt of a written offer of sale from the owner ..., or upon the Mayor's receipt of a copy of the written offer of sale, whichever is later, the tenant shall have thirty days to provide ...."). We must assume that if it had intended to require receipt by the owner before the end date of the thirty-day period, the Council would similarly have used the word "receipt" as it did, in the same statutory section, in identifying "receipt" by the tenant of the owner's offer of sale as the starting date for the thirty-day period to respond.^[1] It did not; instead, it chose to use "provide." The Council's use of "provide" either is purposeful in imposing a less stringent obligation on tenants than on owners, or, at a minimum, is ambiguous.

What the Council has done without equivocation is tell us how the court should interpret any ambiguity in the statute. In the TOPA statute itself is a rule of interpretation that requires that the tenant be given the benefit of the doubt where the court has to determine whether "provide" is to be read as imposing an obligation on tenants to ensure receipt by a date certain, on pain of losing the right to purchase created by the statute. D.C.Code § 42-3405.11 states:

Statutory construction.

The purposes of this chapter favor resolution of ambiguity by the hearing officer or a court toward the end of strengthening the legal rights of tenants or tenant organizations to the maximum extent permissible under law....

D.C.Code § 42-3405.11. Under the express terms of the statute, therefore, the court is duty-bound to resolve any ambiguity in the term "provide" in favor of the tenant "to the maximum extent permissible under law." See Janes v. State, 350 Md. 284, 711 A.2d 1319, 1328 n. 9 (1998) ("As we held more than 70 years ago ... the Legislature may `declare in the body of the act the construction to be placed thereon, and the courts are bound by such construction, and all other parts of the act must yield.'" (citing Montgomery County Motor Co. v. State, 147 Md. 232, 127 A. 637, 638 (1925))).

The mandate to resolve any ambiguity in favor of the tenant requires us to interpret "provide" to mean "send," and not, as the court does, to require that the tenant "deliver" or ensure receipt by the owner. It should be obvious that it is beneficial to tenants to have more time, not less, to consider and respond to an offer of sale. The court's attempt to persuade that its interpretation "could benefit tenants as well as owners," ante at 1134, is belied by the arguments made to the court: both the tenant in this appeal and the Chief Tenant Advocate of the District of Columbia Office of the Tenant Advocate (who urged the court to rehear the case en banc in order to reverse the division's interpretation that the full court now affirms) disagree that the court's interpretation redounds to the benefit of tenants.^[2] Moreover, the court is simply wrong when it says that interpreting the word "provide" to require receipt by the owner (rather than mailing by the tenant) will benefit tenants because other sections of the statute, §§ 42-3404.03(4) and -3404.09(2), also use the word "provide" when imposing an obligation on owners to make certain information concerning the offer and the housing accommodation available to tenants. See ante at 1132-33. What the court ignores in making that assertion is that, as already discussed, TOPA expressly states that the tenant's thirty-day period to respond begins "upon receipt" by the tenant of the offer of sale. D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1). TOPA also provides that once the tenant expresses interest in purchasing and the "reasonable period to negotiate" is commenced, a day is added to the negotiation period for every day that the owner delays in "providing" requested information. See § 42-3404.09(2). The TOPA statute, in other words, in its design leans in favor of preserving the tenant's right to purchase, by ensuring that the time periods allowed to the tenant for responding to an offer of sale and subsequent negotiation are not infringed by the owner's delay. Instead, the court is interpreting the statute in the manner which it thinks will result in the most efficient procedure. See ante at 1132-33. Even if the court's scheme is a better one, however, it is not our job as judges to "fix" what we think is faulty legislation, but to interpret the statute that was enacted and implement it so as to effectuate legislative intent.^[3]

