Givens v. State

Dominic Givens v. State of Maryland, No. 88, September Term, 2015

ALLEGEDLY INCONSISTENT VERDICTS – PRESERVATION – WAIVER – To
preserve for review any issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts, defendant in criminal
trial by jury must object to allegedly inconsistent verdicts before verdicts become final and
trial court discharges jury; defendant waives issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts by
failing to object before verdicts are final and trial court discharges jury.
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. CT120050C

Argued: May 5, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 88

September Term, 2015
______________________________________

DOMINIC GIVENS

v.

STATE OF MARYLAND
______________________________________

Barbera, C.J.
Greene
Adkins
McDonald
Watts
Hotten
Battaglia, Lynne A. (Retired,
Specially Assigned),

JJ.
______________________________________

Opinion by Watts, J.
Greene, Adkins, and Battaglia, JJ., dissent.
______________________________________

Filed: August 22, 2016
 Factually and legally inconsistent verdicts have vexed litigants and been the subject

of Maryland appellate opinions in both civil cases and criminal cases for decades. One

such case of significant impact is Price v. State, 405 Md. 10, 29, 949 A.2d 619, 630 (2008),

in which this Court held that guilty verdicts cannot be legally inconsistent with not-guilty

verdicts in the case of a trial by jury.

In Price, although this Court determined that legal inconsistency in verdicts is not

permissible, this Court was not confronted with other questions concerning inconsistent

verdicts, such as whether a guilty verdict can be factually inconsistent with a not-guilty

verdict in a criminal case with a jury.1 This Court has since answered that question in the

affirmative. See McNeal v. State, 426 Md. 455, 462, 44 A.3d 982, 986 (2012) (“We shall

hold that the Court’s opinion in Price does not apply to jury verdicts in criminal cases that

are merely inconsistent factually . . . . In doing so, we preserve the historic role of the jury

as the sole fact-finder in criminal jury trials.”).

1
In McNeal v. State, 426 Md. 455, 458, 44 A.3d 982, 984 (2012), this Court
explained the difference between legally inconsistent verdicts and factually inconsistent
verdicts as follows:

[L]egally inconsistent verdict[s are] one[s] where the jury acts contrary to the
instructions of the trial [court] with regard to the proper application of the
law. Verdicts where a defendant is convicted of one charge, but acquitted of
another charge that is an essential element of the first charge, are inconsistent
as a matter of law. Factually inconsistent verdicts are those where the
charges have common facts but distinct legal elements[,] and a jury acquits
a defendant of one charge, but convicts him or her on another charge. The
latter verdicts are illogical, but not illegal.

(Citations and footnotes omitted).
 This case presents another issue that the Court was not called upon to address in

Price: namely, the manner in which a defendant in a criminal case preserves for review an

issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts.2 In Price, although this issue was not before the

Court, in a concurring opinion, Judge Glenn T. Harrell, Jr. provided guidance on the matter.

Judge Harrell, in his concurrence in Price, and, indeed, the Court of Special Appeals in

multiple cases, and the vast majority of courts in other jurisdictions that have addressed the

issue, have concluded that, to preserve for review an issue as to allegedly inconsistent

verdicts, a defendant in a criminal trial by jury must object to the allegedly inconsistent

verdicts before the verdicts become final and the trial court discharges the jury.

For the below reasons, we agree with Judge Harrell’s concurrence, the Court of

Special Appeals, and the authority from other jurisdictions, and hold that, to preserve the

issue of legally inconsistent verdicts for appellate review, a defendant in a criminal trial by

jury must object or make known any opposition to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts before

the verdicts become final and the trial court discharges the jury.

BACKGROUND

Charges

In an indictment dated February 24, 2012, in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s

2
We use the plural term “inconsistent verdicts” instead of the singular term
“inconsistent verdict” because a “verdict” is a single finding by a trier of fact; in a criminal
case in which there are multiple charges, the trier of fact may issue multiple verdicts, which
are either guilty verdicts or not-guilty verdicts. See Verdict, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th
ed. 2014) (“A jury’s finding or decision on the factual issues of a case.”); Guilty Verdict,
Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (“A jury’s finding that a defendant is guilty of the
offense charged.”); Not Guilty, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (“A jury verdict
acquitting the defendant[.]”).

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County (“the circuit court”), the State, Respondent, charged Dominic Givens (“Givens”),

Petitioner, as to various victims with one count of first-degree premeditated murder, three

counts of robbery with a dangerous weapon and robbery, three counts of attempted robbery

with a dangerous weapon and attempted robbery, conspiracy to commit the same, and six

counts of use of a firearm in the commission a crime of violence. The victims were

identified as Marvin Darrell Tomlinson (“Tomlinson”), Jeramy Dobbs (“Dobbs”), Antwan

Wilkins (“Antwan”), Tyrell Jones (“Jones”), Reginald Langley (“Langley”), and Jayvon

Wilkins (“Jayvon”).3 According to the indictment, Givens’s co-conspirators were Trevon

Marquise Montgomery (“Montgomery”), Ronald Minor (“Minor”), and Dajuan Jamal

Brooks (“Brooks”).4

State’s Theory, Trial Testimony, and Stipulations

The State’s theory of the case was that Givens, Montgomery, Minor, and Brooks

robbed Jones, Langley, and Jayvon, and attempted to rob Tomlinson, Dobbs, and Antwan,

and that Tomlinson was fatally shot during the attempted robbery. Four of the five

surviving victims—Jones, Langley, Antwan, and Jayvon—testified at trial as witnesses for

the State.5

Jones testified that, on or about November 15, 2011, he, Langley, Antwan, Jayvon,

Tomlinson, and Dobbs stopped at a playground on the way to a store. A van pulled up,

3
Antwan and Jayvon are brothers, and are Jones’s and Langley’s cousins.
4
Givens was tried without any co-defendants.
5
Givens called the other surviving victim, Dobbs, as a witness in support of a motion
to suppress Dobbs’s pretrial identification of Givens. Although the circuit court denied the
motion to suppress, neither party called Dobbs as a witness at trial.

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and at least four or five people, including Montgomery,6 got out of the van. Montgomery

was holding a gun. The people from the van told the victims to “get down” and said: “You

know what time it is.”7 As the victims lay on the ground, the robbers used the gun to hit

Tomlinson in the head multiple times. Meanwhile, Montgomery took Jones’s jacket and

money, Jayvon’s jacket and shoes, Antwan’s jacket, and Langley’s money. Before any of

the robbers could take anything from Tomlinson or Dobbs, Tomlinson got up and “rushed”

toward the gun, which was in Montgomery’s hand. Tomlinson told the other victims to

run. Jones, Langley, Antwan, and Jayvon fled and climbed over a nearby wall. As he

climbed over the wall, Jones heard gunshots. Jones testified that he did not recognize

anyone in the courtroom as one of the robbers. During his testimony, Jones did not mention

Givens.

Langley testified that, on November 15, 2011, he, Jones, Antwan, Jayvon, and

Tomlinson stopped at a playground on the way home from a store. A van pulled up, and

four or five people, including Montgomery and Minor,8 got out of the van. Montgomery

was holding a gun. The people from the van said “You know what time it is” and “Lay

6
Jones, Langley, Antwan, and Jayvon identified Montgomery as “Trevon Martin”
and/or “Trey Black.”
7
The phrase “You know what time it is” can be used to announce a robbery. See
Mindy Bernhardt & Volkan Topalli, “The Situational Dynamics of Street Crime: Property
versus Confrontational Crime,” in The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence
191 (Carlos A. Cuevas & Callie Marie Rennison eds., 1st ed. 2016) (“The proverbial make
or break moment of the robbery occurs when the offender ‘announces’ that a robbery is to
take place, that the robber is committed to seeing the offense carried out to its end, and that
the victim knows [that] there is no alternative but to comply. This may be accomplished
by simply showing the gun to the victim or by literally announcing the commencement of
the offense (‘This is a robbery, don’t make it a murder’ or ‘You know what time it is’).”).
8
Both Langley and Jayvon identified Minor as “Ronimo.”

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everything down.” As the victims lay on the ground, the robbers patted the victims’

pockets. One of the robbers took money from Langley. The robbers used the gun to hit

Langley and Tomlinson. The gun fell to ground, and Tomlinson told the other victims to

run. Jones, Langley, Antwan, and Jayvon fled and climbed over a nearby wall. As he

climbed over the wall, Langley heard two gunshots. Langley testified that he did not

recognize anyone in the courtroom as one of the robbers. During his testimony, Langley

did not mention Givens.

Antwan testified that, on November 15, 2011, he, Jones, Langley, Jayvon, and

Tomlinson stopped at a playground on the way to a store. Another group of people,

including Montgomery, appeared; one of them was holding a gun, and one of them told the

victims to get down. Montgomery took Jones’s jacket and Jayvon’s jacket and shoes, and

checked Antwan’s pockets, which were empty. Tomlinson got up and began “tussling”

with the robber who was holding a gun, which fell to the ground. Antwan fled and climbed

over a nearby wall. As he fled, Antwan heard gunshots. While testifying, Antwan was not

asked whether he recognized anyone in the courtroom as one of the robbers.

Jayvon testified that, on November 15, 2011, he, Jones, Langley, Antwan,

Tomlinson, and Dobbs stopped at a playground on the way home from a store. A minivan

pulled up, and four people, including Givens, Montgomery, and Minor, got out of the

minivan. Montgomery was holding a gun, and said “Y’all know what time it is” and “Y’all

get on the ground.” As the victims lay on the ground, the robbers began searching the

victims. Givens took Jayvon’s phone and money. Other robbers took Jayvon’s jacket and

shoes. The robbers took two other jackets from the other victims, and hit Tomlinson in the

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head with the gun twice. Tomlinson “barged” toward the robber with the gun, which fell

to the ground. Tomlinson told the other victims to run, and “a scuffle for the gun” ensued.

Jayvon fled and climbed over a nearby wall. As he climbed over the wall, Jayvon heard

gunshots.

As a witness for the State, Corey Young (“Young”), Givens’s cousin, testified9 that,

on November 15, 2011, Young’s car broke down, and he texted Givens to ask for help.

Givens, Montgomery, and Minor arrived in Givens’s gray minivan. The four people

pushed Young’s car to his grandmother’s house. Afterward, the four people entered the

minivan, which Givens drove around. Givens later asked Young to drive to pick up

“Mouse,”10 and Young complied. Young then drove the minivan to Minor’s house, and

the five people got out of the minivan. Minor entered his house, came back outside, and

got into the minivan’s driver’s seat. The other four people entered the minivan, which

Minor drove to a spot near a playground. Givens, Montgomery, and Mouse got out of the

minivan. At some point, Minor said: “Man, they’re taking too long.” Minor got out of the

minivan, and a fight broke out between Minor and a man who was holding a gun. Givens

grabbed the gun and shot the man twice. Givens, Montgomery, Minor, and Mouse got

back into the minivan, which Young drove away. While Young was driving, Givens,

9
Young and the State had entered into an agreement under which Young would
testify against Givens, and the State would not charge Young in connection with the events
about which Young testified.
10
Neither Young nor any other witness identified “Mouse” by any other name.
Given that Young separately identified Givens, Montgomery, and Minor, and that Brooks
is the only other co-conspirator whom the indictment names, it appears that Brooks was
“Mouse.”

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Montgomery, and Mouse told Minor: “The robbery was over with. Why did you have to

take it out of [Givens]’s hand?”

At trial, the prosecutor informed the circuit court that the parties had stipulated that,

on November 15, 2011, members of the Prince George’s County Police Department

responded to 2122 County Road in District Heights, Maryland, where Tomlinson was

suffering from multiple gunshot wounds. Tomlinson was transported to Prince George’s

County Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.

Verdicts

On March 14, 2013, the circuit court instructed the jury; the parties made closing

arguments; and, at 11:15 a.m., the jury began deliberating. At 1:40 p.m.—i.e., within two-

and-a-half hours—the jury indicated that it had reached verdicts; however, the transcript

reveals that the jury received lunch before being called into the courtroom to announce the

verdicts.11 At 3:05 p.m., the jury entered the courtroom to render the verdict.

In response to questions from the courtroom clerk, the jury’s foreperson announced

that the jury found Givens guilty of first-degree felony murder of Tomlinson, and

conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon and conspiracy to commit robbery

of each of the six victims. The jury’s foreperson announced that the jury found Givens not

guilty of first-degree premeditated murder of Tomlinson; attempted robbery with a

dangerous weapon, attempted robbery, and use of a firearm in the commission of a crime

11
The transcript does not reveal whether the parties consented to the jury’s receiving
lunch before announcing the verdicts. Nor does the transcript reveal whether the jury
received lunch in the jury room, or was dismissed for lunch.

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of violence against each of Tomlinson, Dobbs, and Antwan; and robbery with a dangerous

weapon, robbery, and use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence against

each of Jones, Langley, and Jayvon.

Immediately after the jury’s foreperson stated the verdicts, the circuit court asked:

“Any requests?” Givens’s counsel’s responded by asking that the jury be polled. The

courtroom clerk repeated the verdicts exactly as the jury’s foreperson had stated them. The

courtroom clerk polled the jury by asking the jury’s foreperson “Is this your verdict?” and

asking each other juror “[I]s [the foreperson]’s verdict your verdict?” Each of the twelve

jurors separately responded: “Yes.” The courtroom clerk hearkened12 the verdict, stating

“Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, h[e]arken to your verdict as the Court has recorded it.”

The courtroom clerk repeated the verdicts again, then asked: “So say you all?” The jurors

responded “Yes.” The circuit court thanked and discharged the jury, and the jury exited

the courtroom at 3:25 p.m. Immediately afterward, the circuit court, the prosecutor, and

Givens’s counsel discussed matters that were related to the sentencing proceeding, and then

the circuit court adjourned at 3:30 p.m.

Motion to Strike

On March 14, 2013, at 4:38 p.m., a little over an hour after the jury was discharged,

Givens filed in the circuit court a “Motion to Strike Inconsistent Guilty Verdicts and/or

12
“Hearken is defined . . . as ‘to give heed or attention to what is said.’ Although
there is an alternate spelling, i.e. ‘harken,’ in prior opinions of this Court, when using
‘hearken’ as a term of art, we have consistently used this spelling.” Jones v. State, 384
Md. 669, 672 n.1, 866 A.2d 151, 152 n.1 (2005) (citations omitted).

-8-
Motion to Dismiss” (“the motion to strike”), contending that “[t]he felony murder guilty

verdict is inconsistent with the robbery and attempted robbery not guilty verdicts” and that

“[n]o felony other than robbery, and no attempt to commit any felony other than attempted

robbery, could have formed the basis for a felony murder verdict[.]”13 Givens requested

that the circuit court strike the conviction for first-degree felony murder or dismiss that

count of the indictment.

On March 19, 2013—i.e., five days after the jury reached the verdicts—Givens filed

in the circuit court a “Memorandum in Support of Motion to Strike Inconsistent Guilty

Verdicts and/or Motion to Dismiss,”14 in which Givens again requested that the circuit

court either strike the conviction for first-degree felony murder of Tomlinson or dismiss

the relevant count of the indictment on the ground that the conviction for first-degree felony

murder of Tomlinson was legally inconsistent with the acquittals of robbery with a

13
The record does not demonstrate that the motion to strike was brought to the circuit
court’s attention when it was filed on March 14, 2013. Indeed, the motion to strike does
not appear on the circuit court’s docket and originally was not contained in the record. In
the Court of Special Appeals, Givens moved for leave to supplement the record with a
time- and date-stamped copy of the motion to strike; in the motion for leave to supplement
the record, Givens stated that the motion to strike “bears the date and time stamp from the
‘overnight box’ at the [c]ircuit [c]ourt[.]” On August 21, 2015, the Court of Special
Appeals granted the motion for leave to supplement the record. The motion to strike bears
a time and date stamp of March 14, 2013, 4:38 p.m.
14
In the Memorandum in Support of Motion to Strike Inconsistent Guilty Verdicts
and/or Motion to Dismiss, Givens referred to “his previously filed motion to strike the
guilty verdict for felony murder” and alleged that he had filed a motion to strike “[a]n hour
after the verdict[s] had been rendered[.]” Also on March 19, 2013, Givens filed a “Defense
Request for Hearing upon Defense Motion to Strike Inconsistent Guilty Verdicts and/or
Motion to Dismiss,” in which Givens also referred to “the previously filed motion to strike
the guilty verdict for felony murder.” It appears that the “previously filed motion to strike”
refers to the motion to strike that was filed on March 14, 2013.

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dangerous weapon, attempted robbery with a dangerous weapon, robbery, and attempted

robbery. Givens expressly acknowledged that he had not moved to strike the allegedly

inconsistent conviction until after the circuit court had discharged the jury.

Givens argued that he had not waived the issue as to the allegedly inconsistent

verdicts because, according to Givens, a defendant is not required to move to strike a guilty

verdict that is allegedly inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict before the trial court

discharges the jury. To support that proposition, Givens relied on Price, 405 Md. at 34, 29,

15, 949 A.2d at 633-34, 630, 622, in which this Court ordered the reversal of a conviction

that was inconsistent with acquittals, despite the circumstance that the defendant apparently

moved to strike the conviction after the trial court discharged the jury. Givens asserted

that, in Price, the Majority of this Court took a position that was inconsistent with that of

Judge Harrell, who, in a concurring opinion, stated: “[A] defendant must note [an]

objection to the inconsistent verdict[s] while the trial court has an opportunity to remedy

the error, i.e., before the verdict[s are] final and the jury is discharged. Failure to do

so constitutes waiver.” Price, 405 Md. at 42, 949 A.2d at 639 (Harrell, J., concurring)

(emphasis added).

On March 21, 2013, the State filed a response to the motion to strike. In the

response, the State contended that, by failing to object before the circuit court discharged

the jury, Givens waived any issue as to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts. Alternatively,

as to the merits, the State asserted that the verdicts were legally consistent because, as a

co-conspirator, Givens was criminally liable for the first-degree felony murder that

occurred during the attempted robbery of Tomlinson.

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 On April 26, 2013, the circuit court conducted a sentencing proceeding, at which

the circuit court heard argument on the motion to strike. After hearing arguments from the

parties, the circuit court denied the motion to strike, stating:

Judge Har[rell]’s [concurring] opinion made absolute good sense, and even
the [C]ourt of [S]pecial [A]ppeals said they [“]find significant solace in [his]
well[-]reasoned and articulate[”] opinion. [Tate v. State, 182 Md. App. 114,
129, 957 A.2d 640, 648 (“Tate II”), cert. denied, 406 Md. 747, 962 A.2d 373
(2008).] And that is what the [C]ourt of [S]pecial [A]ppeals tells me the law
is, if it’s not preserved or raised, in this instance, I must follow the law, and
that’s what the law is.

On May 22, 2013, the circuit court issued an order denying the motion to strike.

Court of Special Appeals

On May 27, 2013, Givens filed a notice of appeal. In an unreported opinion dated

September 22, 2015, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the circuit court’s judgments

and held that, by failing to object before the jury hearkened to the verdicts, Givens waived

any issue as to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts. The Court of Special Appeals stated

that, “[a]lthough only two other members of the Court [of Appeals] joined [the] section of

Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion[ in Price that involved waiver], this Court has treated

that opinion as though it is authoritative on the issue of preservation and waiver” in Tate

II, 182 Md. App. 114, 957 A.2d 640, Hicks v. State, 189 Md. App. 112, 984 A.2d 246

(2009), and Travis v. State, 218 Md. App. 410, 98 A.3d 281 (2014). The Court of Special

Appeals explained:

In Tate [II], 182 Md. App. at 138, [957 A.2d at 653,] this Court rejected a
challenge to inconsistent verdicts in part because the defendant “was
obviously content to stand pat.” Similarly, in Hicks, 189 Md. App. at 129,
[984 A.2d at 256,] this Court declined to consider a challenge to inconsistent
verdicts because the defendant did not object at trial. More recently, in

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 Travis [], 218 Md. App. 410[, 98 A.3d 281], this Court undertook an
extensive review of the developments since Price, including the adoption of
the concurrence’s precepts concerning preservation and waiver.

Despite this Court’s decisions in Tate, Hicks, and Travis, Givens
argues that he has preserved his objection because, he says, he did what Price
did. To the contrary, it is not entirely clear what Price did or did not do,
because neither the majority opinion nor the concurrence discussed that
subject. The omission is unsurprising, as the State’s briefs in Price appear
to have made no mention of preservation or waiver. The Price majority,
therefore, did not consider, much less hold, that defendants could challenge
inconsistent verdicts on appeal even if they failed to challenge the
inconsistency before the trial court discharged the jury.

Petition for Writ of Certiorari

On November 6, 2015, Givens filed in this Court a petition for a writ of certiorari,

raising the following two issues: (1) “Did the [circuit] court err in refusing to strike the

verdict for felony murder?”; and (2) “Is a motion to strike an inconsistent verdict waived

if not made before the discharge of the jury?” On January 27, 2016, this Court granted the

petition. See Givens v. State, 446 Md. 218, 130 A.3d 507 (2016).

DISCUSSION

The Parties’ Contentions

Givens contends that a defendant does not waive an issue as to allegedly inconsistent

verdicts by failing to object before the trial court discharges the jury. Givens asserts that,

in Price, 405 Md. at 34, 29, 15, 949 A.2d at 633-34, 630, 622, this Court ordered the

reversal of a conviction that was inconsistent with acquittals, even though the defendant

moved to strike the conviction after the trial court discharged the jury. Givens maintains

that, in Price, the Majority of this Court took a position that was inconsistent with that of

Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion, which stated that an objection to allegedly inconsistent

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verdicts must occur before the verdicts are final and the trial court discharges the jury.

Givens contends that, in Tate II, 182 Md. App. 114, 957 A.2d 640, and similar cases,

although the Court of Special Appeals stated that it adopted Judge Harrell’s concurring

opinion in Price, such statements were dicta because, in each case, no issue as to waiver of

any issue as to allegedly legally inconsistent verdicts was before the Court of Special

Appeals at the time.

The State responds that, in Price, the Majority of this Court did not address how a

defendant in a criminal trial by jury preserves for review an issue as to allegedly

inconsistent verdicts because no issue as to waiver was before this Court in Price. The

State argues that Givens wrongly asserts that, in Price, this Court rejected the procedure

for preservation of legally inconsistent verdicts set forth in Judge Harrell’s concurring

opinion when, in fact, the Court simply did not address the issue. The State asserts that, in

Tate II and other opinions, the Court of Special Appeals has adopted Judge Harrell’s

concurring opinion in Price, and urges that this Court formally do so as well.

Standard of Review

An appellate court reviews without deference a trial court’s ruling on a motion to

strike a guilty verdict that is allegedly inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict. See McNeal,

426 Md. at 461-62, 44 A.3d at 985-86 (In a case in which the issue was whether a trial

court erred in overruling an objection to a guilty verdict that was allegedly inconsistent

with a not-guilty verdict, this Court stated: “This case presents us with a question of law

and, as such, we review the trial court’s decision under a non-deferential appellate

standard.” (Citation omitted)).

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 Cases Before Price

We begin by examining the history of Maryland case law regarding inconsistent

verdicts. Ninety-five years ago, decades before this Court’s decision in Price, this Court

held that two guilty verdicts cannot be inconsistent with each other in a criminal case,

regardless of whether a bench trial or a jury trial occurred. See, e.g., Novak v. State, 139

Md. 538, 541, 115 A. 853, 854 (1921) (In a criminal case in which a bench trial occurred,

this Court stated: “It has been argued in this [C]ourt that the [general] verdict is invalid

because it does not discriminate between the count of the indictment charging robbery and

that accusing the defendant of receiving stolen goods. A general verdict on these counts is

said to be inconsistent in law, and hence not a proper basis for the judgment.”); Heinze v.

State, 184 Md. 613, 615, 617, 42 A.2d 128, 129, 130 (1945) (In a criminal case in which a

jury trial occurred, this Court stated: “[A] finding of guilty on two inconsistent counts is

invalid.”); see also Price, 405 Md. at 34 n.1, 949 A.2d at 634 n.1 (Harrell, J., concurring)

(“[T]wo inconsistent convictions cannot stand.” (Citing Heinze, 184 Md. 613, 42 A.2d

128)).

Similarly, for decades, this Court has held that a guilty verdict cannot be inconsistent

with a not-guilty verdict in a criminal case in which a bench trial occurred. See, e.g., Shell

v. State, 307 Md. 46, 57-58, 512 A.2d 358, 363-64 (1986) (In a criminal case in which a

bench trial occurred, this Court ordered the reversal of a conviction that was inconsistent

with an acquittal and concluded: “[I]t would be the height of appellate inconsistency for us

to . . . hold that inconsistent verdicts in nonjury trials will generally be permitted and will

be sustained in the present case.”); State v. Williams, 397 Md. 172, 189-90, 916 A.2d 294,

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305 (2007) (“[I]nconsistent verdicts of guilty and not guilty, by a trial [court] at a nonjury

trial, are not ordinarily permitted.” (Citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

That said, it has not always been the case that a guilty verdict could not be

inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict in a criminal case in which a jury trial occurred. In

Leet v. State, 203 Md. 285, 293-94, 100 A.2d 789, 793-94 (1953)—a criminal case in which

a jury trial occurred—this Court held that a conviction could be inconsistent with an

acquittal. This Court reasoned: “While it is true that a finding of guilt on two inconsistent

counts will be declared invalid in Maryland, Heinze [], 184 Md. [at] 617, 42 A.2d [at] 130,

it does not follow that a conviction on one count may not stand because of an inconsistent

acquittal on another count.” Leet, 203 Md. at 293, 100 A.2d at 793 (emphasis in original).

This Court stated:

Consistency in the verdict[s] is not necessary. Each count in an indictment
is regarded as if it w[ere] a separate indictment. . . . The most that can be said
in [] cases [in which a conviction is inconsistent with an acquittal] is that the
verdict[s] show[] that[,] either in the acquittal or the conviction[,] the jury
did not speak their real conclusions, but that does not show that they were
not convinced of the defendant’s guilt. We interpret the acquittal as no more
than their assumption of a power [that] they had no right to exercise, but to
which they were disposed through lenity. That the verdict[s] may have been
the result of compromise, or of a mistake on the part of the jury, is possible.
But verdicts cannot be upset by speculation or inquiry into such matters.

Id. at 294, 100 A.2d at 793-94 (quoting Dunn v. United States, 284 U.S. 390, 393-94

(1932)) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

For decades after Leet, this Court repeated the principle that a guilty verdict could

be inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict in a criminal case in which a jury trial occurred.

See, e.g., Johnson v. State, 238 Md. 528, 541, 209 A.2d 765, 771 (1965) (“When there has

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been a conviction by a jury on one count and an inconsistent acquittal on another count, . .

. the conviction may stand.” (Citations omitted)); Williams, 397 Md. at 189, 916 A.2d at

304 (“[I]n criminal cases, inconsistent verdicts by a jury are normally tolerated[.]”

(Citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

Leet and its progeny did not remain good law, however. This Court took a

significant step toward overruling Leet and its progeny in Galloway v. State, 371 Md. 379,

416, 382-83, 809 A.2d 653, 675, 655-56 (2002), in which this Court held that a trial court

erred in convicting a defendant of illegal possession of a firearm in a criminal case in which

a jury acquitted the defendant of wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun. The trial

court had engaged in “the unusual procedure” of conducting a single trial at which a jury

would reach verdicts as to certain charges, and the trial court would reach verdicts as to

other charges. Id. at 383 & n.2, 809 A.2d at 656 & n.2.15 In Galloway, 371 Md. at 400,

809 A.2d at 666, this Court explained: “A reading of [] prior civil cases indicates that they

15
This Court observed that “[t]he procedure [that was] utilized by the [trial] court,
i.e., the bifurcation of the decision[-]making function between a jury and a [trial court] in
respect to different counts of a single indictment in a single trial[,] is not expressly
authorized in Maryland[.]” Galloway, 371 Md. at 385, 809 A.2d at 657. Ultimately, this
Court stated:

In an appropriate case[,] we might necessarily be faced with an initial
question of whether a trial [court] has the discretion to grant the single trial
procedure [that was] used in the instant case. We shall not resolve that issue
in this case, as the case can be fully resolved on other important issues. Our
declining to address this specific bifurcation issue[] should not be construed
as any approval or disapproval of the procedure.

Id. at 396-97, 809 A.2d at 664 (footnotes omitted). This Court has not yet decided whether
such a procedure is permissible in Maryland.

- 16 -
support the proposition that a court verdict, based upon a trial [court]’s different

interpretation of the same facts, should not be allowed to nullify a jury’s interpretation of

those facts and its resulting verdict[.]” This Court concluded:

[T]o accept what occurred here would be to create different, harsher,
standards in criminal cases than in civil cases. We are unwilling to afford
less protection to the jury trial rights of a criminal defendant, whose very
liberty, or even his or her life, is at stake, than to a civil litigant, where,
generally, it is money that is at stake.

Id. at 417, 809 A.2d at 676.

This Court took another definitive step toward overruling Leet and its progeny in S.

Mgmt. Corp. v. Taha, 378 Md. 461, 495, 836 A.2d 627, 647 (2003), in which this Court

held that a trial court erred in failing to set aside “irreconcilably inconsistent jury verdicts”

in a civil case. The verdicts were irreconcilably inconsistent because the jury found that a

defendant employer was liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior, yet found that the

defendant employees were not liable for the “conduct [that] was alleged to be the sole basis

of the claim for liability.” Id. at 486, 836 A.2d at 641. Although the defendant employer

did not object to the inconsistent verdicts before the trial court dismissed the jury, id. at

490, 836 A.2d at 643, this Court concluded: “Based on the circumstances in this case, it is

procedurally fair to address the merits of [the defendant employer]’s contentions[,]” id. at

492, 836 A.2d at 645 (internal quotation marks omitted).

In Taha, this Court observed that, “[i]n criminal matters, inconsistent jury verdicts

may be permitted to stand.” Id. at 486, 836 A.2d at 641-42 (citing Dunn, 284 U.S. at 393-

94). This Court went on to explain: “Nevertheless, there remains a distinction between

inconsistent verdicts in criminal cases and irreconcilably inconsistent jury verdicts in civil

- 17 -
matters.” Id. at 488, 836 A.2d at 642 (emphasis and footnote omitted). In a footnote in

the preceding sentence, this Court stated: “We leave for another day the issue of whether

this Court should reconsider its decision in criminal matters in which inconsistent verdicts

have been rendered.” Id. at 488 n.8, 836 A.2d at 642 n.8.

Majority Opinion in Price

In this Court’s words, “the ‘[ ]other day’ for this Court to reconsider the matter of

inconsistent jury verdicts in criminal trials” arrived at the time of Price, 405 Md. at 23, 949

A.2d at 627 (quoting Taha, 378 Md. at 488 n.8, 836 A.2d at 642 n.8) (alteration in original).

In Price, 405 Md. at 29, 949 A.2d at 630, this Court held that “inconsistent verdicts shall

no longer be allowed.” In holding as much in Price, this Court effectively overruled Leet,

203 Md. at 293-94, 100 A.2d at 793-94, and its progeny. See Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 117,

957 A.2d at 641 (“In Price [], the Court of Appeals expressly changed the common law of

Maryland, which had in numerous cases over the course of [fifty-five] years held that, in

jury trials in criminal cases, an apparent logical inconsistency between an acquittal on one

charge and a conviction on another will not be interfered with by the courts and will not

mandate the reversal of the conviction.” (Citing, among other cases, Leet, 203 Md. at 293,

100 A.2d at 793).

In Price, 405 Md. at 15, 949 A.2d at 622, a jury acquitted a defendant of being a

felon in possession of a firearm, wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun, and all of

the drug trafficking crimes with which the defendant had been charged; yet, the jury

convicted the defendant of possession of a firearm during and in relation to a drug

trafficking crime under sufficient circumstances to constitute a nexus to the drug trafficking

- 18 -
crime. Intuitively enough, this Court concluded that the conviction was inconsistent with

the acquittals. See id. at 27, 949 A.2d at 629.

In Price, 405 Md. at 18-23, 949 A.2d at 624-27, we discussed the history of

Maryland case law regarding inconsistent verdicts. Afterward, this Court concluded:

The numerous exceptions to the principle tolerating inconsistent verdicts,
and, more importantly, the recent opinions in [] Taha, [] 378 Md. 461, 836
A.2d 627, and Galloway [], [] 371 Md. 379, 809 A.2d 653, are circumstances
[that] fully warrant a prospective change in the common law [that is]
applicable to inconsistent verdicts. There is no longer any justification for
the one remaining situation where inconsistent verdicts are tolerated,
namely[,] certain types of inconsistent verdicts by a jury in a criminal trial.
Continued acceptance of inconsistent verdicts, in that one situation, is simply
not reasonable.

Price, 405 Md. at 23-24, 949 A.2d at 627.

This Court stated its holding as follows: “[W]ith regard to the instant case, similarly

situated cases on direct appeal where the issue was preserved, and verdicts in criminal

jury trials rendered after the date of our opinion in this case, inconsistent verdicts shall no

longer be allowed.” Id. at 29, 949 A.2d at 630 (emphasis added). This is the only instance

in Price in which this Court referenced preservation. Thus, it is plainly evident that, in

Price, this Court did not address the issue of waiver.

This was to be expected, given that, as far as the opinion in Price reveals, no question

was presented in a petition for a writ of certiorari in Price concerning preservation or

waiver. In Price, id. at 18, 949 A.2d at 624, the defendant filed a petition for a writ of

certiorari, raising an issue as to the inconsistent verdicts, and the State “simultaneously

filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with respect to the interpretation and application of

[a statute]’s sentence enhancement provisions.” (Italics added). In other words, the

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defendant did not raise an issue as to preservation; nor did the State do so in a cross-petition

for a writ of certiorari.

Given that no issue as to preservation was before this Court, the holding in Price

does not expressly identify when the defendant raised the issue as to the inconsistent

verdicts during the proceedings in the trial court, or address whether the defendant waived

the issue. In Price, immediately after detailing the nature of the verdicts, this Court stated:

[The defendant]’s [counsel] moved to strike the guilty verdict on the count
charging possession of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking
crime . . . on the ground that it was inconsistent with the acquittals. More
specifically, [the defendant’s] counsel argued that commission of a drug
trafficking crime is an “essential element” of the firearms offense . . . and
that the jury had determined that [the defendant] did not commit a drug
trafficking crime. The prosecut[or] agreed that the guilty verdict on the . . .
firearms count was inconsistent with the acquittals on the drug trafficking
counts, but he argued that such inconsistent verdicts were permissible. After
receiving legal memoranda from the parties, the trial [court] denied the
motion to strike[.]

Id. at 15, 949 A.2d at 622.

Judge Harrell’s Concurring Opinion in Price

In Price, Judge Harrell filed a concurring opinion that was divided into three parts.

Part A was entitled “Distinguish Factual From Legal Inconsistency”; Part B was entitled

“Relationship to the ‘Rule of Consistency’ in Conspiracy Cases”; and Part C was entitled

“Procedure to be Followed in Challenging Inconsistent Verdicts at Trial.” Price, 405 Md.

at 35, 38, 40, 949 A.2d at 634, 636, 637 (Harrell, J., concurring). Two other judges joined

Judge Harrell’s concurrence, one generally joining Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in

its entirety, and another joining only Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion. See id.

at 42, 949 A.2d at 639 (Harrell, J., concurring).

- 20 -
 In Part A, Judge Harrell stated: “[T]he Majority’s holding applies only to ‘legally

inconsistent’ verdicts, not ‘factually inconsistent’ verdicts.” Id. at 35, 949 A.2d at 634

(Harrell, J., concurring). Judge Harrell explained the difference between legally

inconsistent verdicts and factually inconsistent verdicts as follows:

[F]actually inconsistent verdict[s are] one[s] where a jury renders
different verdicts on crimes with distinct elements when there was only one
set of proof at a given trial, which makes the verdict[s] illogical. The feature
distinguishing [] factually inconsistent verdict[s] from [] legally inconsistent
verdict[s] is that [] factually inconsistent verdict[s are] merely illogical. By
contrast, [] legally inconsistent verdict[s] occur[] where a jury acts contrary
to a trial [court]’s proper instructions regarding the law. The difference
between the two is perhaps best illustrated by examples[.]

Assume [that] a legally intoxicated . . . driver causes a head-on
collision, killing on impact the driver and passenger of the other car. The
intoxicated driver is charged with two counts of vehicular homicide. The
jury convicts the defendant of vehicular homicide as to the death of the driver
of the other car, but finds the defendant not guilty of the same crime with
regard to the death of the passenger. Such a result would constitute factually
inconsistent verdicts.

The verdicts in the present case also contain a factual inconsistency.
[The defendant] was acquitted of being a felon in possession of a handgun,
but convicted of possessing a handgun in the course of drug trafficking.
There was no dispute at trial as to [the defendant]’s prior felony convictions.
Therefore, it is illogical for the jury to find that [the defendant] is guilty of
possessing a firearm in the course of drug trafficking without possessing a
firearm as a convicted felon. Despite the illogical verdict[s], this does not
rise to the level of [] legally inconsistent verdict[s]. Thus, if this were the
only ground[] for challenging [the defendant]’s conviction for possession of
a handgun in the course of drug trafficking, his conviction should be
affirmed.

A legal inconsistency, by contrast, occurs when an acquittal on one
charge is conclusive as to an element which is necessary to[,] and inherent
in[,] a charge on which a conviction has occurred. . . . [I]f the essential
elements of the counts of which the defendant is acquitted are identical and
necessary to prove the count of which the defendant is convicted, then the
verdicts are inconsistent. Verdicts of guilty of crime A but not guilty of crime

- 21 -
 B, where both crimes arise out of the same set of facts, are legally
inconsistent when they necessarily involve the conclusion that the same
essential element or elements of each crime were found both to exist and not
to exist.

As [the defendant]’s acquittal established conclusively that he was not
engaged in drug trafficking, the Majority opinion correctly concludes that the
conviction for possession of a handgun while engaged in drug trafficking
may not stand.

Id. at 35-38, 949 A.2d at 634-36 (Harrell, J., concurring) (brackets, citations, footnotes,

and internal quotation marks omitted).

In Part C, Judge Harrell addressed preservation of any issue as to allegedly

inconsistent verdicts as follows:

The Majority opinion properly notes that[,] “where the issue was
preserved[,]” . . . “inconsistent verdicts shall no longer be allowed.” Because
of the “sea change” announced by the Majority’s opinion, some prospective
direction is necessary and desirable to highlight the procedure [that is]
required in order for a defendant to preserve for appellate review a challenge
to [] legally inconsistent verdict[s].

[A] jury may render [] legally inconsistent verdict[s] to show lenity to
[a] defendant. The defendant should not be foreclosed from accepting the
jury’s lenity as a result of the holding of the Majority opinion. Nevertheless,
we should not permit the defendant to accept the jury’s lenity in the trial
court, only to seek a windfall reversal on appeal by arguing that the []
verdicts are inconsistent. Accordingly, a defendant must note his or her
objection to allegedly inconsistent verdicts prior to the verdicts
becoming final and the discharge of the jury. Otherwise, the claim is
waived.16 “If a defendant claims that [] verdict[s are] inconsistent to the

16
In fact, quite often[,] a defendant’s optimal choice will be to remain silent, thus
waiving his [or her] challenge to the inconsistent verdicts and accepting the conviction that
may be inconsistent. A defendant, aware of his or her guilt, or the overwhelming evidence
of guilt, of all of the crimes of which he or she stands charged, may choose to accept the
jury’s lenity. A defendant may be wise to accept the inconsistent conviction and
accompanying sentence, rather than look a gift horse in the mouth. If the defendant objects
to the inconsistent verdicts, the jury, given a second chance, may choose to remedy the
error in a manner [that is] not in the defendant’s favor.

- 22 -
 point of being self-destructive, he [or she] must present that claim to the
[trial] court before the jury is discharged; if [the defendant] does not, he [or
she] waives the claim.” State v. Flemons, 144 S.W.3d 877, 881 (Mo. Ct.
App. 2004); see also State v. Pelz, 845 S.W.2d 561, 565 (Mo. Ct. App. 1992)
(“Defense counsel stood silent during the [trial] court’s perusal of the error
and the prosecutor’s positive acceptance of the verdict[s]. This silence,
operating as an acceptance of the verdict[s], waived any further review. . .
.”); People v. Satloff, [] 437 N.E.2d 271, 272 ([N.Y. ]1982) (mem.)
(“Following discharge of the jury, [the defendant’s] counsel complained, for
the first time, of the asserted inconsistency. At this point, it was no longer
possible to remedy the defect, if any, by resubmission to the jury for
reconsideration of [the] verdicts. Such a protest must be registered prior to
the discharge of the jury properly to preserve the issue for review in this
[C]ourt.” ([C]itation omitted)).

“A verdict that has not been followed by either polling or hearkening,
has not been properly rendered and recorded, and is a nullity.” Jones v. State,
173 Md. App. 430, 457, 920 A.2d 1, 16 (2007). “It is in the absence of a
demand for a poll that a hearkening is required for the proper recordation of
a verdict.” Jones v. State, 384 Md. 669, 684, 866 A.2d 151, 160 (2005).