The statutory language dispensing with use of the word "receipt" in favor of "provide" when speaking of the tenant's expression of interest to purchase, when coupled with the statutory mandate to interpret any ambiguity in TOPA's use of the word "provide" in favor of "strengthening the legal rights of tenants," D.C.Code § 42-3405.11, should be more than sufficient to establish that the Council intended the word "provide" to mean "sent." But the Council has taken a further step to remove all doubt that the court's contrary conclusion is mistaken. Promptly after the division opinion interpreting the statutory language "tenant shall have thirty days to provide" to mean "owner must receive within thirty days" was issued on February 5, 2009, see 964 A.2d 606, the Council took action to tell the court that it had misinterpreted TOPA. By March 3, 2009, an emergency bill (D.C. Bill 18-170) and a temporary bill (D.C. Bill 18-171) were introduced with a Resolution "[t]o declare the existence of an emergency with respect to the need to clarify ... that actual receipt of the letter by the housing provider or the Mayor within the relevant time frame is not required." See Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Preservation Clarification Emergency Declaration Resolution of 2009, 56 D.C.Reg. 2120 (Mar. 3, 2009). Criticizing the division opinion by referring to "District law [that] requires that the court interpret any ambiguities in the act" in favor of tenants, the Resolution "clarif[ies] the Council's intent that tenants have the full thirty days provided by law to express an interest in purchasing their unit following an offer of sale from the landlord." Id. The Resolution, which took effect "immediately," was adopted unanimously. Id. at 2121. After two other emergency and temporary bills, the legislative "clarification" was enacted on May 19, 2010, and became effective as permanent legislation on July 23, 2010. See Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Preservation and Clarification Amendment Act of 2010, 57 D.C.Reg. 4510 (May 19, 2010).^[4] Now comes the court, several months after the Council's clarifying amendment has been adopted as permanent legislation, to declare that the Council actually intended the opposite of what it has so emphatically and consistently expressed.

In light of the clarifying amendment, the majority recognizes that its opinion is unlikely to have any impact beyond precluding the right to purchase of the appellant in this case. That would have been reason enough to reconsider the wisdom of according en banc imprimatur to the division's split opinion. Beyond the particular statutory provision (and litigant) in this case, however, there is other mischief the full court's opinion could visit on future cases that require interpretation of TOPA or other statutes that contain a similar rule of statutory construction. See, e.g., D.C.Code § 42-1903.02(f) (stating that the section authorizing condominium declarant control "shall be strictly construed to protect the rights of the unit owners"). What is at the core of my dissent is the proper role of the court vis à vis the legislature— whether it be the Council of the District of Columbia or the Congress of the United States—when it comes to interpreting a statute. Our role as judges is to effectuate legislative will. Without a doubt there are cases when courts must fill in blanks or choose between alternative interpretations when confronted with ambiguous or inadequate statutory language, whether the ambiguities and inadequacies are inadvertent or the result of legislators' inability or unwillingness to see eye-to-eye. Courts faced with such a task must do the best they can with the interpretive tools available to them, with the knowledge that their interpretation can be overridden if the legislature considers that the court got it wrong. But this is not one of those difficult cases. Where the legislature has spoken clearly in a matter within its competence, there is no need for judges to use proxies for legislative will. In this case, the legislature enacted a provision in TOPA telling the court that when a choice is to be made, it must tilt in favor of tenants. Moreover, when a division of the court failed to do so, the legislature told the court in no uncertain terms that it got it wrong in the division opinion, passed a Resolution, and consecutive emergency, temporary and, most recently, permanent legislation to correct it. Yet the full court persists in its contrary view of what the statute means. Due regard for the legislature's express intent compels me to dissent.^[5]

2. Even under the court's interpretation, there remains a disputed issue of material fact that requires a remand for further proceedings.

In addition to my disagreement with the court's interpretation of the statute against the interest of tenants, I take issue with the court's conclusion that the case should be remanded for entry of an order dismissing the tenant's complaint. See ante at 1134. That resolution is premature as there remains a disputed issue of fact that is material under the court's interpretation: when did the owner receive the tenant's notice expressing an intent to purchase the property? The tenant testified that he received the owner's offer of sale on April 30, 2001, and TOPA clearly says that is when the thirty-day period began. D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1). That date is not disputed. As the court notes, at trial the parties stipulated that although the date that the tenant mailed the notice of intent to purchase (May 18, 2001) is agreed, the date on which the owner received the tenant's notice is disputed. See ante at 1137 n. 3. The owner's receipt, pursuant to the court's interpretation, must have occurred within the thirty-day period, or by May 30, 2001. However, there has been no fact-finding on the disputed date of the owner's receipt of the tenant's expression of intent to purchase. That is because it was irrelevant to the manner in which the trial judge (incorrectly) interpreted the statute; as the trial judge said, the owner's testimony "that he received the [tenant's] statement on June 2, 2001 has no bearing [on the tenant's] manifestation of acceptance" (emphasis added). Yet, under the court's interpretation, this date is critical to whether the tenant provided timely notice under TOPA. In a similar case where the trial judge misinterpreted a statutory time period and did not make fact-findings required by a correct interpretation, we have said that the case should be remanded to the trial court "with instructions for such further proceedings and factual development as might be appropriate to permit the court to apply the correct interpretation" of the statute. See Barnhardt v. District of Columbia, 8 A.3d 1206 (D.C.2010).