In the absence of a proper demand to have the jury polled, the
hearkening and ensuing acceptance of the verdict finally
remove[] the matter from the jury’s consideration. But, despite
a hearkening, if a demand for a poll is duly made thereafter, it
is the acceptance of the verdict upon the poll that removes the
verdict from the province of the jury. In other words, the jury
has control of the verdict until it is final. Absent a demand for
a poll, the verdict becomes final upon its acceptance when
hearkened. When a poll is demanded, the verdict becomes
final only upon its acceptance after the poll.

Smith v. State, 299 Md. 158, 168, 472 A.2d 988, 993 (1984).

Upon timely objection by the defendant17 to legally inconsistent
verdicts, the trial court should instruct or re-instruct the jury on the need for
consistency and the range of permissible verdicts. The jur[y] then should be
permitted to resume deliberation. The jury is free to resolve the
inconsistency either by returning verdict[s that are] in the defendant’s favor,

17
Because the rule against legally inconsistent verdicts is intended to protect the
criminal defendant, the State may not object to the inconsistent verdicts. The option
belongs only to the defendant.

- 23 -
 convicting on the implicated counts, or deadlocking on a charge so that no
inconsistent finding results. “Until the announcement that the verdict[s]
ha[ve] been recorded, the jury has the right to amend or change any verdict;
and[,] when it is so amended[, they are] the real verdict[s] of the jury[,] and
[they] may be properly accepted by the [trial] court.” Heinze [], 184 Md. [at]
617, 42 A.2d [at] 130[.]18

Price, 405 Md. at 40-42, 949 A.2d at 637-38 (Harrell, J., concurring) (emphasis added)

(some ellipses in original; footnotes in original but renumbered) (some citations and

internal quotation marks omitted).

McNeal and Tate II

Recently, in McNeal, this Court unanimously adopted Part A of Judge Harrell’s

concurring opinion in Price, and held that, although a guilty verdict cannot be legally

inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict, a guilty verdict may be factually inconsistent with a

not-guilty verdict. See McNeal, 426 Md. at 459, 44 A.3d at 984 (“[W]e adopt as our

holding here the thrust of the concurring opinion in Price, that jury verdicts [that] are

illogical or factually inconsistent are permitted in criminal trials[.]”). In McNeal, although

this Court quoted Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price, see McNeal, 426

Md. at 466, 44 A.3d at 989, this Court was not asked to decide whether to adopt Part C of

Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price—i.e., to decide whether a defendant waives

any issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts by failing to timely object—as, in McNeal,

18
There is no double jeopardy consequence in permitting the trial court, upon the
defendant’s request, to re-instruct the jury and permit it to return to deliberations. The
defendant knowingly and affirmatively waives any challenge to the jury’s reconsideration
of the inconsistent verdicts by objecting to the inconsistent verdicts before they become
final. Even if the issue is not waived when the defendant objects, the double jeopardy
prohibition . . . prevents further deliberation on an acquittal only after that verdict is final.

- 24 -
426 Md. at 460-61, 44 A.3d at 985, after the jury’s foreperson stated the verdicts, but before

the courtroom clerk had the jury hearken to the verdicts, the defendant objected to the

allegedly inconsistent verdicts and requested that the trial court send the jury back to

resolve the alleged inconsistency.

This case presents the first instance in which this Court has had the opportunity to

decide whether to adopt Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price—that is, this

is the first case in which this Court is to address how a defendant in a criminal trial by jury

preserves for review an issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts. For its part, in multiple

cases, the Court of Special Appeals has adopted Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring

opinion in Price.

Specifically, in Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 138, 129, 957 A.2d at 653, 648, the Court

of Special Appeals indicated that a defendant waived an issue as to allegedly inconsistent

verdicts by failing to timely object after the jury’s foreperson stated the verdicts; in

indicating as much, the Court of Special Appeals “f[ou]nd significant solace in the well[-

]reasoned and articulate concurring opinion of Judge Harrell (joined by [one Judge] and in

part by [another Judge]) in Price [].”

Tate II, 182 Md. App. 114, 957 A.2d 640, was the second decision of the Court of

Special Appeals to arise out of one appeal. After that Court affirmed the defendant’s

conviction, see Tate v. State, 176 Md. App. 365, 412, 933 A.2d 447, 475 (2007) (“Tate I”),

this Court vacated Tate I and remanded to the Court of Special Appeals for further

consideration in light of Price, see Tate v. State, 405 Md. 106, 107, 950 A.2d 100, 100

(2008) (per curiam).

- 25 -
 On remand, the Court of Special Appeals again affirmed the defendant’s conviction,

and provided both a “primary holding” and a “secondary and independent holding” as

support for the affirmance. See Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 138, 957 A.2d at 653-54. That

Court’s primary holding was that the defendant’s conviction for sexual abuse of a minor

was “not necessarily inconsistent with” the defendant’s acquittal of fourth-degree sexual

offense. Id. at 129, 957 A.2d at 648. That Court’s secondary holding was that the

defendant waived an issue as to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts by failing to timely

object after the jury’s foreperson stated the verdicts. See id. at 138, 957 A.2d at 653.

In discussing Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price, the Court of

Special Appeals stated: “What the defendant may not do . . . is to have his [or her] cake

and eat it too.” Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 132, 957 A.2d at 650 (emphasis added). That

Court went on to state:

Given a set of inconsistent verdicts, the defendant is at a distinct
tactical advantage. The obvious cure for an inconsistency in verdicts would
be to send the jury back to resolve the inconsistency: “Ladies and gentlemen
of the jury, you can’t have it both ways. Give us two acquittals or give us
two convictions.” The problem, of course, is that few defendants, enjoying
the quite[-]unexpected boon of an inconsistent acquittal, are willing to “roll
the dice, double or nothing.” Consistency for its own sake does not mean
that much to them. They are prone to complain about the lack of consistency
after it is no longer available, but are far from enthusiastic about pursuing
consistency while it is still available.

...

There is a small window of opportunity in which the jury may still be
sent back to the jury room to resolve any troubling inconsistencies or
ambiguities. At such a strategic junction, the defendant enjoys an immense
advantage, but it is an advantage that must be exercised then and there. When
inconsistent verdicts are rendered, the [trial court] may not, sua sponte, send
the jury back to resolve the inconsistency, because it is the defendant who is

- 26 -
 entitled, should he [or she] so wish, to accept the benefit of the inconsistent
acquittal. By the same token, the prosecutor may not ask to have the jury
sent back to resolve the inconsistency, because it is the defendant, once again,
who is entitled, should he [or she] so wish, to accept the benefit of the
inconsistent acquittal. The defendant is authorized to call the shots at that
critical moment, but the defendant must call them before the moment passes.
After that, the jury will be gone beyond recall. The defendant may not
stand mute and later complain about the verdicts [that] he [or she] did
nothing to cure at the only time [that] a cure was still possible.

...

[Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price] spells out
the obvious procedure that must be followed. It is the only procedure
that makes sense. The defendant faces the choice either of having the
jury resolve the inconsistency or of standing pat and enjoying the
inconsistency. He [or she] has to decide “when to hold ’em and when to
fold ’em.” If he [or she] chooses the latter, he [or she] may not later
complain. A defendant simply may not seek to exploit an alleged
inconsistency without taking the necessary step to cure or resolve the
inconsistency when it is still possible to do so. If a defendant chooses, on
the other hand, to cast him[- or her]self as the champion of jury verdict
consistency, he [or she] must accept the perils of the part.

Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 134-36, 957 A.2d at 651-52 (emphasis added).

Applying Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price to Tate II’s facts,

the Court of Special Appeals noted that the defendant “clearly did nothing by way of

objecting to the reception of the verdicts or by way of asking that the jury be sent back to

resolve any alleged inconsistency in [the] verdicts.” Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 136-37, 957

A.2d at 653. The Court of Special Appeals quoted the trial transcript, which revealed that

the jury’s foreperson stated the verdicts; the courtroom clerk had the jury hearken to the

verdicts; and the trial court discharged the jury. See id. at 137, 957 A.2d at 653. At no

time after the jury’s foreperson stated the verdicts did the defendant or his counsel say

anything at all, much less object to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts. See id. at 137-38,

- 27 -
957 A.2d at 653. The Court of Special Appeals concluded by observing that the defendant

“was obviously content to stand pat.” Id. at 138, 957 A.2d at 653.

Cases After Tate II

Given that, in Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 138, 129, 957 A.2d at 653, 648, the “primary

holding” of the Court of Special Appeals was that the verdicts were “not necessarily

inconsistent[,]” arguably, that Court’s discussion of waiver was an alternative holding.

That said, in multiple cases after Tate II, the Court of Special Appeals has expressly held

that, by failing to timely object, defendants waived any issue as to allegedly inconsistent

verdicts.

Specifically, in Hicks, 189 Md. App. at 129, 984 A.2d at 256, the Court of Special

Appeals held that, by failing to object “at trial[,]” a defendant waived any issue as to

allegedly inconsistent verdicts. That Court noted that, as did the defendant in Tate II, the

defendant in Hicks “clearly did nothing by way of objecting to the reception of the verdicts

or by way of asking that the jury be sent back to resolve any alleged inconsistency in [the]

verdicts.” Hicks, 189 Md. App. at 129, 984 A.2d at 256 (quoting Tate II, 182 Md. App. at

136-37, 957 A.2d at 653) (internal quotation marks omitted). In Hicks, 189 Md. App. at

129, 984 A.2d at 256, the Court of Special Appeals declined the defendant’s invitation to

engage in plain error review, and thus refrained from addressing whether the verdicts were

inconsistent with each other.

Similarly, in Martin v. State, 218 Md. App. 1, 40, 96 A.3d 765, 788, cert. denied,

440 Md. 463, 103 A.3d 594 (2014), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2068 (2015), the

Court of Special Appeals held that, by failing to raise any issue as to allegedly inconsistent

- 28 -
verdicts at any time in the trial court, a defendant waived any issue as to the allegedly

inconsistent verdicts. In Martin, 218 Md. App. at 39, 96 A.3d at 788, the jury’s foreperson

stated the verdicts; the defendant’s counsel requested that the jury be polled; and the jury

was polled, hearkened to the verdicts, and was discharged. Afterward, the trial court, the

prosecutor, and the defendant’s counsel discussed matters that were related to the

sentencing proceeding, and then the trial court adjourned. See id. at 39-40, 96 A.3d at 788.

“At no time did [the defendant] object to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts.” Id. at 40, 96

A.3d at 788. “In fact, [the defendant] waited until th[e] appeal to raise th[e] issue” as to

the allegedly inconsistent verdicts. Id. at 40, 96 A.3d at 788. Accordingly, the Court of

Special Appeals “h[e]ld that the issue [wa]s not properly before” that Court. Id. at 40, 96

A.3d at 788.19

The Court of Special Appeals has applied Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring

opinion in Price not only to jury trials, but also to at least one bench trial. Specifically, in

Travis, 218 Md. App. at 468-69, 98 A.3d at 315, the Court of Special Appeals indicated

that a defendant waived an issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts by failing to timely

object after a trial court stated the verdicts at the conclusion of a bench trial. After the trial

court stated the verdicts, the trial court asked whether a presentence investigation was

necessary; the prosecutor stated that the prosecutor was unsure; and the defendant’s

19
Alternatively, as to the merits, the Court of Special Appeals concluded: “In any
event, if the issue had been preserved for our review, we would find that it has no merit. .
. . There is no legal inconsistency between [the defendant]’s conviction [for] attempted
first-degree murder and his acquittal of solicitation [to commit murder].” Martin, 218 Md.
App. at 40-41, 96 A.3d at 789.

- 29 -
counsel stated: “I would ask the court to proceed to sentencing.” Id. at 469, 98 A.3d at 315

(emphasis omitted). The Court of Special Appeals observed: “To ask the [trial] court to

proceed to sentencing is not to lodge an objection to [allegedly] inconsistent verdicts.” Id.

at 469, 98 A.3d at 315. Although the Court of Special Appeals “h[e]ld that there was no

fatal inconsistency between the convictions and the acquittal[,]” that Court went on to state:

“Simply as a cautionary back-up position, we note that the [defendant] was either blissfully

unaware of any inconsistency in [the] verdicts as they were announced[,] or was content to

enjoy his windfall of an acquittal.” Id. at 468, 98 A.3d at 315.

Notably, the Court of Special Appeals has not held that a waiver occurred in every

single case in which there was an issue as to preservation of an issue as to allegedly

inconsistent verdicts. Specifically, in Teixeira v. State, 213 Md. App. 664, 674, 75 A.3d

371, 377 (2013), the Court of Special Appeals held that a defendant did not waive an issue

as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts where the defendant objected after the trial court

discharged the jury, but before the jury left the courthouse. In Teixeira, id. at 669, 75 A.3d

at 373, the jury stated the verdicts, was polled, hearkened to the verdicts, and was

discharged. Afterward, but before the jury left the courthouse, the defendant’s counsel

brought the alleged inconsistency in the verdicts to the trial court’s attention. See id. at

669-70, 75 A.3d at 373-74. “After briefly hearing from both parties, the [trial] court

directed the [courtroom] clerk to ‘have the jury remain’ while further argument was

presented.” Id. at 670, 75 A.3d at 374 (brackets omitted). There was no indication that

any of the jurors had discussed the case with anyone else at that point. See id. at 677, 75

A.3d at 378. After hearing the parties’ arguments, the trial court concluded that the verdicts

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were legally consistent, and thus allowed the verdicts to stand. See id. at 673, 75 A.3d at

376. Afterward, the trial court “finally dismissed” the jury. Id. at 674, 75 A.3d at 377.

On appeal, the defendant contended that the verdicts were legally inconsistent, and

the State responded that, by failing to object until after the trial court discharged the jury,

the defendant waived any issue as to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts. See id. at 668,

673, 75 A.3d at 373, 376. The Court of Special Appeals addressed a trial court’s ability to

recall its discharge of a jury as follows:

The mere announcement of the discharge of the jurors does not preclude
recalling them if they have not yet dispersed and mingled with the
bystanders. Although the decisions are not uniform, it has often been held
that, when the jurors have rendered the[] verdict and have been discharged,
but have not yet left the courtroom or the courthouse, the trial [court] may
recall the order of discharge and reassemble the jurors to amend the[] verdict
as to a matter of form or, in some cases, substance.