The court dispenses with the usual remand, however, by saying that the tenant has not presented evidence disputing the owner's testimony as to when the owner actually received the tenant's notice. This is another instance in which the court, contrary to the statutory mandate to "favor resolution of ambiguity" in favor of strengthening the tenant's rights, D.C.Code § 42-3405.11, imposes a burden on the tenant to counter an uncorroborated assertion by the owner that is suspect on its face.

Even though the tenant has not presented direct evidence of when the owner received the notice of intent to purchase, there are inferences a fact-finder could make based on the evidence of record that could well lead to a rejection of the owner's claim that he did not receive the tenant's notice until two days after the thirty-day period had expired. First, it is undisputed that the owner's offer of sale to the tenant was mailed on April 28, 2001; the tenant testified that he received it two days later, on April 30. Second, it is also undisputed that the tenant responded by mailing his notice of intent to purchase on May 18, 2001, by certified mail, well within the thirty-day period. Third, the owner says that he did not receive the tenant's letter until two weeks later, on June 2. That is a disputed fact. Two weeks is a long time for a letter to be delivered from an address within the District of Columbia to an address in adjoining suburban Maryland, particularly when a letter going between the same two addresses at approximately the same time is delivered within two days, not two weeks. There is other evidence in the record that could make a fact-finder question the owner's claimed date of receipt. Even though the owner sent an offer of sale to the tenant, the owner has made it perfectly clear to the trial court that he did not wish to sell the house to the tenant, but wanted to move in while he renovated the house where he lived in Bethesda, Maryland. The owner also had taken the position that, as a matter of law, the property was not subject to TOPA's tenant right of purchase because, even though the owner of the property is a trust, its sole beneficiary wished to occupy the property himself and TOPA does not give the tenant a right to purchase when the tenant is evicted for the owner's personal use of the property. The unresolved factual dispute as to the two-week delayed delivery date when the owner claimed receipt of the tenant's notice, when considered in the context of a tenant who has exhibited a genuine and promptly-expressed desire to purchase his home of thirty-plus years and an owner who does not hide the fact that he does not wish to sell to the tenant, makes it particularly inappropriate for the appellate court to conclusively decide the rights of the parties without a remand for further proceedings and fact-findings in the trial court.

Finally, there is a procedural motion to submit additional evidence that the trial judge could well want to reconsider on remand for further proceedings. TOPA requires that copies of the owner's offer of sale and tenant's expression of interest in purchasing be sent to the Mayor. See D.C.Code 42-3404.09(1). At trial, the owner claimed that he sent a copy of the offer of sale to the Mayor, as required by TOPA, but there was no written verification of a filed and date-stamped copy. The tenant also claimed that he had taken a copy of his letter of interest to purchase to the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, (DCRA) the same day that he sent it to the owner. However, a representative from the DCRA that administers TOPA testified that nothing had been filed—by the owner or the tenant—with respect to the property. The owner has argued on appeal to the division and to the en banc court that the trial court erred in crediting the tenant's testimony that he had filed with DCRA. The owner argues that whether the tenant filed with DCRA is a "factual dispute," emphasizing the lack of corroborating evidence. After trial but before the trial judge decided the case, the tenant sought to reopen the record to introduce evidence that corroborated his testimony, proffering a copy of the notice of intent to purchase he filed with DCRA, bearing a date-stamp of May 18, 2001, the same day that the tenant's notice was sent by certified mail to the owner. That means that a copy of the tenant's notice to the owner was actually received within the thirty-day period (as defined by the court) by one of the two recipients required by the statute. The trial court denied the tenant's request to reopen the record. Although the judge did not explain her reasoning, most likely it was because she deemed it irrelevant in light of her determination that the tenant's notice had been timely provided to the owner. But the documentary corroboration of the tenant's testimony of timely filing with DCRA, when contrasted with the apparent lack of corroboration concerning the owner's alleged filing of the required offer with the Mayor, could have a bearing on the fact-finder's acceptance or rejection of the owner's testimony that it took two weeks (until two days after the deadline) for the owner to receive the tenant's notice. Because the factual record remains unresolved as to a material fact in dispute, on remand, the trial court might wish to reconsider the tenant's motion to reopen, as it could shed light on that factual question that now becomes relevant under a correct understanding of the law.

For these reasons, because the court incorrectly interprets the statute contrary to legislative intent and because the court is prematurely terminating the litigation by failing to remand for further proceedings and necessary fact-finding, I dissent.

NOTES

[1] Although the dwelling is owned by the revocable trust of James Tippett, we shall refer to Mr. Tippett as the owner or landlord.