Id. at 676, 75 A.3d at 378 (quoting Hoffert v. State, 319 Md. 377, 390, 572 A.2d 536, 543

(1990) (Chasanow, J., dissenting)) (in turn, quoting 4 C. Torcia, Wharton’s Criminal

Procedure, 12th Ed. § 578, at 141 (1976)). The Court of Special Appeals restated this

principle as follows:

[T]he operative element in determining when and whether a jury’s functions
are at an end is not when the jury is told it is discharged[,] but when the jury
is dispersed, that is, has left the jury box, the court[]room[,] or the
court[]house, had an opportunity to discuss the case with others[,] and is no
longer under the guidance, control[,] and jurisdiction of the [trial] court.

Teixeira, 213 Md. App. at 677, 75 A.3d at 378. Applying this principle to Teixeira’s facts,

the Court of Special Appeals “conclude[d] that [the defendant’s counsel’s] question about

the propriety of the verdicts was timely” because “the trial [court] directed the [courtroom]

clerk to hold the jury shortly after [the defendant’s] counsel raised this issue” and the jury

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“remained subject to recall and was finally dismissed only after the trial [court] heard

argument and ruled.” Id. at 674, 75 A.3d at 377.

Recently, in Dietz v. Bouldin, __ U.S. __, No. 15-458, 2016 WL 3189528, at *3

(U.S. June 9, 2016), a civil case, the Supreme Court held “that a federal district court has

the inherent power to rescind a jury discharge order and recall a jury for further

deliberations after identifying an error in the [] verdict[s].” In Dietz, id., although the

Supreme Court expressly refrained from addressing a trial court’s ability to recall

discharged jurors in a criminal case, the case is instructive as to the analysis to be

undertaken in criminal cases.

In Dietz, id., a jury reached a verdict; the trial court discharged the jury; and the

jurors left the courtroom. “A few minutes later, the [trial] court ordered the [courtroom]

clerk to bring the jurors back.” Id. Outside the jurors’ presence, the trial court explained

to the parties’ counsel that the trial court had just realized that the verdict was legally

impermissible. See id. The jurors returned to the courtroom, and the trial court questioned

them and confirmed that they had not discussed the case with anyone else. See id. at *4.

The trial court re-instructed the jurors and ordered them to begin deliberating again. See

id. The jurors did so, and reached a new, legally permissible verdict. See id.

The losing party appealed and contended that the trial court erred in recalling the

jury. See id. The Supreme Court disagreed and explained:

[T]wo principles—an inherent power must be a reasonable response to a
specific problem[,] and the power cannot contradict any express rule or
statute—support the conclusion that a [trial court] has a limited inherent
power to rescind a discharge order and recall a jury in a civil case where the
[trial] court discovers an error in the [] verdict.

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Id. The Supreme Court also stated:

[W]e caution that our recognition here of a [trial] court’s inherent power to
recall a jury is limited to civil cases only. Given additional concerns in
criminal cases, such as attachment of the double jeopardy bar, we do not
address here whether it would be appropriate to recall a jury after discharge
in a criminal case.

Id. at *8 (citation omitted). Thus, in Dietz, id., the Supreme Court did not address a trial

court’s recall of discharged jurors in a criminal case, but provided guidance that, after

discharge of a jury, issues such as attachment of the double jeopardy bar may be implicated

by the jury’s recall for further deliberations.

Cases from Other Jurisdictions

Although this Court has not yet addressed how a defendant in a criminal trial by

jury preserves for review an issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts, multiple courts in

other jurisdictions have done so; and the vast majority of such courts have concluded that,

by failing to object before the trial court discharges the jury, a defendant in a criminal trial

by jury waives any issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts. See Miller v. State, 312 P.3d

1112, 1114 (Alaska Ct. App. 2013) (The defendant “forfeited his right to attack the verdicts

as being inconsistent, because he did not raise this issue in the [trial] court before the jury

was discharged.” (Emphasis added)); People v. Rail, ___ P.3d ___, No. 13CA0392, 2016

WL 736336, at *7 (Colo. App. Feb. 25, 2016) (The defendant “waived his inconsistency

claim. . . . [H]ad [the defendant] raised the inconsistency before the jury was discharged,

it would have been correctable.” (Emphasis added) (citations and paragraph break

omitted)); Mayorga v. State, 484 S.E.2d 292, 293 (Ga. Ct. App. 1997) (The defendant’s

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“assertion that the conviction is inconsistent with the fact that the jury deadlocked on

[another] charge is meritless. . . . [The defendant] waived any such assertion by failing to

object to the form of the verdict[s] at the time [that they were] rendered.” (Emphasis

added) (citation omitted)); Beaty v. Commonwealth, 125 S.W.3d 196, 214, 215, 216 (Ky.

2003) (“[T]he jury returned . . . inconsistent verdicts . . . . [A] failure to object to []

verdict[s] that [are] inconsistent . . . constitutes a waiver for purposes of appeal. . . . In this

case, [the defendant] failed to object to the verdict[s] as inconsistent, incorrect, or

ambiguous before the jury was discharged.” (Emphasis added) (citations omitted)); State

v. Whittemore, 276 S.W.3d 404, 408 n.2 (Mo. Ct. App. 2009) (“To be properly preserved

for appellate review, a claim that a jury’s verdicts are inconsistent must be presented to the

trial court before the jury is discharged. [The d]efendant failed to do so, so he is limited

to a request for plain error review.” (Emphasis added) (citations omitted)); People v.

Alfaro, 489 N.E.2d 1280, 1281 (N.Y. 1985) (“[I]n jury cases[,] any claim that the verdict[s

are] repugnant must be made before the jury is discharged. This permits the court to

resubmit the matter to the jury to obtain [] consistent verdict[s.]” (Emphasis added)

(citations omitted)); State v. Zweigart, 188 P.3d 242, 249 (Or. 2008) (The “defendant

argues that the verdicts present what he claims to be an ‘inconsistency’ . . . . [H]owever,

[the] defendant made no objection respecting either the verdicts or the sentences entered

pursuant to them. There was a procedure under which [the] defendant could have asked

to have the jurors reconsider their verdicts, but [the] defendant did not attempt to use

that procedure. We therefore decline to correct any ‘plain error’ that may exist.”

(Emphasis added) (citation and footnote omitted)); Commonwealth v. Brightwell, 388

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A.2d 1063, 1066 (Pa. 1978) (“Had [the defendant] objected and the [trial] court determined

the verdict[s] w[ere] inconsistent, the [trial] court could have directed the jury to retire

and reconsider [the] verdict[s]. By waiting until post-verdict motions to raise the issue,

[the defendant] deprived the [trial] court of an opportunity to correct any error.

Consequently, [the defendant] may not now complain of inconsistency in the verdict[s].”

(Emphasis added) (citations omitted)).

Indeed, very few courts in other jurisdictions have concluded that, by failing to

object before the trial court discharges the jury, a defendant in a criminal trial by jury does

not waive any issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts. See Louberti v. State, 895 So. 2d

479, 481 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (“[T]he [S]tate argues that [] inconsistent verdict[s]

must be objected to before the jury is discharged so that the [trial] court can ‘re-instruct the

jury and send it back for further deliberations.’ . . . Once the jury acquitted [the defendant]

of [certain] charges, double jeopardy would have precluded the jury from reconsidering

those charges. Accordingly, an objection would have served no purpose[.]”);20 People v.

Ousley, 697 N.E.2d 926, 930 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998) (The “defendant’s failure to raise the

issue of the jury’s legally inconsistent verdicts at trial or in a post-trial motion does not

result in a waiver of that issue because legally inconsistent verdicts present plain error, the

exception to the rule of waiver.” (Citation omitted)); State v. Goins, 92 P.3d 181, 183

(Wash. 2004) (The defendant “assigned error to the apparently irreconcilably inconsistent

nature of the general and special verdicts. [The defendant] argues that the inconsistent

20
As discussed below in our analysis, we disagree with the Florida court’s reasoning
as to double jeopardy.

- 35 -
verdicts violated his rights to due process . . . . [A] claim may be raised for the first time

on appeal if it amounts to a manifest error affecting a constitutional right.” (Citation

omitted)).

It is worth noting that, in two of these three States—Illinois and Washington—rules

of appellate procedure expressly allow a defendant in a criminal case to raise an issue that

pertains to “constitutional” or “substantial” rights for the first time on appeal. See Ill.

Comp. Stat. Ann., S. Ct. Rule 615(a) (“Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights

may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the trial court.”); Wash.

R. App. Proc. 2.5(a) (“[A] party may raise . . . for the first time in the appellate court . . .

manifest error affecting a constitutional right[.]”). The closest thing that Maryland law has

to a counterpart to such rules of appellate procedure is the doctrine of plain error, which

requires more than the mere circumstance that an issue pertains to substantial rights.

Specifically, as this Court explained in State v. Rich, 415 Md. 567, 578, 3 A.3d 1210, 1216-

17 (2010):

[P]lain-error review[ ]involves four steps, or prongs. First, there must be an
error or defect[—]some sort of deviation from a legal rule[—]that has not
been intentionally relinquished or abandoned, i.e., affirmatively waived, by
the [defendant]. Second, the legal error must be clear or obvious, rather than
subject to reasonable dispute. Third, the error must have affected the
[defendant]’s substantial rights, which[,] in the ordinary case[,] means [that
the defendant] must demonstrate that [the error] affected the outcome of the
[trial] court proceedings. Fourth and finally, if the above three prongs are
satisfied, the [appellate court] has the discretion to remedy the error[—
]discretion [that] ought to be exercised only if the error seriously affects the
fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Meeting all
four prongs is difficult, as it should be.

(Brackets, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted); see also White v. State, 223

- 36 -
Md. App. 353, 403 n.38, 116 A.3d 520, 550 n.38 (2015) (“Appellate review under the plain

error doctrine 1) always has been, 2) still is, and 3) will continue to be a rare, rare

phenomenon.” (Brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted)).

The Finality of Verdicts

As this Court explained in Smith, 299 Md. at 168, 472 A.2d at 993, a verdict

becomes final when the trial court accepts the verdict after the jury has been polled—or, if

the jury was not polled, when the trial court accepts the verdict after the jury has hearkened

to the verdict. In Smith, id. at 170, 472 A.2d at 994, the State charged the defendant with

first-degree murder, robbery with a deadly weapon, and use of a firearm in the commission

of a crime of violence. The jury found the defendant not guilty of first-degree murder and

robbery with a deadly weapon, and guilty of use of a firearm in the commission of a crime

of violence. See id. at 171, 472 A.2d at 994. The prosecutor requested that the jury be

polled. See id. at 171, 472 A.2d at 994. During the poll, only six of the jurors agreed that

the defendant was not guilty of first-degree murder and robbery with a deadly weapon, and

guilty of use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence;21 and five of the jurors

indicated that the defendant was not guilty of any of the three charges. See Smith, 299 Md.

at 173-76, 472 A.2d at 995-96. During the poll, the jury’s foreperson originally stated that

the defendant was not guilty of first-degree murder and robbery with a deadly weapon, and

guilty of use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence. See id. at 172-73, 472

21
When polled about the verdict as to use of a firearm in the commission of a crime
of violence, one of those six jurors responded: “Not guilty-guilty.” Smith, 299 Md. at 175,
472 A.2d at 996. According to this Court, that “juror initially said that his verdict was not
guilty[,] but then promptly changed it to guilty.” Id. at 178, 472 A.2d at 997.

- 37 -
A.2d at 995.

After the courtroom clerk polled all of the jurors, the prosecutor requested that the

jury’s foreperson be polled again because she “was hesitant”; the trial court asked the jury’s

foreperson whether she wanted to be polled again, and the jury’s foreperson responded:

“Okay.” See id. at 176, 472 A.2d at 996. The courtroom clerk polled the jury’s foreperson

a second time, and the jury’s foreperson stated that the defendant was guilty of all three

charges. See id. at 176, 472 A.2d at 996-97. The trial court sent the jury back to resume

deliberating. See id. at 177, 472 A.2d at 997. After two hours and twenty-five minutes,

the jury advised that it was unable to reach a unanimous verdict as to any of the three

charges. See id. at 177, 472 A.2d at 997. The trial court declared a mistrial. See id. at

177, 472 A.2d at 997. The State reprosecuted the defendant as to all three charges, and a

second jury acquitted the defendant of first-degree murder, but convicted the defendant of

robbery with a deadly weapon and use of a firearm in the commission of a crime of

violence. See id. at 162, 472 A.2d at 990.

On appeal, the defendant contended that the prohibition on double jeopardy barred

the reprosecution as to first-degree murder and robbery with a deadly weapon. See id. at

162-63, 472 A.2d at 990. According to the defendant, a final acquittal occurred when,

during polling, all twelve jurors initially stated that the defendant was not guilty of first-

degree murder and robbery with a deadly weapon. See id. at 178, 472 A.2d at 997-98.

This Court disagreed with the defendant’s contention, stating: “The verdicts of the jury as

presented to the trial court did not reflect an actual agreement of the jury[,] and did not

represent a final acquittal on any of the charges.” Id. at 179, 472 A.2d at 998. This Court

- 38 -
pointed out that the trial court “never accepted as the verdicts of the jury” the verdicts as

to first-degree murder and robbery with a deadly weapon. Id. at 179, 472 A.2d at 998.

This Court explained that a verdict becomes final when the trial court accepts the verdict,

stating:

In the absence of a proper demand to have the jury polled, the hearkening
and ensuing acceptance of the verdict finally remove[] the matter from the
jury’s consideration. But, despite a hearkening, if a demand for a poll is duly
made thereafter, it is the acceptance of the verdict upon the poll that removes
the verdict from the province of the jury. In other words, the jury has control
of the verdict until it is final. Absent a demand for a poll, the verdict becomes
final upon its acceptance when hearkened. When a poll is demanded, the
verdict becomes final only upon its acceptance after the poll.

Id. at 168, 472 A.2d at 993; see also id. at 169, 472 A.2d at 993 (“Until the announcement

that the verdict has been recorded, the jury have the right to amend or change any verdict;

and[,] when it is so amended[,] it is the real verdict of the jury[,] and it may be properly

accepted by the [trial] court.” (Emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted)).

In multiple cases since Smith, 299 Md. at 168, 472 A.2d at 993, this Court has

confirmed that a verdict becomes final when the trial court accepts the verdict after the jury

has been polled—or, if the jury was not polled, when the trial court accepts the verdict after

the jury has hearkened to the verdict. See State v. Santiago, 412 Md. 28, 38, 985 A.2d 556,

562 (2009) (“A verdict is not final until after the jury has expressed their assent in one of

two ways, by hearkening or by a poll.” (Brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks

omitted)); Jones v. State, 384 Md. 669, 683-84, 866 A.2d 151, 159-60 (2005) (“When a

poll is demanded, the verdict becomes final only upon its acceptance after the poll. . . . It

- 39 -
is in the absence of a demand for a poll that a hearkening is required for the proper

recordation of a verdict.” (Citing Smith, 299 Md. at 168, 166, 472 A.2d at 993, 992));

Hoffert v. State, 319 Md. 377, 386, 572 A.2d 536, 541 (1990) (“When the jury was polled

on the verdicts of not guilty on the first three charges, and the poll disclosed that the verdicts

were unanimous, the verdicts were final.” (Citations omitted)).

Analysis

In this case, a careful reading of this Court’s precedent compels the same conclusion

that Judge Harrell reached in the concurring opinion in Price, that the Court of Special

Appeals has reached in multiple cases, and that the vast majority of courts in other

jurisdictions that have addressed the issue have reached—namely, to preserve for review

any issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts, a defendant in a criminal trial by jury must

object to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts or otherwise make known his or her position

before the verdicts become final and the trial court discharges the jury.

As this Court has repeatedly stated, one of the purposes of the requirement that a

defendant preserve issues for review is to give a trial court the opportunity to correct any

error in the proceedings. See, e.g., Peterson v. State, 444 Md. 105, 126, 118 A.3d 925, 937

(2015) (“Fairness and the orderly administration of justice [are] advanced by requiring

counsel to bring the position of their client to the attention of the [trial] court at the trial so

that the trial court can pass upon, and possibly correct[,] any errors in the proceedings.”

(Citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

Where a jury reaches legally inconsistent verdicts, and the verdicts are not final and

the jury has not been discharged, a trial court may correct the error in the proceedings by

- 40 -
sending the jury back to deliberate to resolve the inconsistency. See Price, 405 Md. at 41-

42, 949 A.2d at 638 (Harrell, J., concurring) (“[T]he trial court should instruct or re-instruct

the jury on the need for consistency and the range of permissible verdicts. The jur[y] then

should be permitted to resume deliberation.”); Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 134, 957 A.2d at

651 (“The obvious cure for an inconsistency in verdicts would be to send the jury back to

resolve the inconsistency[.]”).

At the risk of stating the obvious, this method of correcting any inconsistency in the

verdicts is unavailable where a defendant raises an issue as to inconsistent verdicts after

the verdicts have become final and the trial court has discharged the jury. In other words,

where (as here) a defendant raises an issue as to inconsistent verdicts after the verdicts have

become final and the trial court has discharged the jury, the defendant’s delay deprives the

trial court of the opportunity to address any inconsistency in the verdicts. See Brightwell,

388 A.2d at 1066 (“By waiting until post-verdict motions to raise the issue, [the defendant]

deprived the [trial] court of an opportunity to correct any error.”); Rail, 2016 WL 736336,

at *7 (“[H]ad [the defendant] raised the inconsistency before the jury was discharged, it

would have been correctable.” (Citations omitted)); Alfaro, 489 N.E.2d at 1281 (“[I]n jury

cases[,] any claim that the verdict[s are] repugnant must be made before the jury is

discharged. This permits the court to resubmit the matter to the jury to obtain [] consistent

verdict[s.]” (Citations omitted)); Zweigart, 188 P.3d at 249 (“There was a procedure under

which [the] defendant could have asked to have the jurors reconsider their verdicts, but

[the] defendant did not attempt to use that procedure.” (Citation and footnote omitted)).

Legally inconsistent verdicts are, more often than not, immediately recognizable.

- 41 -
Thus, it is entirely reasonable to expect a defendant to object to inconsistent verdicts before

the verdicts are final and the trial court discharges the jury. Indeed, defendants in multiple

cases have done so. See McNeal, 426 Md. at 460-61, 44 A.3d at 985 (After the jury’s

foreperson stated the verdicts, but before the courtroom clerk had the jury hearken to the

verdicts, the defendant objected to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts and requested that

the trial court send the jury back to resolve the alleged inconsistency.); Wallace v. State,

219 Md. App. 234, 250, 100 A.3d 1173, 1182 (2014) (“After the verdicts were read, [the

defendant]’s counsel objected to the alleged[ly inconsistent] verdicts, and counsel for both

[the defendant] and the State [] requested that the case be sent back to the jury to resolve

the inconsistency.” (Emphasis and footnote omitted)).

Price provides another example of obvious legally inconsistent verdicts. In Price,

405 Md. at 15, 949 A.2d at 622, a jury acquitted a defendant of being a felon in possession

of a firearm, wearing, carrying, or transporting a handgun, and all of the drug trafficking

crimes with which the defendant had been charged; yet, the jury convicted the defendant

of possession of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime under sufficient

circumstances to constitute a nexus to the drug trafficking crime. A defense lawyer would

not even need to know the facts of Price to realize that the conviction was legally

inconsistent with the acquittals.

There are simple reasons why it is both feasible and desirable for a defendant to

object to legally inconsistent verdicts before the verdicts become final and the trial court

discharges a jury—as explained above, legally inconsistent verdicts are generally obvious

when the jury’s foreperson states them; moreover, with case law clarifying that an

- 42 -
objection is required before the verdicts become final and the jury is discharged, defense

counsel will be on notice of the need to examine verdicts for legal inconsistencies and raise

the issue. If defense counsel is unsure of whether verdicts are legally inconsistent, defense

counsel may request a brief pause in the proceedings or recess, prior to the finality of the

verdicts, during which defense counsel may evaluate the verdicts and arrive at a

determination as to whether they are legally inconsistent. As such, trial courts should allow

a brief pause in the proceedings or, if necessary, a recess to give defense counsel time to

determine whether to lodge any objection as to legally inconsistent verdicts.

A defendant has not only an opportunity, but in some cases an incentive, to object

to inconsistent verdicts before the verdicts become final. Where a guilty verdict is

inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict, the defendant might raise such an issue with the

expectation that the trial court will send the jury back to resolve the inconsistency, and in

hopes that the jury may find the defendant not guilty of both charges. As Judge Harrell

noted in Price, 405 Md. at 42, 949 A.2d at 638 (Harrell, J., concurring): “The jury is free

to resolve the inconsistency either by returning verdict[s] in the defendant’s favor,

convicting on the implicated counts, or deadlocking on a charge so that no inconsistent

finding results.” Judge Harrell also observed:

[Q]uite often[,] a defendant’s optimal choice will be to remain silent, thus
waiving his [or her] challenge to the inconsistent verdicts and accepting the
conviction that may be inconsistent. A defendant, aware of his or her guilt,
or the overwhelming evidence of guilt, of all of the crimes of which he or she
stands charged, may choose to accept the jury’s lenity. A defendant may be
wise to accept the inconsistent conviction and accompanying sentence, rather
than look a gift horse in the mouth. If the defendant objects to the
inconsistent verdicts, the jury, given a second chance, may choose to remedy
the error in a manner [that is] not in the defendant’s favor.

- 43 -
Id. at 40 n.9, 949 A.2d at 637 n.9 (Harrell, J., concurring). Similarly, in Tate II, 182 Md.

App. at 134, 957 A.2d at 651, the Court of Special Appeals stated that a defendant’s asking

the trial court to instruct the jury “[Y]ou can’t have it both ways[; g]ive us two acquittals

or give us two convictions” is the equivalent of the defendant’s saying “roll the dice, double

or nothing.”

The choice of whether to object to inconsistent verdicts belongs to the defendant

alone. See Price, 405 Md. at 41 n.10, 949 A.2d at 638 n.10 (Harrell, J., concurring)

(“Because the rule against legally inconsistent verdicts is intended to protect the criminal

defendant, the State may not object to the inconsistent verdicts. The option belongs only

to the defendant.”); Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 135, 957 A.2d at 652 (“When inconsistent

verdicts are rendered, the [trial court] may not, sua sponte, send the jury back to resolve

the inconsistency, because it is the defendant who is entitled, should he [or she] so wish, to

accept the benefit of the inconsistent acquittal. By the same token, the prosecutor may not

ask to have the jury sent back to resolve the inconsistency, because it is the defendant, once

again, who is entitled, should he [or she] so wish, to accept the benefit of the inconsistent

acquittal.”).

Basic principles of equity require a defendant to object to inconsistent verdicts

before the verdicts become final and the trial court discharges the jury. As the concurring

opinion in Price noted, a “jury may render [] legally inconsistent verdict[s] to show lenity

to [a] defendant. . . . [W]e should not permit the defendant to accept the jury’s lenity in the

trial court, only to seek a windfall reversal on appeal by arguing that the [] verdicts are

- 44 -
inconsistent.” Price, 405 Md. at 40, 949 A.2d at 637 (Harrell, J., concurring) (emphasis

added). And, as the Court of Special Appeals has put it, a defendant may not “have his

[or her] cake and eat it too”; in other words,

[t]he defendant may not stand mute and later complain about the verdicts
[that] he [or she] did nothing to cure at the only time [that] a cure was still
possible. . . . A defendant simply may not seek to exploit an alleged
inconsistency without taking the necessary step to cure or resolve the
inconsistency when it is still possible to do so.

Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 132, 135, 136, 957 A.2d at 650, 652 (emphasis added). Simply

stated, it would be incongruent with the administration of justice to permit a defendant to

acquiesce while a trial court accepts inconsistent verdicts—despite the circumstance that

the inconsistent verdicts may be easily recognized—then raise the issue of the inconsistent

verdicts later, when it is too late for the trial court to send the jury back to resolve the

inconsistency. Stated otherwise, allowing a defendant to wait and raise the issue of an

inconsistent verdict after the finality of the verdicts and the discharge of the jury leaves the

trial court in a criminal case with no alternative remedy but to strike the legally inconsistent

guilty verdict, even though the objection could have been raised earlier at a time when the

trial court could have addressed the issue.

Our conclusion that an objection to legally inconsistent verdicts must be lodged

before the verdicts become final and the jury has been discharged is completely consistent

with the prohibition on double jeopardy of the Fifth Amendment to the United States

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Constitution and Maryland common law,22 and Maryland case law on the finality of

verdicts. “The Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits unequivocally the retrial of a criminal

defendant following a final judgment of acquittal.” State v. Fennell, 431 Md. 500, 514, 66

A.3d 630, 639 (2013) (emphasis added) (citation omitted); see also Arizona v. Washington,

434 U.S. 497, 503 (1978) (“If the innocence of the [defendant] has been confirmed by a

final judgment, the Constitution conclusively presumes that a second trial would be

unfair.” (Emphasis added)).

Under Maryland case law, a jury’s verdict is final when the trial court accepts the

verdict after the jury has hearkened to the verdict and/or been polled. See Smith, 299 Md.

at 168, 472 A.2d at 993 (“Absent a demand for a poll, the verdict becomes final upon its

acceptance[.]”). For the sake of clarity, we describe the typical manner in which verdicts

are taken. The jury enters the courtroom, and the courtroom clerk asks: “Members of the

jury, have you reached a verdict?” The jurors respond in unison: “Yes.” The courtroom

clerk asks: “Who will say for you?” The jurors respond in unison: “Our foreperson.” The

courtroom clerk asks the jury’s foreperson to rise, and asks for the verdict as to each charge.

In response to each charge, the jury’s foreperson says “guilty” or “not guilty.” At this time,

typically, the trial court asks whether either party wants the jury to be polled. This would

be the opportune time for the defendant to object to allegedly inconsistent verdicts.

22
“No person shall . . . be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy
of life or limb[.]” U.S. Const. amend. V. “Since Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784[]
(1969), the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment is fully applicable to [S]tate
criminal proceedings. The double jeopardy prohibition is also part of Maryland common
law[.]” State v. Prue, 414 Md. 531, 540 n.2, 996 A.2d 367, 372 n.2 (2010) (citations
omitted).

- 46 -
 In any event, if a defendant does not object to allegedly inconsistent verdicts, and

instead requests that the jury be polled, then, typically, the courtroom clerk repeats the

verdicts as the jury’s foreperson stated them. The courtroom clerk individually asks each

juror something to the effect of: “You’ve heard the verdict of your foreperson; is your

verdict the same?” Each juror responds. Next, the courtroom clerk hearkens the jury to

the verdicts, stating something to the effect of: “Members of the jury, hearken to the verdict

as the court has recorded it.” The clerk then repeats each verdict and asks the jury: “So say

you all?”