[2] Our order granting appellee's petition for rehearing en banc could have been more clear. Although we vacated our prior opinion and judgment in its entirety, appellee had not petitioned for rehearing on the second issue (having won that issue, he had no reason to do so), and appellant did not file a cross-petition for rehearing. The division unanimously held that the owner had waived his 90-day notice to vacate for personal use and occupancy, see 964 A.2d at 615, and the court did not grant rehearing on that issue. By a companion order issued this date, we reinstate Section III of the division's opinion, see 964 A.2d at 613-14, which resolves the issue related to the notice to vacate. We omit from this opinion certain facts (summarized at 964 A.2d at 608-09), pertaining only to that issue, which is not before the en banc court.

[3] Prior to trial, the parties stipulated that the tenant "submitted a statement of interest to [the owner] dated May 18, 2001," but that "the date of receipt by [the owner] is disputed." However, the tenant failed to produce any evidence at trial to dispute the owner's testimony that he received the statement on June 2. There thus is nothing to support a contrary finding, and we take it as established that the statement was received on June 2. Although our dissenting colleague suggests that we should remand for further proceedings on this issue, the trial has taken place (in May 2005), the tenant failed to present any contrary evidence, and the court denied his motion to reopen the record. We disagree with our colleague's argument that we are terminating this litigation prematurely.

[4] Unless otherwise indicated, we quote the statutory language in force in 2001.

[5] D.C.Code § 42-3405.02 (2001) (entitled "Time periods") provides: "If a time period running under this chapter ends on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, it is extended until the next day which is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday." May 30, 2001, was a Wednesday, so this statute does not operate to extend the thirty-day period under the circumstances presented here.

[6] Cf. Orius Telecommunications, Inc. v. District of Columbia Dep't of Employment Servs., 857 A.2d 1061, 1065 (D.C.2004) (upholding as reasonable Director's conclusion "that the term `paid' ... means receipt of the payment by the claimant within the ten-day statutory time limit"; check was mailed within ten days but received after time limit had expired); United States ex rel. B & R, Inc. v. Donald Lane Construction, 19 F.Supp.2d 217, 223, 224 (D.Del.1998) (interpreting the term "give" in the Miller Act to mean "to put into the possession of another for his use"; notice must be received, not merely mailed, within ninety days).

[7] There are additional examples from context which support the conclusion that the term "provide ... with" means to make the statement of interest available to the owner. See D.C.Code § 42-3404.05(a-2) (2001) ("The owner may not require the tenant to pay the purchase price in installments unless the owner provides deferred purchase money financing on terms reasonably acceptable to the tenant."); D.C.Code § 42-3404.32 (2001) ("To exercise [the District's] right [to purchase] under this subchapter, the Mayor shall provide a written statement of interest to the owner and tenant within 30 days of the Mayor's receipt of the copy of offer of sale required by § 42-3404.03.") (emphasis added); cf. D.C.Code § 42-3404.08 (2001) ("a tenant or tenant organization shall also have the right of first refusal during the 15 days after the tenant or tenant organization has received from the owner a valid sales contract to purchase by a third party") (emphasis added).

[8] Title IV of this Act is known as the Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Act of 1980. See Columbia Plaza Tenants' Ass'n v. Columbia Plaza Ltd. P'ship, 869 A.2d 329, 332 (D.C. 2005).

[9] We are not certain how Ms. Thompson derived the total of 135 days.

[10] Resolutions may be used, among other things, "to express simple determinations, decisions, or directions of the Council of a special or temporary character." D.C.Code § 1-204.12(a) (2001).

[11] In Winters v. Ridley, 596 A.2d 569 (D.C. 1991), by contrast, the Resolution passed by the Council declared, among other things, that "[t]he Council of the District of Columbia never intended the [Good Time Credits] Act to apply to persons convicted for first degree murder.... The Council of the District of Columbia believed that the `notwithstanding any other provision of law' language of Section 801 of the Criminal Code . . . would exclude first degree murder from coverage of the Act as it applies to minimum sentences." 596 A.2d at 571 (Schwelb, J., concurring).

[12] For example, when an accommodation has two through four units, "[t]he tenants may respond to an owner's offer first jointly, then severally," and "a group of tenants acting jointly shall have 15 days to provide the owner and the Mayor with a written statement of interest." D.C.Code § 42-3404.10(1) (2001). "Following that time period, if the tenants acting jointly have failed to submit a written statement of interest, an individual tenant shall have 7 days to provide a statement of interest to the owner and the Mayor." Id.

[13] We recognize that the 2009 Council weighed the benefits of a clear deadline somewhat differently, deciding that a tenant would, in the future, have 30 days to provide the statement of interest, either "by hand or by sending by certified mail[.]" Significantly, however, the Council did not adopt in wholesale fashion the mailbox rule urged by appellant. If delivery is not made by hand, the tenant is required to use a form of mailing that will generate time-stamped documentation.

[14] We do not consider here a situation where the owner fails to pick up his mail, is absent for several days, or otherwise frustrates timely receipt of notice. See, e.g., Cities Service Oil Co. v. National Shawmut Bank of Boston, 342 Mass. 108, 172 N.E.2d 104, 105 n. 1 (1961) ("Unavailability of the party to be notified may affect the rule [that notice to exercise an option is effective only upon receipt].)"; United States ex rel. B & R, Inc., 19 F.Supp.2d at 225 n. 15 (referring to exception when "the receiver intentionally avoids the receipt of notice").

[15] The tenant's counsel has cited a section of the rental housing regulations which provides that "[s]ervice by mail shall be complete upon mailing." 14 DCMR § 3911.5 (1991). "Service" is a term of art, however, and this provision applies to documents required to be "served" under the rental housing regulations. See, e.g., 14 DCMR § 4014.1 (motion for continuance of a scheduled hearing or for an extension of time to file a pleading), § 4204.10(c) (certificate of election to increase rent ceiling), § 4300.1 (notice to vacate). The terms "serve" or "service" are not found in those regulations applying to the sale of residential rental housing. See 14 DCMR §§ 4711.1-4711.13 (1991).

[16] D.C.Code § 42-3405.11 provides: "The purposes of this chapter favor resolution of ambiguity by the hearing officer or a court toward the end of strengthening the legal rights of tenants or tenant organizations to the maximum extent permissible under law. If this chapter conflicts with another provision of law of general applicability, the provisions of this chapter control."

[17] This statutory rule, "as is true of any guide to statutory construction, only serves as an aid for resolving an ambiguity; it is not to be used to beget one." Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587, 596, 81 S.Ct. 321, 5 L.Ed.2d 312 (1961) (commenting on the rule of lenity applied in criminal cases). It "comes into operation at the end of the process of construing what [the Council] has expressed, not at the beginning as an overriding consideration of being lenient to [tenants]." Id.

[18] Because we rule in the owner's favor on this ground, we need not address his alternative argument that the trial court erred in finding that the tenant filed a copy of the statement of interest with DCRA (the Mayor's representative), as the statute requires. See D.C.Code § 42-3404.09(1) (2001).

[1] And, as the majority opinion recognizes, the notice provision applicable to housing accommodations with five or more units, D.C.Code § 42-3404.11, also uses the words "deliver" and "receipt"—not the ambiguous "provide."

[2] The Office of the Tenant Advocate warned the court of the risk of the court's interpretation. ("[B]y extinguishing tenant's rights for reasons beyond their control, the court invites creative mischief on the part of the District's more unscrupulous housing providers to ensure that very outcome.").

[3] The court's analogy to the rule of lenity used in criminal cases, relying on Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587, 596, 81 S.Ct. 321, 5 L.Ed.2d 312 (1961), is not apt in this context. The rule of lenity is a judicial construct, "in favorem libertatis, to resolve the ambiguity," id. at 596, 81 S.Ct. 321, in those cases "[w]hen Congress leaves to the Judiciary the task of imputing to Congress an undeclared will...." Id. at 596 n. 9, 81 S.Ct. 321 (quoting Bell v. United States, 349 U.S. 81, 83, 75 S.Ct. 620, 99 L.Ed. 905 (1955)). But here, the legislature has not left its will "undeclared"; to the contrary, it has expressly declared in the statute itself that any ambiguity is to be resolved in favor of strengthening tenants' rights. The more apt reference is to D.C.Code § 23-112, which provides a legislatively-mandated rule of interpretation (in favor of consecutive sentences) when a sentencing court does not "expressly provide[] otherwise."

[4] In the amended statute the Council requires that the tenant's expression of interest is to be provided either "by hand or by sending certified mail" within the thirty-day period. By specifying "sending certified mail" (rather than confirming delivery by "return receipt") the legislation emphasizes that the mailbox rule applies because it is the sending by the tenant, not receipt by the owner, that TOPA requires if the notice is not made by hand. The choice is left to the tenant.

[5] The only further step the Council could have taken would have been to make the clarifying amendment retroactive in application, thus effectively cutting off the court's interpretive judgment altogether.