Where a poll reveals a lack of unanimity, this Court has expressly allowed a trial

court in a criminal case to send a jury back to resolve a problem with the verdicts after the

trial court polls the jury, but obviously before the verdicts become final and the trial court

discharges the jury. Specifically, in Smith, a criminal case, this Court held that a trial court

did not abuse its discretion in sending a jury back to resolve a problem with the verdicts—

namely, that the verdicts were not unanimous, as revealed by a poll. See Smith, 299 Md.

at 178-79, 472 A.2d at 998. This Court expressly concluded that the trial court’s sending

the jury back did not violate the prohibition on double jeopardy, as “[t]he verdicts of the

jury as presented to the trial court did not reflect an actual agreement of the jury and did

not represent a final acquittal on any of the charges.” Id. at 179, 472 A.2d at 998

(emphasis added).

There is no violation of the prohibition on double jeopardy where, before the trial

court accepts the verdicts, the defendant objects on the ground that a guilty verdict is legally

inconsistent with a not-guilty verdict; and the trial court agrees with the defendant and

- 47 -
sends the jury back to resolve the inconsistency. Accord Price, 405 Md. at 42 n.11, 949

A.2d at 638 n.11 (“There is no double jeopardy consequence in permitting the trial court,

upon the defendant’s request, to re-instruct the jury and permit it to return to deliberations.

. . . [T]he double jeopardy prohibition . . . prevents further deliberation on an acquittal only

after that verdict is final.” (Citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

We would not want to adopt a rule permitting a defendant to object to allegedly

inconsistent verdicts after the verdicts become final and the trial court discharges the jury,

as such a rule would result in all allegedly legally inconsistent verdicts being stricken as a

matter of course. As explained above, ideally, the objection should be made before the

polling of the jury. If, however, the objection does not occur before the polling of the jury,

then the objection must occur before the verdicts become final—i.e., the objection must

occur before the trial court’s acceptance of the verdicts after the jury has been polled and/or

hearkened. See Smith, 299 Md. at 168-69, 472 A.2d at 993; Santiago, 412 Md. at 38, 985

A.2d at 562. When confronted with an objection to allegedly inconsistent verdicts, the trial

court should not be required to disregard the objection with the jury still present and not

attempt to address the alleged inconsistency. Stated otherwise, a jury’s verdict cannot be

deemed to have been accepted by the trial court where the trial court is faced with an

objection as to allegedly legally inconsistent verdicts before the verdicts are final and the

jury is discharged.

As noted above in our discussion of cases from other jurisdictions, we are aware

that, in Louberti, 895 So. 2d at 481, one of Florida’s intermediate appellate courts, in a

single paragraph with no citations, reasoned that an objection to legally inconsistent

- 48 -
verdicts before the trial court discharges the jury “would [] serve[] no purpose” because,

“[o]nce the jury acquit[s a defendant] of [a charge], double jeopardy would [] preclude[]

the jury from reconsidering” that charge. We decline to follow Louberti, as the opinion

offers no meaningful analysis as to the significance of a trial court’s acceptance of a verdict,

or, for that matter, the prohibition on double jeopardy.

Similarly, we decline to follow the Illinois appellate court’s holding in Ousley, 697

N.E.2d at 930, that legally inconsistent verdicts present plain error. Simply put, under

Maryland case law, plain error review requires that all four of the Rich factors be satisfied

before an appellate court may exercise plain error review. Indeed, in Rich, 415 Md. at 578,

3 A.3d at 1216-17, this Court unequivocally stated that plain error review requires the

satisfaction of four prongs before the appellate court may resort to plain error review—

namely, that there must be an error or defect that the defendant has not intentionally

relinquished or abandoned, i.e., affirmatively waived; that the legal error must be clear or

obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; that the error must have affected the

defendant’s substantial rights, which, in the ordinary case, means that the defendant must

demonstrate that the error affected the outcome of the trial court proceedings; and that, if

the above three prongs are satisfied, the appellate court has the discretion to remedy the

error, and the appellate court should exercise that discretion only if the error seriously

affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.

In Rich, 415 Md. at 574, 3 A.3d at 1214 (2010), this Court elaborated on the

“discretion” prong of plain error review as follows: “The few cases where we have

exercised our discretion to review unpreserved issues are cases where prejudicial error was

- 49 -
found and the failure to preserve the issue was not a matter of trial tactics.” (Citation and

internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, in Conyers v. State, 345 Md. 525, 563, 693

A.2d 781, 799 (1997), this Court stated:

[I]n the case of plain error, that is, error which vitally affects a defendant’s
right to a fair and impartial trial, we retain the discretion to provide appellate
review, although the error was unobjected to. We have explained, however,
that plain error review should only be undertaken when the error is
compelling, extraordinary, exceptional or fundamental to assure the
defendant of fair trial.

(Citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In short, under Rich, plain error review

is unavailable where a defendant fails to object as a matter of trial tactics.

In this case, Givens has not requested plain error review, and has not argued that the

failure to raise the issue before the verdicts became final and the circuit court discharged

the jury was not a matter of trial tactics. Further, the error is neither clear nor obvious. It

is mere speculation to posit that, in convicting Givens of felony murder, the jury

erroneously intended to find conspiracy to commit robbery to be the requisite predicate

offense. Givens did not object to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts while the jury was

still present, and filed a motion to strike the convictions a little over an hour after the circuit

court discharged the jury. If Givens had raised the issue of the allegedly inconsistent

verdicts before the verdicts became final and the circuit court discharged the jury, the

circuit court would have been able to send the jury back to resolve the alleged

inconsistency. Under this scenario, Givens may have been convicted of a requisite

predicate felony; thus, the existence of error is not clear and obvious. Although Givens

has not sought plain error review and has not addressed any of the Rich factors—including

- 50 -
whether the failure to raise the issue before the verdicts became final and the circuit court

discharged the jury was a matter of trial tactics—what is certain is that, in failing to raise

the issue before the verdicts became final and the circuit court discharged the jury, Givens

deprived the circuit court of an opportunity to have the jury resolve the alleged

inconsistency and, thereby, avoided the possibility of being convicted of a requisite

predicate felony. Under these circumstances, the error is not clear and obvious, and the

four factors that are necessary for plain error review are not satisfied.

In contrast to Maryland, some States, such as Illinois, have a different standard for

plain error review. In Illinois, under Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann., S. Ct. Rule 615(a), plain errors

or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the

attention of the trial court. See also People v. Clark, 50 N.E.3d 1120, 1133 (Ill. 2016)

(“The plain error doctrine is applicable when: (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the

evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice

against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious

error occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s

trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the

evidence.” (Citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). In Illinois, the plain error

doctrine may apply even where the seriousness of the error is not significant. By contrast,

in Maryland, the plain error doctrine may apply only if the four factors that are set forth in

Rich are satisfied.

Our conclusion is in conformity with Dietz, 2016 WL 3189528, at *8, in which the

Supreme Court remarked: “Given additional concerns in criminal cases, such as attachment

- 51 -
of the double jeopardy bar, we do not address here whether it would be appropriate to recall

a jury after discharge in a criminal case.” (Citation omitted). Obviously, by the time that

a trial court discharges a jury that has acquitted a defendant, a trial court has accepted the

acquittal, and thus has made the acquittal final. See Smith, 299 Md. at 168-69, 472 A.2d

at 993. By that time, a double jeopardy concern would arise if the trial court recalled the

jury. The holding in this case does not stand for the proposition that a trial court may

discharge a jury that has acquitted a defendant of one charge and convicted the defendant

of another charge, then later recall the jury to resolve an inconsistency between the acquittal

and the conviction.

We disagree with Givens’s contention that, in the scenario that we described above,

the defendant is forced to “forfeit an acquittal.” As explained above, the defendant is the

only one who can choose to object to the inconsistent verdicts. When inconsistent verdicts

are rendered, the trial court may not, sua sponte, send the jury back to resolve the

inconsistency, because it is the defendant who is entitled, should he or she so wish, to

accept the benefit of the inconsistent acquittal. By the same token, the prosecutor may not

ask to have the jury sent back to resolve the inconsistency, because it is the defendant, once

again, who is entitled, should he or she so wish, to accept the benefit of the inconsistent

acquittal.

If the defendant chooses to object to the inconsistent verdicts, and the trial court

sends the jury back to resolve the inconsistency, it is not a foregone conclusion that the

jury will find the defendant guilty of both of the charges; to the contrary, the jury might

acquit the defendant of both of the charges. See Price, 405 Md. at 42, 949 A.2d at 638

- 52 -
(Harrell, J., concurring) (“The jury is free to resolve the inconsistency [] by returning

verdict in the defendant’s favor[.]”); Tate II, 182 Md. App. at 134, 957 A.2d at 651 (“The

obvious cure for an inconsistency in verdicts would be to send the jury back to resolve the

inconsistency: ‘Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, you can’t have it both ways. Give us two

acquittals or give us two convictions.’”).

Givens is also mistaken in asserting that the following language from Taha, 378 Md.

at 492, 836 A.2d at 645, undermines our holding in this case: “In the absence of a rule

requiring trial [court]s to resolve verdict inconsistencies prior to the release of the jury, the

parties in Maryland courts should not be precluded from the raising the issue of

irreconcilably inconsistent verdicts by post-judgment motion.” (Footnote omitted). In a

footnote that followed this sentence, this Court stated:

The dissent would advocate not reaching the central issue in this case, the
very reason why we issued a writ of certiorari, because [the defendant
employer] did not voice a timely objection at trial. As we have stated,
however, this Court has discretion to consider issues that were not
preserved.” Fisher v. State, 367 Md. 218, 238, 786 A.2d 706, 718 (2001)
(discussing Maryland Rule 8-131). Following the denial of its timely post-
judgment motion, [the defendant employer] appealed the issue of
irreconcilably inconsistent verdicts twice, and this Court twice issued a writ
of certiorari to resolve the matter. Had the issue of irreconcilably
inconsistent verdicts been waived, and it has not, we would have exercised
our discretion in this case to resolve this important question of public policy
and to provide guidance to the trial courts.

Id. at 492 n.10, 836 A.2d at 645 n.10. In other words, in Taha, this Court expressly

emphasized that, under the circumstances of that case, this Court would have exercised

discretion to reach the issue of inconsistency even if the issue were not preserved. As this

Court noted in Taha, “there remains a distinction between inconsistent verdicts in criminal

- 53 -
cases and irreconcilably inconsistent jury verdicts in civil matters.” Taha, id. at 488, 836

A.2d at 642 (emphasis in original) (footnote omitted). In Taha, this Court declined to

conclude that the party that challenged the inconsistent verdicts waived the issue as to the

inconsistent verdicts by failing to object, because, “[b]ased on the circumstances in th[at]

case, it [wa]s procedurally fair to address the merits of [the party]’s contentions[.]” Id. at

492, 836 A.2d at 645 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

circumstances to which this Court referred included that the judgment in the plaintiff’s

favor was “based on woefully insufficient evidence and at odds with the jury’s other legal

conclusions.” Id. at 492, 836 A.2d at 645 (citation omitted). It is evident that this Court’s

remark in Taha that parties in civil cases should not be precluded from addressing legally

inconsistent verdicts in “post-judgment motions” was not intended to mean that, in criminal

cases, defendants must be permitted to challenge legally inconsistent verdicts after the

finality of the verdicts and the discharge of the jury.

We also disagree with Givens’s contention that, in Price, 405 Md. 10, 949 A.2d 619,

the circumstance that a majority of the Court did not adopt Judge Harrell’s concurring

opinion is of significance. As discussed above, no issue as to preservation or waiver was

before this Court in Price; and no question was presented in a petition for a writ of

certiorari in Price concerning preservation or waiver. Stated otherwise, in Price, this Court

answered the questions that were put to it. “[I]issues ‘[that] merely lurk in the record . . .

are not to be considered as having been so decided as to constitute precedents[.]’” State v.

Rice, ___ Md. ___, ___ A.3d ___, No. 96, Sept. Term 2015, 2016 WL 2941118, at *9 n.5

(Md. May 20, 2016) (quoting Webster v. Fall, 266 U.S. 507, 511 (1925)) (ellipsis in

- 54 -
original).23

Although no issue as to preservation or waiver was before this Court in Price, Judge

Harrell elected to address waiver for the express purpose of providing guidance to parties

and courts. See Price, 405 Md. at 35, 949 A.2d at 634 (Harrell, J., concurring) (“I write

separately . . . to encourage clarification of the scope of today’s holding and the proper

procedure to be followed by a defendant . . . and a trial [court] in order to fashion relief

from [] inconsistent verdict[s], thereby giving guidance and possibly sparing our appellate

courts unnecessary appeals.”). As the Court of Special Appeals observed in Tate II, 182

Md. App. at 129, 957 A.2d at 648-49, Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price “clarifies

several vitally important issues that the majority opinion leaves in the dark and that could

lead the unwary astray.” (Footnote omitted). And, in multiple cases after Tate II, the Court

of Special Appeals adopted Part C of Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price and

concluded that, to preserve for review any issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts, a

defendant in a criminal trial by jury must object to the allegedly inconsistent verdicts before

the verdicts become final and the trial court discharges the jury. See Hicks, 189 Md. App.

at 129, 984 A.2d at 256; Martin, 218 Md. App. at 40, 96 A.3d at 788; Henson v. State, 212

Md. App. 314, 323, 69 A.3d 26, 32, cert. denied, 434 Md. 314, 75 A.3d 319 (2013) (The

defendant “failed to preserve his point for review by objecting prior to the jury’s

23
In Rice, 2016 WL 2941118, at *9 n.5, we inferred that, in one of this Court’s prior
opinions, this Court concluded that an appeal was properly before this Court; although this
Court did not expressly indicate as much in the prior opinion, “a question as to our
jurisdiction to hear an appeal is hardly one that ‘lurks in the record’ when the State squarely
addresses the issue in its brief.”

- 55 -
discharge[.]” (Citing McNeal, 426 Md. at 466, 44 A.3d at 989; Price, 405 Md. at 40, 949

A.2d at 637 (Harrell, J., concurring)).

In sum, we now join the Court of Special Appeals, adopt Part C of Judge Harrell’s

concurring opinion in Price, and hold that, to preserve for review any issue as to allegedly

inconsistent verdicts, a defendant in a criminal trial by jury must object to the allegedly

inconsistent verdicts before the verdicts are final and the trial court discharges the jury.

Applying our conclusion to this case’s facts, we conclude that Givens waived any

issue as to allegedly inconsistent verdicts by failing to object before the verdicts became

final and the circuit court discharged the jury. Indeed, the record reveals that Givens had

ample opportunity to object before the verdicts became final and the jury was discharged.

Immediately after the jury’s foreperson stated the verdicts, the circuit court asked whether

there were any requests. Givens’s counsel’s only response was to ask that the jury be

polled. The courtroom clerk repeated the verdicts exactly as the jury’s foreperson had

stated them. The courtroom clerk polled the jury by asking the jury’s foreperson “Is this

your verdict?” and asking each other juror “[I]s [the foreperson]’s verdict your verdict?”

Each of the twelve jurors separately responded affirmatively. The courtroom clerk

properly hearkened the verdict, stating: “Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, h[e]arken to

your verdict as the Court has recorded it.” The courtroom clerk repeated the verdicts again,

then asked: “So say you all?” The jurors responded “Yes.” The circuit court thanked and

discharged the jury. Immediately afterward, the circuit court, the prosecutor, and Givens’s

counsel discussed matters that were related to the sentencing proceeding, and the circuit

court adjourned.

- 56 -
 Givens was convicted of the first-degree felony murder, and conspiracy to commit

robbery with a dangerous weapon and conspiracy to commit robbery of each of the six

victims. It would have been apparent that Givens had been convicted of first-degree felony

murder, but had not been convicted of an underlying felony. Yet, it was not until after the

jury was discharged that Givens filed the motion to strike in the circuit court. By that time,

with the jury discharged and the circuit court adjourned, it was too late for the circuit court

to send the jury back to resolve the inconsistency in the verdicts—assuming that the circuit

court agreed with Givens that there was an inconsistency in the verdicts.

By filing the motion to strike after the verdicts became final and the circuit court

discharged the jury, Givens deprived the circuit court of the opportunity to resolve any

inconsistency in the verdicts. In doing so, the purpose of the preservation requirement—

to give a trial court the opportunity to correct any error in the proceedings—was thwarted.

See Peterson, 444 Md. at 126, 118 A.3d at 937 (“Fairness and the orderly administration

of justice [are] advanced by requiring [defense] counsel to bring the position of their client

to the attention of the [trial] court at the trial so that the trial court can pass upon, and

possibly correct[,] any errors in the proceedings.” (Citation and internal quotation marks

omitted)). Simply stated, Givens’s post-trial motion to strike was too late.

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
APPEALS AFFIRMED. PETITIONER TO PAY
COSTS.

- 57 -
Circuit Court for Prince George’s County
Case No. CT120050C
Argued: May 5, 2016

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND

No. 88
September Term, 2015

DOMINIC GIVENS

v.

STATE OF MARYLAND

Barbera, C.J.
Greene
Adkins
McDonald
Watts
Hotten
Battaglia, Lynne A. (Retired, Specially
Assigned),

JJ.

Dissenting Opinion by Greene, J.
which Adkins and Battaglia, JJ., join.

Filed: August 22, 2016
 I respectfully dissent.

The long standing rule has been that generally a jury verdict defective in form or

substance should not be accepted by the trial judge. Heinze v. State, 184 Md. 613, 617, 42

A.2d 128, 130 (1945). In Heinze, this Court explained the policy behind the rule:

It is essential for the prompt and efficient administration of justice to prevent
defective verdicts from being entered upon the records of the court as well
as to ascertain the real intention of the jury in their finding. Where a verdict
is ambiguous, inconsistent, unresponsive, or otherwise defective, it is the
duty of the trial judge to call the jury’s attention to the defect and to direct
them to put the verdict in proper form either in the presence of the court or
by returning to their consultation room for the purpose of further
deliberation.

184 Md. at 617−18, 42 A.2d at 130 (see cases cited therein).

I accept the majority’s premise that Mr. Givens did not object in a timely fashion to

challenge the inconsistent jury verdicts. Thus, he did not properly preserve for appellate

review the issue of inconsistent verdicts. Although, Mr. Givens’ counsel could have

brought his concerns to the trial judge’s attention before the discharge of the jury, the trial

judge should have been aware of the nature of the inconsistent verdicts and instructed the

jury that it could not return inconsistent verdicts. See Galloway v. State, 371 Md. 379,

407−08, 809 A.2d 653, 670 (2002). See also Price v. State, 405 Md. 10, 21, 949 A.2d 619,

626 (2008). In addition, the court could have refused to accept the inconsistent verdicts

and directed the jury to deliberate further in order for the jury to decide whether to enter

either two not guilty verdicts or two guilty verdicts with respect to the felony murder count

and the underlying predicate felony count(s). See Heinze, 184 Md. at 617, 42 A.2d at 130.

2
 In this appeal, we should not be overly concerned about the lack of preservation.

Instead, we should reach the merits of his appeal either on the basis of the “plain error”

doctrine or the exercise of our discretion and the obvious prejudice to the defendant. See

Md. Rules 4-325(e) and 8-131(a). It is important to note that before the imposition of the

sentence in this case, defense counsel filed a motion to strike the felony murder verdict

approximately one hour after the jury had been discharged on the grounds that the felony

murder verdict was inconsistent with the not guilty verdicts. That motion was denied and

the trial judge sentenced the defendant to life, for felony murder, and twenty years

consecutive, to the life sentence, for conspiracy to commit robbery. The remaining counts

were merged.

Although the defendant’s motion to strike the felony murder verdict was not filed

before the court discharged the jury, it was filed in sufficient time for the trial judge to take

action prior to the imposition of the sentence. In my view, the trial judge, like the appellate

court, has the authority to strike or set aside an invalid felony murder verdict or conviction.

We declared in Price, 405 Md. at 29, 949 A.2d at 630, that “inconsistent verdicts

shall no longer be allowed.” Indeed, this was a sea change with respect to inconsistent

verdicts in criminal cases. This was more than an aspirational statement from the Court, it

was a clear declaration of the law of Maryland going forward. The focus of the majority

opinion in Price was the intolerable nature of inconsistent verdicts, and notably because

they were not allowed in civil cases, it would be a travesty to continue to allow inconsistent

verdicts in criminal cases. See Price, 405 Md. at 22, 949 A.2d at 625. The majority, in

Price, did not discuss how Mr. Price preserved his challenge to the inconsistent verdicts or

3
what others must do in order to challenge an inconsistent verdict. Today, the majority, in

this case, adopts Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price as the standard for

preservation: “[T]o preserve the issue of legally inconsistent verdicts for appellate review,

a defendant in a criminal trial by jury must object or make known any opposition to the

allegedly inconsistent verdicts before the verdicts become final and the trial court

discharges the jury.” Maj. Slip Op. at 2.

In McNeal v. State, 426 Md. 455, 462, 44 A.3d 982, 986 (2012), we adopted part of

Judge Harrell’s concurring opinion in Price and held that legally inconsistent verdicts, as

opposed to “factually” inconsistent verdicts, will not be tolerated. We did not adopt at that

time Judge Harrell’s position, as reflected in his concurring opinion in Price, that a timely

challenge by the defendant to an inconsistent verdict must be made before the verdict

becomes final and the jury is discharged. See McNeal, 426 Md. at 466, 44 A.3d at 989.

In comparing criminal jury trials to civil jury trials, in Price, we discussed our

opinion in Galloway:

The consistency requirements in criminal cases should not be less stringent
than the standards we have applied in civil cases, and that we are unwilling
to afford less protection to the jury trial rights of a criminal defendant, whose
very liberty, or even his or her life, is at stake, than to a civil litigant, where,
generally, it is money that is at stake.

Price, 405 Md. at 27, 949 A.2d at 629 (internal quotation marks omitted).

In Price, as a matter of judicial policy, we were also persuaded by the reasoning of

several State Supreme Courts which had refused to permit inconsistent jury verdicts in

criminal cases. 405 Md. at 27–29, 949 A.2d at 629–30. In DeSacia v. State, 469 P.2d 369,

377 (Alaska 1970), the Supreme Court of Alaska stated that there is

4
 no basis to assume . . . that inconsistent verdicts are the product of a jury’s
disposition toward treating the accused leniently; nor can we see a basis for
assuming that, in allowing inconsistent jury verdicts in criminal trials to
stand, we run only “the risk that an occasional conviction may have been the
result of compromise.” The truth is simply that we do not know, nor do we
have any way of telling how many inconsistent verdicts are attributable to
feelings of leniency, to compromise, or, for that matter, to outright confusion
on the part of the jury.

We noted that the Supreme Court of Florida pointed out that “the possibility of a wrongful

conviction . . . outweighs the rationale for allowing inconsistent verdicts to stand.” Brown

v. State, 959 So.2d 218, 222 (Fla. 2007). The Court of Appeals of New York concluded

that “a conviction will be reversed [] in those instances where acquittal on one crime as

charged to the jury is conclusive as to a necessary element of the other crime, as charged,

for which the guilty verdict was rendered.” People v. Tucker, 431 N.E.2d 617, 619 (N.Y.

1981).

It would be, in my view, an injustice to allow the conviction for felony murder to

stand. Under the felony murder doctrine, a verdict of guilty on the underlying felony is an

essential ingredient of the murder conviction. See Newton v. State, 280 Md. 260, 269, 373

A.2d 262, 267 (1977). Even assuming the sufficiency of the evidence to convict for felony

murder, here, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty as to any of the possible predicate

offenses, namely, robbery, attempted robbery, and use of a handgun. Instead, the jury

returned a verdict of guilty to a related misdemeanor offense of conspiracy to commit

robbery. A verdict of guilty for conspiracy to commit robbery does not and cannot support

a conviction for felony murder. Clearly, the verdicts entered and the subsequent

5
convictions in this case did not result in a windfall to the defendant. Any windfall favored

only the prosecution.

The verdict of guilty of felony murder was invalid the moment the jury announced

it in open court. Such a verdict of guilty, under the circumstances, based upon no predicate

felony offense or an improper predicate offense cannot stand and does not support a

rational conclusion that the jury exercised leniency toward the defendant. The verdict of

felony murder appears to rest upon the jury’s erroneous belief that it could find Mr. Givens

guilty of felony murder on the basis of a conspiracy to commit robbery. Thus, because Mr.

Givens agreed to be involved in the events that led to the victim’s death, the jury must have

blamed him for the victim’s death. Under the circumstances, the inconsistent verdict of

guilty for felony murder is wrong.

Appellate courts may “exercise [their] discretion to review unpreserved issues . . .

where prejudicial error was found and failure to preserve the issue was not a matter of trial

tactics.” State v. Rich, 415 Md. 567, 574, 3 A.3d 1210, 1214 (2010) (quoting Conyers v.

State, 354 Md. 132, 150, 729 A.2d 910, 919 (1999)). The majority opinion dismisses the

application of the plain error doctrine to the facts of this case believing that its application

“requires more than the mere circumstance that an issue pertains to substantial rights.”

Maj. Slip Op. at 36. I respectfully dissent from this conclusion. Even though appellate

review under the plain error doctrine is rare, its application is justified under the facts of

this case. At this stage of the process, only an appellate court can remedy the obvious and

serious error in this case. Accordingly, I would apply the four prongs of plain-error review

and conclude that the error “seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity [and] public reputation

6
of [the] judicial proceedings.” Rich, 415 Md. at 578, 3 A.3d at 1216 (citations omitted).

Moreover, I agree with the position of the appellate court in People v. Ousley, 697 N.E.2d

926, 930 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998) when it stated, in an analogous case, that the “defendant’s

failure to raise the issue of the jury’s legally inconsistent verdicts at trial or in a post-trial

motion does not result in a waiver of that issue because legally inconsistent verdicts present

plain error, the exception to the rule of waiver.”

As a result of our opinion in Price, legally inconsistent verdicts are no longer

tolerated. Because of our decision in McNeal, factually inconsistent verdicts in criminal

cases are tolerated. To obtain a felony murder conviction, a verdict of guilty on the

underlying felony is an essential ingredient of the crime of felony murder. A misdemeanor

cannot be a substitute for the underlying felony under the felony murder doctrine. Second,

the jury’s legal error in rendering inconsistent verdicts of guilty of felony murder and not

guilty as to any of the predicate offenses is obvious and not subject to any reasonable

dispute. Third, the error affected Mr. Givens’ substantial right to a fair trial based upon

the law and the facts. In other words, the verdict and ultimate invalid conviction of felony-

murder affected the outcome of the court proceedings. Lastly, this Court has the discretion

to remedy the error—discretion which ought to exercised—because the results “seriously

affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of [the] judicial proceedings.” Rich,

415 at 578, 3 A.3d at 1216 (citations omitted).

As stated previously, generally, if the jury returns a verdict that is defective in form

or substance, the trial judge should not accept it. See Heinze, 184 Md. at 617, 42 A.2d at

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130. Thus, our case law provides that the trial judge has a duty to remedy the problem with

regard to inconsistent verdicts.

In the present case defense counsel did not bring the matter of the inconsistent

verdicts to the attention of the trial judge until after the jury was discharged. The trial judge

could have addressed the matter sua sponte before discharging the jury, but did not.

Nonetheless, the issue was raised below and decided by the trial court when it denied

defense counsel’s motion to strike the felony murder guilty verdict. It seems to me that

where the record shows plain error and prejudice to the defendant and the issue was raised

below, we should review the court’s acceptance of the legally inconsistent verdict, even if

the issue was not raised timely. Accordingly, on the merits, I would hold that the trial court

abused its discretion when it denied Mr. Givens’ motion to strike the felony murder

conviction. Thus, I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.

I respectfully dissent. Judges Adkins and Battaglia authorize me to state that they

join this dissenting opinion.

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